According to Vittorio Bertola <vittorio.bertola@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>: >I see this as one of the many manifestations of possibly the biggest shortcoming in the original design of the Internet's architecture, i.e. not having an >"identity layer" taking care of user authentication and information sharing in a uniform way below all application protocols While that might be useful for other reasons, it wouldn't solve the spam problem. It just replaces the spam problem with the introduction problem, with a side helping of the identity theft problem. There is no reason to believe those are easier than the spam problem. R's, John PS: Please don't say e-postage. -- Regards, John Levine, johnl@xxxxxxxxx, Primary Perpetrator of "The Internet for Dummies", Please consider the environment before reading this e-mail. https://jl.ly