GVP/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 13-19 February 2008

Kimberly Genareau <kgenarea@xxxxxxx> · Thu, 21 Feb 2008 01:18:57 -0700

*****************************************************************
GVP/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report
13-19 February 2008
Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor
kuhns@xxxxxx
URL: http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/
*****************************************************************

New Activity/Unrest: | Llaima, Central Chile | Tungurahua, Ecuador

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between
the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological
Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday,
notices of volcanic activity posted on these pages are preliminary and
subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a
comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the
week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria
discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section.
Carefully reviewed, detailed reports on various volcanoes are
published monthly in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network.

Note: Many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the
Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active.
To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer
available on the Internet contact the source.

New Activity/Unrest

LLAIMA Central Chile 38.692°S, 71.729°W; summit elev. 3125 m

SERNAGEOMIN reported that explosions in the main crater of Llaima
propelled incandescent material 200-500 m in the air during 8-13
February. Explosions occasionally alternated between N and S cones in
the main crater. On 9 February, the Calbuco River was about 1 m higher
than the normal level, likely due to melt water from the lava and
glacier interaction. On 10 February, Strombolian eruptions from the
main crater were observed during an overflight. The lava flows on the
W flank were 2.5 km long and made channels in the ice tens of meters
deep. Although visual observations were limited due to cloud cover,
sulfur dioxide and steam plumes from lava interacting with ice during
10-14 and 17 February rose to altitudes of 4.1-6.1 km (13,500-20,000
ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted SE on 11 February. Lava flows were 3 km long
on 11 February. On 13 February, incandescence at the summit was noted.

Geologic Summary. Llaima, one of Chile's largest and most active
volcanoes, contains two main historically active craters, one at the
summit and the other to the SE. The massive 3,125-m-high,
glacier-covered stratovolcano has a volume of 400 cu km. A Holocene
edifice built primarily of accumulated lava flows was constructed over
an 8-km-wide caldera that formed about 13,200 years ago, following
eruption of the 24 cu km Curacautín Ignimbrite. More than 40 scoria
cones dot the volcano's flanks. Following the end of an explosive
stage about 7,200 years ago, construction of the present edifice
began, characterized by Strombolian, hawaiian, and infrequent
subplinian eruptions. Frequent moderate explosive eruptions with
occasional lava flows have been recorded since the 17th century.

Source: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN)
http://www.sernageomin.cl/index.php

TUNGURAHUA Ecuador 1.467°S, 78.442°W; summit elev. 5023 m

IG reported that although visual observations were limited due to
cloud cover, ash and steam-and-ash plumes from Tungurahua were spotted
and rose to altitudes of 6-9 km (19,700-29,500 ft) a.s.l. during 12-19
February. Ash plumes drifted mainly NW, W, and NE, and ashfall was
reported in areas downwind. Roaring noises were occasionally heard.
During 12-13 and 16 February, incandescence at the summit was
observed. Noises resembling blocks rolling down the flanks were heard
on 14 and 17 February. On 18 February, a lahar descended the
Achupashal drainage to the NW.

Geologic Summary. The steep-sided Tungurahua stratovolcano towers more
than 3 km above its northern base. It sits ~140 km S of Quito,
Ecuador's capital city, and is one of Ecuador's most active volcanoes.
Historical eruptions have all originated from the summit crater. They
have been accompanied by strong explosions and sometimes by
pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached populated areas at the
volcano's base. The last major eruption took place from 1916 to 1918,
although minor activity continued until 1925. The latest eruption
began in October 1999 and prompted temporary evacuation of the town of
Baños on the N side of the volcano.

Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG)
http://www.igepn.edu.ec/

Ongoing Activity

ANATAHAN Mariana Islands (Central Pacific) 16.35°N, 145.67°E; summit elev. 790 m

The USGS reported a diffuse plume from Anatahan, possibly containing
some ash, was visible on satellite imagery drifting SW on 14 February.
On 17 and 19 February seismicity increased. On 18 February, both a
low-level steam plume that possibly contained ash and a sulfur dioxide
plume were visible on satellite imagery drifting SW. A sulfur dioxide
plume was again noted on 19 February. The Volcanic Alert Level
remained at Watch and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.

Geologic Summary. The elongate, 9-km-long island of Anatahan in the
central Mariana Islands consists of large stratovolcano with a 2.3 x 5
km, E-W-trending compound summit caldera. The larger western caldera
is 2.3 x 3 km wide, and its western rim forms the island's 790-m high
point. Ponded lava flows overlain by pyroclastic deposits fill the
floor of the western caldera, whose SW side is cut by a fresh-looking
smaller crater. The 2-km-wide eastern caldera contained a steep-walled
inner crater whose floor prior to the 2003 eruption was only 68 m
above sea level. Sparseness of vegetation on the most recent lava
flows on Anatahan had indicated that they were of Holocene age, but
the first historical eruption of Anatahan did not occur until May
2003, when a large explosive eruption took place forming a new crater
inside the eastern caldera.

Source: Emergency Management Office of the Commonwealth of the Mariana
Islands and the US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
http://volcano.wr.usgs.gov/

CALLAQUI Central Chile 37.92°S, 71.45°W; summit elev. 3164 m

According to news articles on 14 February, scientists from the
Universidad de Concepción will install instruments to monitor
Callaqui. Local residents reported feeling earthquakes and hearing
constant rumbling noises during the previous few weeks.

Geologic Summary. The late-Pleistocene to Holocene Callaqui
stratovolcano has a profile of an overturned canoe due to its
construction along an 11-km-long, SW-NE fissure above a 1.2-0.3
million year old Pleistocene edifice. The ice-capped, 3164-m-high
basaltic-andesite Callaqui volcano contains well-preserved volcanic
cones and lava flows, which have traveled up to 14 km. Small craters
100-500 m in diameter are primarily found along a fissure extending
down the SW flank. Intense solfataric activity occurs at the southern
part of the summit; in 1966 and 1978, red glow was observed in
fumarolic areas. Periods of intense fumarolic activity have dominated
at Callaqui, and few historical eruptions are known. An explosive
eruption was reported in 1751, there were uncertain accounts of
eruptions in 1864 and 1937, and a small phreatic ash emission was
noted in 1980.

Source: El Mostrador
http://www.elmostrador.cl/modulos/noticias/constructor/noticia_new.asp?id_noticia=240383

CLEVELAND Chuginadak Island 52.825°N, 169.944°W; summit elev. 1730 m

AVO reported that a minor explosion from Cleveland on 15 February
produced a small, diffuse ash plume that rose to an altitude of below
3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW. The Volcanic Alert Level
remained at Advisory and the Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow.

Geologic Summary. Symmetrical Mount Cleveland stratovolcano is
situated at the western end of the uninhabited dumbbell-shaped
Chuginadak Island in the east-central Aleutians. The 1,730-m-high
stratovolcano is the highest of the Islands of Four Mountains group
and is one of the most active in the Aleutians. Numerous large lava
flows descend its flanks. It is possible that some 18th to 19th
century eruptions attributed to Carlisle (a volcano located across the
Carlisle Pass Strait to the NW) should be ascribed to Cleveland. In
1944 Cleveland produced the only known fatality from an Aleutian
eruption. Recent eruptions from Mt. Cleveland have been characterized
by short-lived explosive ash emissions, at times accompanied by lava
fountaining and lava flows down the flanks.

Source: Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) http://www.avo.alaska.edu/

COLIMA México 19.514°N, 103.62°W; summit elev. 3850 m

Steam and steam-and-ash plumes from Colima were observed rising to
altitudes of 4-4.4 km (13,100-14,400 ft) a.s.l. during 14-19 February.
Plumes drifted N, NE, and E.

Geologic Summary. The Colima volcanic complex is the most prominent
volcanic center of the western Mexican Volcanic Belt. It consists of
two southward-younging volcanoes, Nevado de Colima (the 4,320 m high
point of the complex) on the N and the historically active Volcán de
Colima on the S. Volcán de Colima (also known as Volcán Fuego) is a
youthful stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera,
breached to the S, that has been the source of large debris
avalanches. Major slope failures have occurred repeatedly from both
the Nevado and Colima cones, and have produced a thick apron of
debris-avalanche deposits on three sides of the complex. Frequent
historical eruptions date back to the 16th century. Occasional major
explosive eruptions (most recently in 1913) have destroyed the summit
and left a deep, steep-sided crater that was slowly refilled and then
overtopped by lava dome growth.

Source: Gobierno del Estado de Colima
http://www.colima-estado.gob.mx/2006/seguridad/indvolcan.php

FUEGO Guatemala 14.473°N, 90.880°W; summit elev. 3763 m

INSIVUMEH reported that during 6-19 February explosions from Fuego
produced ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 4-4.7 km (13,100-15,400
ft) a.s.l. Fumarolic plumes rose to altitudes of 3.9-4 km
(12,800-13,100 ft) a.s.l.

Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active
volcanoes, is one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking
Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice,
Meseta, lies between 3,763-m-high Fuego and its twin volcano to the N,
Acatenango. Construction of Meseta volcano continued until the late
Pleistocene or early Holocene, after which growth of the modern Fuego
volcano continued the southward migration of volcanism that began at
Acatenango. Frequent vigorous historical eruptions have been recorded
at Fuego since the onset of the Spanish era in 1524, and have produced
major ashfalls, along with occasional pyroclastic flows and lava
flows. The last major explosive eruption from Fuego took place in
1974, producing spectacular pyroclastic flows visible from Antigua.

Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia,
e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/

KILAUEA Hawaii (USA) 19.421°N, 155.287°W; summit elev. 1222 m

Based on observations during overflights, and web camera views when
weather permitted, HVO reported that during 13-19 February activity
from Kilauea's fissure segment D was concentrated at the Thanksgiving
Eve Breakout (TEB) shield and new satellitic shields to the E and SE.
On 15 February, a broad pahoehoe flow traveled E from the main complex
of shields. During 15-18 February, a lava flow traveled SE from a
rootless shield (number 6) towards the N boundary of the Royal Gardens
subdivision. Diffuse incandescence was observed in Pu'u 'O'o crater
through the fume during 17-19 February. Earthquakes were located
beneath Halema'uma'u crater, along the S-flank faults, beneath the
summit, and along the E and SW rift zones.

Geologic Summary. Kilauea, one of five coalescing volcanoes that
comprise the island of Hawaii, is one of the world's most active
volcanoes. Eruptions at Kilauea originate primarily from the summit
caldera or along one of the lengthy E and SW rift zones that extend
from the caldera to the sea. About 90% of the surface of Kilauea is
formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the
volcano's surface is younger than 600 years. A long-term eruption from
the East rift zone that began in 1983 has produced lava flows covering
more than 100 sq km, destroying nearly 200 houses and adding new
coastline to the island.

Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)
http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/

NEVADO DEL HUILA Colombia 2.93°N, 76.03°W; summit elev. 5365 m

INGEOMINAS reported that sulfur dioxide plumes from Nevado del Huila
drifted NW on 8 and 12 February.

Geologic Summary. Nevado del Huila, the highest active volcano in
Colombia, is an elongated N-S-trending volcanic chain mantled by a
glacier icecap. The andesitic-dacitic volcano was constructed within a
10-km-wide caldera. Volcanism at Nevado del Huila has produced six
volcanic cones whose ages in general migrated from south to north. Two
glacier-free lava domes lie at the southern end of the Huila volcanic
complex. The first historical eruption from this little known volcano
took place in the 16th century. Two persistent steam columns rise from
the central peak, and hot springs are also present.

Source: Instituto Colombiano de Geología y Minería (INGEOMINAS)
http://www.ingeominas.gov.co//

OL DOINYO LENGAI Tanzania 2.764°S, 35.914°E; summit elev. 2962 m

The Toulouse VAAC reported that an ash plume from Ol Doinyo Lengai was
observed by pilots on 15 February and rose to an altitude of 11.6 km
(38,000 ft) a.s.l.

Geologic Summary. The symmetrical Ol Doinyo Lengai stratovolcano is
the only volcano known to have erupted carbonatite tephras and lavas
in historical time. The prominent volcano, known as "The Mountain of
God," rises abruptly above the broad plain S of Lake Natron. The
cone-building stage of the volcano ended about 15,000 years ago and
was followed by periodic ejection of natrocarbonatite and nephelinite
tephra during the Holocene. Historical eruptions have consisted of
smaller tephra eruptions and emission of numerous natrocarbonatitic
lava flows on the floor of the summit crater. Petrologists first
observed the eruption of carbonatitic lava flows in the 1960s.
Subsequent more frequent visits have documented long-term lava
effusion in the summit crater that would not have been seen from the
foot of the volcano.

Source: Toulouse Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/FR/messages.html

PACAYA Guatemala 14.381°N, 90.601°W; summit elev. 2552 m

INSIVUMEH reported that during 6-19 February white and blue fumarolic
plumes from Pacaya's MacKenney cone rose to altitudes of 2.6-2.7 km
(8,500-8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SW, and W. About two to five
lava flows per day traveled about 50-200 m to the W and NW, slowly
filling in the area between MacKenney cone and Cerro Chino crater to
the N. Explosions on 8 February propelled fragments 100 m above the
summit.

Geologic Summary. Eruptions from Pacaya, one of Guatemala's most
active volcanoes, are frequently visible from Guatemala City, the
nation's capital. Pacaya is a complex volcano constructed on the
southern rim of the 14 x 16 km Pleistocene Amatitlan caldera. A
cluster of dacitic lava domes occupies the caldera floor. The Pacaya
massif includes the Cerro Grande lava dome and a younger volcano to
the SW. Collapse of Pacaya volcano about 1,100 years ago produced a
debris-avalanche deposit that extends 25 km onto the Pacific coastal
plain and left an arcuate somma rim inside which the modern Pacaya
volcano (MacKenney cone) grew. During the past several decades,
activity at Pacaya has consisted of frequent Strombolian eruptions
with intermittent lava flow extrusion on the flanks of MacKenney cone,
punctuated by occasional larger explosive eruptions.

Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia,
e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/

POPOCATEPETL México 19.023°N, 98.622°W; summit elev. 5426 m

CENAPRED reported that emissions of steam and gas from Popocatépetl
were visible during 12-19 February. The plumes occasionally contained
slight amounts of ash. An explosion on 12 February resulted in an ash
plume that rose to an altitude of 7 km (23,000 ft) a.s.l. and ejected
fragments that fell in the crater. On 14 February, an ash plume rose
to an altitude of 8.4 km (27,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE.

Geologic Summary. Popocatépetl, whose name is the Aztec word for
smoking mountain, towers to 5,426 m 70 km SE of Mexico City and is
North America's second-highest volcano. Frequent historical eruptions
have been recorded since the beginning of the Spanish colonial era. A
small eruption on 21 December 1994 ended five decades of quiescence.
Since 1996 small lava domes have incrementally been constructed within
the summit crater and destroyed by explosive eruptions. Intermittent
small-to-moderate gas-and-ash eruptions have continued, occasionally
producing ashfall in neighboring towns and villages.

Source: Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres (CENAPRED)
http://www.cenapred.unam.mx/es/

RABAUL New Britain (SW Pacific) 4.271°S, 152.203°E; summit elev. 688 m

RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose
to an altitude of 2.2 km (7,200 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, N, E, SE,
and S during 12-15 and 17-20 February. Ashfall was reported in
Barovon, Lalakua, Raluana, Kokopo, and surrounding villages downwind.
During 19-20 February, incandescence at the summit was accompanied by
projections of lava fragments. Roaring noises were sometimes heard.

Geologic Summary. The low-lying Rabaul caldera on the tip of the
Gazelle Peninsula at the NE end of New Britain forms a broad sheltered
harbor. The outer flanks of the 688-m-high asymmetrical pyroclastic
shield volcano are formed by thick pyroclastic-flow deposits. The 8 x
14 km caldera is widely breached on the E, where its floor is flooded
by Blanche Bay.Two major Holocene caldera-forming eruptions at Rabaul
took place as recently as 3,500 and 1,400 years ago. Three small
stratovolcanoes lie outside the northern and NE caldera rims.
Post-caldera eruptions built basaltic-to-dacitic pyroclastic cones on
the caldera floor near the NE and western caldera walls. Several of
these, including Vulcan cone, which was formed during a large eruption
in 1878, have produced major explosive activity during historical
time. A powerful explosive eruption in 1994 occurred simultaneously
from Vulcan and Tavurvur volcanoes and forced the temporary
abandonment of Rabaul city.

Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory

SANTA MARIA Guatemala 14.756°N, 91.552°W; summit elev. 3772 m

INSIVUMEH reported on 6 February that avalanches from lava flows on
the W flank of Santa María's Santiaguito lava dome complex continued.
Explosions produced ash-and-steam plumes that rose to an altitude of
3.9 km (12,800 ft) a.s.l. On 8 February, a strong phreatic explosion
produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 4.7 km (15,400 ft)
a.s.l. and caused ashfall in areas 4 km to the SW. Collapsing blocks
of lava on the SW flank resulted in steam-and-ash plumes. On 12 and 18
February, lava flows on the S and SW flanks and avalanches of blocks
that originated from the edge of the crater were noted. On 15, 18, and
19 February, explosions produced ash plumes that rose to altitudes of
4.6-4.7 km (15,100-15,400 ft) a.s.l. Ashfall was reported from areas 4
km to the SW on 15 February.

Geologic Summary. Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa María volcano is
one of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rises dramatically above
the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. The stratovolcano has a
sharp-topped, conical profile that is cut on the SW flank by a large,
1-km-wide crater, which formed during a catastrophic eruption in 1902
and extends from just below the summit to the lower flank. The
renowned Plinian eruption of 1902 followed a long repose period and
devastated much of SW Guatemala. The large dacitic Santiaguito
lava-dome complex has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater
since 1922. Compound dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred
episodically from four westward-younging vents, accompanied by almost
continuous minor explosions and periodic lava extrusion, larger
explosions, pyroclastic flows, and lahars.

Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia,
e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/

SHIVELUCH Central Kamchatka (Russia) 56.653°N, 161.360°E; summit elev. 3283 m

KVERT reported that seismic activity at Shiveluch was slightly above
background levels during 8-11 February and at background levels on 12
and 13 February. Based on seismic interpretation, ash plumes possibly
rose to an altitude of 3.3 km (10,800 ft) a.s.l. on 9 February. Strong
fumarolic activity was noted during 8-9 and 11-12 February. According
to observations of satellite imagery, a thermal anomaly was present in
the crater every day during the reporting period. The Level of Concern
Color Code remained at Orange.

Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Shiveluch volcano (also
spelled Sheveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya
volcano group and forms one of Kamchatka's largest and most active
volcanoes. The currently active Molodoy Shiveluch lava-dome complex
was constructed during the Holocene within a large breached caldera
formed by collapse of the massive late-Pleistocene Strary Shiveluch
volcano. At least 60 large eruptions of Shiveluch have occurred during
the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the
Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Frequent collapses of lava-dome complexes, most
recently in 1964, have produced large debris avalanches whose deposits
cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. During the 1990s,
intermittent explosive eruptions took place from a new lava dome that
began growing in 1980. The largest historical eruptions from Shiveluch
occurred in 1854 and 1964.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php

SOUFRIERE HILLS Montserrat 16.72°N, 62.18°W; summit elev. 915 m

MVO reported that that during 13-19 February the lava dome at
Soufrière Hills changed very little, based on visual observations.
Seismic activity was very low and low-level rockfall activity
continued. Fumarolic activity on the N and E flanks continued. Active
fumaroles were also noted in the Galway's area to the S of the dome.
Clouds obscured views to the W in the Gages Wall area. Heavy rainfall
triggered lahars in multiple drainages. On 13 February, the lower
Belham river valley to the W was impassable for a short time due to
lahars. The Alert Level remained elevated at 4 (on a scale of 0-5).

Geologic Summary. The complex dominantly andesitic Soufrière Hills
volcano occupies the southern half of the island of Montserrat. The
summit area consists primarily of a series of lava domes emplaced
along an ESE-trending zone. English's Crater, a 1-km-wide crater
breached widely to the E, was formed during an eruption about 4,000
years ago in which the summit collapsed, producing a large submarine
debris avalanche. Block-and-ash flow and surge deposits associated
with dome growth predominate in flank deposits at Soufrière Hills.
Non-eruptive seismic swarms occurred at 30-year intervals in the 20th
century, but with the exception of a 17th-century eruption that
produced the Castle Peak lava dome, no historical eruptions were
recorded on Montserrat until 1995. Long-term small-to-moderate ash
eruptions beginning in that year were later accompanied by lava-dome
growth and pyroclastic flows that forced evacuation of the southern
half of the island and ultimately destroyed the capital city of
Plymouth, causing major social and economic disruption.

Source: Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO) http://www.mvo.ms/

ST. HELENS Washington (USA) 46.20°N, 122.18°W; summit elev. 2549 m

Data from deformation-monitoring instruments indicated that
during13-19 February lava-dome growth at Mount St. Helens continued.
Seismicity persisted at low levels, punctuated by M 1.5-2.5, and
occasionally larger, earthquakes. Clouds and snow cover frequently
inhibited visual observations.

Geologic Summary. Prior to 1980, Mount St. Helens formed a conical,
youthful volcano sometimes known as the Fuji-san of America. During
the 1980 eruption the upper 400 m of the summit was removed by slope
failure, leaving a 2 x 3.5 km horseshoe-shaped crater now partially
filled by a lava dome. Mount St. Helens was formed during nine
eruptive periods beginning about 40-50,000 years ago, and has been the
most active volcano in the Cascade Range during the Holocene. The
modern edifice was constructed during the last 2,200 years, when the
volcano produced basaltic as well as andesitic and dacitic products
from summit and flank vents. Historical eruptions in the 19th century
originated from the Goat Rocks area on the N flank, and were witnessed
by early settlers.

Source: Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO) http://volcano.wr.usgs.gov/

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Sally Kuhn Sennert
SI/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report Editor
Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
Department of Mineral Sciences, MRC-119
Washington, D.C., 20560
Phone: 202.633.1805
Fax: 202.357.2476

==============================================================
To unsubscribe from the volcano list, send the message:
signoff volcano
to: listserv@xxxxxxx, or write to: volcano-request@xxxxxxxx

To contribute to the volcano list, send your message to:
volcano@xxxxxxxx  Please do not send attachments.
==============================================================