[snip] Question -- is it redundant to say: FROM table a LEFT OUTER JOIN table b ON(a.column = b.column) when "table a" appears first? Wouldn't that be the same as: FROM table a OUTER JOIN table b ON(a.column = b.column) [/snip] An OUTER JOIN is essentially a FULL OUTER JOIN which will include matches and non-matches from both tables. The order of tables is only important when specifying LEFT or RIGHT outer join. Some RDBMS implement this differently so for clarity you should always be very specific. -- PHP General Mailing List (http://www.php.net/) To unsubscribe, visit: http://www.php.net/unsub.php