On Wed, Oct 03, 2018 at 07:12:32AM +0900, Akira Yokosawa wrote:
> On 2018/10/02 11:21:23 -0700, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
> > On Wed, Oct 03, 2018 at 12:24:17AM +0900, Akira Yokosawa wrote:
> >> On 2018/10/03 00:16:12 +0900, Akira Yokosawa wrote:
> >>> From a9c276c3da87ed327d003a70d60777f41999b4fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
> >>> From: Akira Yokosawa <akiyks@xxxxxxxxx>
> >>> Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 00:08:49 +0900
> >>> Subject: [PATCH 2/2] count: Adjust type of variable 'counter' with code snippet
> >>>
> >>> In the actual code of count_stat.c, the per-thread variable
> >>> "counter" has the type "unsigned long".
> >
> > Looks good, so I applied and pushed both patches, thank you!
> >
> >> And the other description on Listing 5.3 in the text needs some reworking
> >> to reflect the changes in the snippet. Paul, can you have a look into
> >> this?
> >
> > How does the patch below look?
>
> Looks good to me (at least for the moment).
>
> Acked-by: Akira Yokosawa <akiyks@xxxxxxxxx>
>
> And I'm anticipating your expansion on the use of READ_ONCE()/WRITE_ONCE()
> in, say, somewhere in toolsoftrade. Then we would be able to reduce
> repetitive explanation here and there.
I am working on this, but there is a surprising amount to say. So it
might take some time. On the other hand, with the rework of the
memory-ordering chapter, this part of the Tools of the Trade chapter
seems to be the weakest part of the book, so it certainly makes sense
for me to focus there a bit.
> I'll continue to apply new scheme for other snippets in "count" chapter.
Very good, looking forward to seeing them!
Thanx, Paul
> Thanks, Akira
>
> >
> > Thanx, Paul
> >
> > ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> >
> > commit cc0409cfb0581924b05744a15fa3ebd5c1e298af
> > Author: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
> > Date: Tue Oct 2 11:19:33 2018 -0700
> >
> > count: Update code description and QQ based on {READ,WRITE}_ONCE()
> >
> > Reported-by: Akira Yokosawa <akiyks@xxxxxxxxx>
> > Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
> >
> > diff --git a/count/count.tex b/count/count.tex
> > index 9f9fd0f64838..c36e7d826a7b 100644
> > --- a/count/count.tex
> > +++ b/count/count.tex
> > @@ -495,23 +495,22 @@ show a function that increments the counters, using the
> > thread's element of the \co{counter} array.
> > Because this element is modified only by the corresponding thread,
> > non-atomic increment suffices.
> > -
> > -Lines~\lnref{read:b}-\lnref{read:e}
> > -show a function that reads out the aggregate value of the counter,
> > -using the \co{for_each_thread()} primitive to iterate over the list of
> > -currently running threads, and using the \co{per_thread()} primitive
> > -to fetch the specified thread's counter.
> > -Because the hardware can fetch and store a properly aligned \co{unsigned long}
> > -atomically, and because \GCC\ is kind enough to make use of this capability,
> > -normal loads suffice, and no special atomic instructions are required.
> > -\end{lineref}
> > +However, this code uses \co{WRITE_ONCE()} to prevent destructive compiler
> > +optimizations.
> > +For but one example, the compiler is within its rights to use a
> > +to-be-stored-to location as temporary storage, thus writing what
> > +would be for all intents and purposes garbage to that location
> > +just before doing the desired store.
> > +This could of course be rather confusing to anything attempting to
> > +read out the count.
> > +The use of \co{WRITE_ONCE()} prevents this optimization and others besides.
> >
> > \QuickQuiz{}
> > - What other choice does \GCC\ have, anyway???
> > + What other nasty optimizations could \GCC\ apply?
> > \QuickQuizAnswer{
> > - According to the C standard, the effects of fetching a variable
> > - that might be concurrently modified by some other thread are
> > - undefined.
> > + According to the C standard, the effects of doing a normal store
> > + to a variable that might be concurrently loaded by some other
> > + thread are undefined.
> > It turns out that the C standard really has no other choice,
> > given that C must support (for example) eight-bit architectures
> > which are incapable of atomically loading a \co{long}.
> > @@ -540,8 +539,10 @@ normal loads suffice, and no special atomic instructions are required.
> > It is therefore reasonable to expect that any Linux-kernel
> > adoption of C11 atomics will be incremental at best.
> >
> > - So why not just use plain old C-language assignment statements
> > - to access shared variables?
> > + But if the code is doing loads and stores that the underlying
> > + hardware can implement with single instructions, why not just
> > + use plain old C-language assignment statements to access shared
> > + variables?
> > The problem is that the compiler is within its rights to assume
> > that no other thread is modifying the variable being accessed.
> > Given a plain old C-language load, the compiler would therefore
> > @@ -581,6 +582,22 @@ normal loads suffice, and no special atomic instructions are required.
> > coding standards.
> > } \QuickQuizEnd
> >
> > +Lines~\lnref{read:b}-\lnref{read:e}
> > +show a function that reads out the aggregate value of the counter,
> > +using the \co{for_each_thread()} primitive to iterate over the list of
> > +currently running threads, and using the \co{per_thread()} primitive
> > +to fetch the specified thread's counter.
> > +This code also uses \co{READ_ONCE()} to ensure that the compiler doesn't
> > +optimize these loads into oblivion.
> > +For but one example, a pair of consecutive calls to \co{read_count()}
> > +might be inlined, and an intrepid optimizer might notice that the same
> > +locations were being summed and thus incorrectly conclude that it would
> > +be simply wonderful to sum them once and use the resulting value twice.
> > +This sort of optimization might be rather frustrating to people expecting
> > +later \co{read_count()} calls to return larger values.
> > +The use of \co{READ_ONCE()} prevents this optimization and others besides.
> > +\end{lineref}
> > +
> > \QuickQuiz{}
> > How does the per-thread \co{counter} variable in
> > Listing~\ref{lst:count:Array-Based Per-Thread Statistical Counters}
> >
>
