>>>>> "Brian" == Brian E Carpenter <brian.e.carpenter@xxxxxxxxx> writes: Brian> The null hypothesis would be that no significant differences Brian> exist. If that turns out to be true, we know that our Brian> problem is only lack of diversity among registrants. If it Brian> turns out to be false, we know that we have an internal Brian> problem of some kind as well. Yes. I'll admit that that particular question--which is far more involved than the numbers I've seen thrown around to date--is somewhat interesting. Although while it influences how I'd think about deciding on proposals, there's no answer to that question that has a clear set of decisions for me, even ignoring questions about methodology, definitions of participants, etc, etc. 1) I may believe that increasing diversity among leadership so that the leadership is more diverse than the population as a whole will help increase diversity of the population. 2) I may believe that the diversity of the leadership is more of a problem in terms of either quality of spec or credibility of organization than diversity of the participants/registrants. But you've definitely started to get into a realm where the statistics are more interesting to me. And i'll drop this now, because I realize I'm only one participant and I discussion that doesn't provide helpful information for me may well provide useful information for others.