3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3 From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx> Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 8-14 January 2025 Sally Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx) URL: https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5h22wuyRA$> New Activity/Unrest: Bardarbunga, Iceland | Dempo, Indonesia | Grimsvotn, Iceland | Ibu, Indonesia | Kilauea, United States | Poas, Costa Rica | Telica, Nicaragua | Whakaari/White Island, New Zealand Ongoing Activity: Aira, Japan | Fuego, Guatemala | Great Sitkin, United States | Home Reef, Tonga | Iya, Indonesia | Kanlaon, Philippines | Karangetang, Indonesia | Karymsky, Russia | Lewotobi, Indonesia | Manam, Papua New Guinea | Merapi, Indonesia | Sabancaya, Peru | Santa Maria, Guatemala | Semeru, Indonesia | Sheveluch, Russia | Suwanosejima, Japan | Taal, Philippines | Villarrica, Chile The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest Bardarbunga | Iceland | 64.633°N, 17.516°W | Summit elev. 2000 m The Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) reported that an earthquake swarm began at Bárdarbunga at 0610 on 14 January in the NW part of the caldera. Initial estimates indicated that there were three earthquakes larger than an M 3 and one above an M 4; at 0705 the Aviation Color Code was raised to Yellow (the second lowest color on a four-color scale). The swarm continued though the morning and at 0805 a M 5 earthquake was detected. Seismicity began to decrease in intensity at around 0900 and continued at lower levels. The seismic network recorded about 130 earthquakes by 1418; seismicity continued overnight during 14-15 January. Similar activity occurred in 2014 before an effusive eruption that began after two weeks of unrest. Geologic Summary. The large central volcano of Bárðarbunga lies beneath the NW part of the Vatnajökull icecap, NW of GrÃmsvötn volcano, and contains a subglacial 700-m-deep caldera. Related fissure systems include the Veidivötn and Trollagigar fissures, which extend about 100 km SW to near Torfajökull volcano and 50 km NE to near Askja volcano, respectively. Voluminous fissure eruptions, including one at Thjorsarhraun, which produced the largest known Holocene lava flow on Earth with a volume of more than 21 km3, have occurred throughout the Holocene into historical time from the Veidivötn fissure system. The last major eruption of Veidivötn, in 1477, also produced a large tephra deposit. The subglacial Loki-Fögrufjöll volcanic system to the SW is also part of the Bárðarbunga volcanic system and contains two subglacial ridges extending from the largely subglacial Hamarinn central volcano; the Loki ridge trends to the NE and the Fögrufjöll ridge to the SW. Jökulhlaups (glacier-outburst floods) from eruptions at Bárðarbunga potentially affect drainages in all directions. Source: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) http://en.vedur.is/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://en.vedur.is/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5i15W2Olg$> Dempo | Indonesia | 4.016°S, 103.121°E | Summit elev. 3142 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that an eruptive event at Dempo was recorded at 0605 on 12 January and lasted 24 seconds. A white plume rose about 20 m above the summit and drifted N. A webcam image posted with the report showed black and gray material floating on the surface of the lake. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public were reminded to stay 1 km away from the crater and as far as 2 km on the N flank. Geologic Summary. Dempo is a stratovolcano that rises above the Pasumah Plain of SE Sumatra. The andesitic complex has two main peaks, Gunung Dempo and Gunung Marapi, constructed near the SE rim of a 3-km-wide amphitheater open to the north. The high point of the older Gunung Dempo crater rim is slightly lower, and lies at the SE end of the summit complex. The taller Marapi cone was constructed within the older crater. Remnants of seven craters are found at or near the summit, with volcanism migrating WNW over time. The active 750 x 1,100 m active crater cuts the NW side of the Marapi cone and contains a 400-m-wide lake at the far NW end. Eruptions recorded since 1817 have been small-to-moderate explosions that produced local ashfall. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5jU_j8b4A$> Grimsvotn | Iceland | 64.416°N, 17.316°W | Summit elev. 1719 m On 13 January the Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) reported that a gradual increase in seismic tremor at GrÃmsvötn had been detected over the previous few days, indicating the likely onset of jökulhlaup originating from the subglacial lake. Floodwaters typically emerge from the base of Skeiðarárjökull glacier, flowing into the GÃgjukvÃsl river. On 15 January tremor recorded on the seismic station at GrÃmsfjall increased sharply, which is not unusual when a flooding event reaches peak discharge. The Aviation Color Code was raised to Yellow (the second level on a four-color scale) at 1319, reflecting the slight increase in the likelihood of an eruption being triggered by the flood. IMO noted that the last eruption following a flooding event was in 2004; since then there have been 13 jökulhlaups with no eruptions. The 2011 eruption was not preceded by a jökulhlaup. Geologic Summary. GrÃmsvötn, Iceland's most frequently active volcano in recent history, lies largely beneath the vast Vatnajökull icecap. The caldera lake is covered by a 200-m-thick ice shelf, and only the southern rim of the 6 x 8 km caldera is exposed. The geothermal area in the caldera causes frequent jökulhlaups (glacier outburst floods) when melting raises the water level high enough to lift its ice dam. Long NE-SW-trending fissure systems extend from the central volcano. The most prominent of these is the noted Laki (Skaftar) fissure, which extends to the SW and produced the world's largest known historical lava flow in 1783. The 15 km3 basaltic Laki lavas were erupted over 7 months from a 27-km-long fissure system. Extensive crop damage and livestock losses caused a severe famine that resulted in the loss of one-fifth of the population of Iceland. Source: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) http://en.vedur.is/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://en.vedur.is/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5i15W2Olg$> Ibu | Indonesia | 1.488°N, 127.63°E | Summit elev. 1325 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 8-15 January. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were often dense generally rose as high as 2.5 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions, though ash plumes occasionally rose higher. Webcam images posted with the reports often showed incandescence at the summit or being ejected above the summit of the inner active cone. During 10 and 13-14 January ash plumes rose up to 3 km above the summit. At 1935 on 11 January a dense gray ash plume rose 4 km above the summit and drifted W and, according to BNPB, incandescent lava was ejected as high as 2 km above the summit. The event lasted for three minutes and five seconds based on seismic data. At 0711 on 15 January a dense ash plume rose 4 km above the summit and drifted W and a pyroclastic flow traveled 500 m N. Booming and rumbling sounds were heard at the Ibu Observation Post (9 km W). In a press release PVMBG noted that taller ash plumes, 3-4 km above the summit, had become more frequent during 1-15 January. Additionally, the number of shallow volcanic earthquakes increased, and deformation data showed inflation on 6 and 13 January. The Alert Level was raised to 4 (the highest level on a four-level scale) at 1000 on 15 January and the public was advised to stay 5 km away from the active crater and 6 km away from the N crater wall opening. Geologic Summary. The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, has contained several small crater lakes. The 1.2-km-wide outer crater is breached on the N, creating a steep-walled valley. A large cone grew ENE of the summit, and a smaller one to the WSW has fed a lava flow down the W flank. A group of maars is located below the N and W flanks. The first observed and recorded eruption was a small explosion from the summit crater in 1911. Eruptive activity began again in December 1998, producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the floor of the inner summit crater along with ongoing explosive ash emissions. Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5jU_j8b4A$> ; Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) http://www.bnpb.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bnpb.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5gS8tRFrg$> Kilauea | United States | 19.421°N, 155.287°W | Summit elev. 1222 m The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) reported that incandescence and low-level spattering from two vents located at the SW margin of Halemaâ??umaâ??u Crater within Kilaueaâ??s Kaluapele summit caldera were visible during 8-14 January. Incandescence at the craters was visible during 8-10 January. An automatic laser rangefinder, pointing at an area of the crater floor from a few hundred meters N of the vents, measured about 4 m of subsidence during the first few days after fountaining stopped on 3 January, and since then the level of the floor has mostly remained stable. Monitoring data showed that the summit was slowly inflating, indicating that magma was accumulating below the summit area. During an overflight on 10 January scientists observed active but slow-moving lava within the vents just a few meters below the crater floor. After sunset on 11 January very minor spattering within the N eruptive vent was visible in livestream camera views. The vigor of the spattering was variable through the night with the peak phase occurring just before 0400 on 12 January. Spatter was ejected no higher than 5-20 m and remained within the vent. Intermittent spattering continued during the morning but was then obscured by daylight. Later that evening visitors to Hawaiâ??i Volcanoes National Park reported seeing low-level spattering at the N vent. Spattering was not discernible in the webcam feed, so the spatter was likely not ejected more than 5 m and remained in the vent. Incandescence was visible from both vents during the morning of 13 January; it was unclear if spattering continued. Three periods of localized crater floor subsidence, each lasting 60-90 minutes, were recorded by laser rangefinder at 0745, 1345, and 1730, and were followed by a refilling of magma beneath the crust. Incandescence from the N vent was visible in webcam images overnight during 13-14 January. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Kilauea overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna Loa shield volcano in the island of Hawaii. Eruptions are prominent in Polynesian legends; written documentation since 1820 records frequent summit and flank lava flow eruptions interspersed with periods of long-term lava lake activity at Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera until 1924. The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1,500 years ago and during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy East and Southwest rift zones, which extend to the ocean in both directions. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the surface is younger than 600 years. The long-term eruption from the East rift zone between 1983 and 2018 produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2, destroyed hundreds of houses, and added new coastline. Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5j84gsXrw$> Poas | Costa Rica | 10.2°N, 84.233°W | Summit elev. 2697 m The Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that bubbling in the lake at Poás, visible during 1400-1700 on 7 January, was associated with a tremor signal. Convecting water over the Boca A and Boca C vents was visible during 13-14 January. Geologic Summary. The broad vegetated edifice of Poás, one of the most active volcanoes of Costa Rica, contains three craters along a N-S line. The frequently visited multi-hued summit crater lakes of the basaltic-to-dacitic volcano are easily accessible by vehicle from the nearby capital city of San José. A N-S-trending fissure cutting the complex stratovolcano extends to the lower N flank, where it has produced the Congo stratovolcano and several lake-filled maars. The southernmost of the two summit crater lakes, Botos, last erupted about 7,500 years ago. The more prominent geothermally heated northern lake, Laguna Caliente, is one of the world's most acidic natural lakes, with a pH of near zero. It has been the site of frequent phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions since an eruption was reported in 1828. Eruptions often include geyser-like ejections of crater-lake water. Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5juX9pggg$> Telica | Nicaragua | 12.606°N, 86.84°W | Summit elev. 1036 m The Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER) reported that multiple gas-and-steam emissions were observed rising from Telica during 11-13 January and some of those emissions contained ash. Distinct plumes reported to contain ash rose 150 m above the crater rim on 13 January that blew to the NW at 1115, then to the N and SW at 1640. From 2000 on 13 January to 0800 on 14 January there were 25 gas-and-ash explosions; four of the explosions that occurred during 2214-2355 on 13 January ejected ballistics about 50 m above the crater rim and onto the flanks. Through 1000 on 14 January there were 91 explosions recorded, producing gas, steam, and ash plumes that rose no higher than 200 m above the crater. Geologic Summary. Telica, one of Nicaragua's most active volcanoes, has erupted frequently since the beginning of the Spanish era. This volcano group consists of several interlocking cones and vents with a general NW alignment. Sixteenth-century eruptions were reported at symmetrical Santa Clara volcano at the SW end of the group. However, its eroded and breached crater has been covered by forests throughout historical time, and these eruptions may have originated from Telica, whose upper slopes in contrast are unvegetated. The steep-sided cone of Telica is truncated by a 700-m-wide double crater; the southern crater, the source of recent eruptions, is 120 m deep. El Liston, immediately E, has several nested craters. The fumaroles and boiling mudpots of Hervideros de San Jacinto, SE of Telica, form a prominent geothermal area frequented by tourists, and geothermal exploration has occurred nearby. Source: Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER) http://www.ineter.gob.ni/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ineter.gob.ni/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5iHkOidRA$> Whakaari/White Island | New Zealand | 37.52°S, 177.18°E | Summit elev. 294 m On 13 January GeoNet reported that emissions from Whakaari/White Island during the previous 2-3 weeks were characterized as passive, weak-to-moderate, gas-and-steam plumes that sometimes contained ash. The plumes were visible in images from satellite and webcams (at Whakatane and Te Kaha), and during clearer weather conditions a larger plume was occasionally visible from the Bay of Plenty. The New Zealand Met Service also detected ash in the plumes using satellite images on some of the days. According to the Wellington VAAC low-level emissions that contained ash rose 0.6-1 km (2,000-3,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, SW, and S during 9-11 and 13-14 January. GeoNet noted that the ash in the plumes created hazy conditions downwind of the island. The recent activity was consistent with moderate-to-heightened unrest, therefore the Volcanic Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5). At 1230 on 13 January the Aviation Color Code was raised to Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). GeoNet stated that the Alert Levels were reflective of the current level of activity, but there was uncertainty due to the current lack of consistent, usable, real-time monitoring data; GeoNet relies on remote cameras and satellite images to monitor Whakaari. Geologic Summary. The uninhabited Whakaari/White Island is the 2 x 2.4 km emergent summit of a 16 x 18 km submarine volcano in the Bay of Plenty about 50 km offshore of North Island. The island consists of two overlapping andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcanoes. The SE side of the crater is open at sea level, with the recent activity centered about 1 km from the shore close to the rear crater wall. Volckner Rocks, sea stacks that are remnants of a lava dome, lie 5 km NW. Descriptions of volcanism since 1826 have included intermittent moderate phreatic, phreatomagmatic, and Strombolian eruptions; activity there also forms a prominent part of Maori legends. The formation of many new vents during the 19th and 20th centuries caused rapid changes in crater floor topography. Collapse of the crater wall in 1914 produced a debris avalanche that buried buildings and workers at a sulfur-mining project. Explosive activity in December 2019 took place while tourists were present, resulting in many fatalities. The official government name Whakaari/White Island is a combination of the full Maori name of Te Puia o Whakaari ("The Dramatic Volcano") and White Island (referencing the constant steam plume) given by Captain James Cook in 1769. Sources: GeoNet http://www.geonet.org.nz/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5jflCje0w$> ; Wellington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://vaac.metservice.com/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vaac.metservice.com/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5jPCehImQ$> Ongoing Activity Aira | Japan | 31.5772°N, 130.6589°E | Summit elev. 1117 m The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) during 6-13 January. Nightly crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. Explosions at 1451 and 1913 on 6 January, at 1946 and 2225 on 7 January, at 0516 on 8 January, and at 0449 on 12 January produced ash plumes that rose 0.9-1.5 km above the crater rim and drifted SE. All of the explosions, except for those at 1451 on 6 January and at 1946 on 7 January, ejected large blocks 300-1,100 m above the crater rim. An eruptive event at 0541 on 12 January produced an ash plume that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim and drifted SE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters. Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim and built an island that was joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minamidake. Frequent eruptions since the 8th century have deposited ash on the city of Kagoshima, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest recorded eruption took place during 1471-76. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5gMUW7pkg$> Fuego | Guatemala | 14.473°N, 90.88°W | Summit elev. 3763 m The Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) reported that eruptive activity continued at Fuego during 7-14 January. Daily explosions were recorded by the seismic network at rates of 5-13 per hour. The explosions generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 1.1 km above the summit and drifted 10-30 km N, NW, W, and SW. Weak-to-moderate rumbling sounds and shock waves from explosions were occasionally reported; the shock waves rattled nearby structures during 11-12 January. The explosions also generated block avalanches around the crater that sometimes descended the Las Lajas (SE), Seca (W), Taniluya (SSW), Honda (E), El Jute (ESE), and Ceniza (SSW) drainages and sometimes reached vegetated areas. On most days, explosions ejected incandescent material 100-200 m above the summit and showered the upper flanks with incandescent material. Ashfall was reported in Panimache I and II (8 km SW), Morelia (10 km SW), Santa Sofia (12 km SW), El Porvenir (11 km SW), Finca Palo Verde (10 km WSW), Yepocapa (12 km SW), Sangre de Cristo (8 km W), and other nearby communities during 8-9 January, and in Yepocapa, Quisaché (8 km NW), La Soledad (11 km N), Parramos (18 km NNE), and surrounding areas during 10-11 January; ashfall was forecasted for areas downwind on the other days. Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active volcanoes, is also one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice, Meseta, lies between Fuego and Acatenango to the north. Construction of Meseta dates back to about 230,000 years and continued until the late Pleistocene or early Holocene. Collapse of Meseta may have produced the massive Escuintla debris-avalanche deposit, which extends about 50 km onto the Pacific coastal plain. Growth of the modern Fuego volcano followed, continuing the southward migration of volcanism that began at the mostly andesitic Acatenango. Eruptions at Fuego have become more mafic with time, and most historical activity has produced basaltic rocks. Frequent vigorous historical eruptions have been recorded since the onset of the Spanish era in 1524, and have produced major ashfalls, along with occasional pyroclastic flows and lava flows. Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5j55e8SRg$> Great Sitkin | United States | 52.076°N, 176.13°W | Summit elev. 1740 m The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick lava flow in Great Sitkinâ??s summit crater during 7-14 January. The local seismic network continued to detect small earthquakes associated with the ongoing eruption. Nothing notable was identified in cloudy satellite and webcam images; though during the morning of 12 January diffuse steaming at the summit was identified in a satellite image. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side of Great Sitkin Island. A younger volcano capped by a small, 0.8 x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure that truncated an older edifice and produced a submarine debris avalanche. Deposits from this and an even older debris avalanche from a source to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano. The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp. Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano. Eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://avo.alaska.edu/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5hp_2SIlg$> Home Reef | Tonga | 18.992°S, 174.775°W | Summit elev. -10 m The Tonga Geological Services reported that analysis of satellite images showed no size changes at Home Reef during 2-12 January. A thermal anomaly persisted through 14 January. The Maritime Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-level scale), and mariners were advised to stay at least 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) away from the island. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-level scale), and the Alert Level for residents of Vavaâ??u and Haâ??apai remained at Green (the first level on a four-level scale). Geologic Summary. Home Reef, a submarine volcano midway between Metis Shoal and Late Island in the central Tonga islands, was first reported active in the mid-19th century, when an ephemeral island formed. An eruption in 1984 produced a 12-km-high eruption plume, large amounts of floating pumice, and an ephemeral 500 x 1,500 m island, with cliffs 30-50 m high that enclosed a water-filled crater. In 2006 an island-forming eruption produced widespread dacitic pumice rafts that drifted as far as Australia. Another island was built during a September-October 2022 eruption. Source: Tonga Geological Services, Government of Tonga https://www.facebook.com/tongageologicalservice <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.facebook.com/tongageologicalservice__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5jfTrR_8g$> Iya | Indonesia | 8.891°S, 121.641°E | Summit elev. 618 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported a decrease in seismicity at Iya during 5 November 2024-7 January 2025. Deep earthquakes indicating a magma presence continued to be recorded, and continuous tremor persisted but with a decreasing amplitude. In general, white emissions rose as high as 500 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions, though emissions that rose 10-200 m above the crater rim during 1-7 January were characterized as white-and-gray. At 1800 on 8 January the Alert Level was lowered to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the active crater. Geologic Summary. Gunung Iya is the southernmost of a group of three volcanoes comprising a small peninsula south of the city of Ende on central Flores Island. The cones to the north, Rooja and Pui, appear to be slightly older and have not shown historical activity, although Pui has a youthful profile (a reported 1671 eruption of Pui was considered to have originated from Iya volcano). Iya, whose truncated southern side drops steeply to the sea, has had numerous moderate explosive eruptions during historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5jU_j8b4A$> Kanlaon | Philippines | 10.4096°N, 123.13°E | Summit elev. 2422 m The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing eruptive activity at Kanlaon during 7-13 January. The seismic network recorded 11-22 daily volcanic earthquakes that, during 7-8 and 11-13 January, included 1-7 periods of volcanic tremor lasting 10 minutes to one hour and 57 minutes. Average daily sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 2,029 to 5,763 tonnes per day, with the upper limit being close to the average recorded since the 3 June 2024 eruption. Daily gas emissions that occasionally contained ash were often voluminous, rising as high as 1 km above the summit and drifting in multiple directions. There were 1-3 daily periods of ash emissions during 7-8 and 12-13 January, each as short as five minutes to as long as one hour and 55 minutes. The ash plumes mainly drifted W, WSW, and SW. Rapid inflation of the mid-to-upper part of the E flank was detected at 1920 on 10 January in tilt data recorded by the Upper Pantao Observation station (VKUP) located at 1,056 m elevation on the E flank. The eruption continued to impact residents. The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) report issued at 0800 on 12 January stated that 10,003 people (3,158 families) were spread across 25 evacuation centers and another 7,576 people (2,409 families) were staying elsewhere. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 0-5); the public was warned to stay 6 km away from the summit and pilots were warned not to fly close to the volcano. Geologic Summary. Kanlaon volcano (also spelled Canlaon) forms the highest point on the Philippine island of Negros. The massive andesitic stratovolcano is covered with fissure-controlled pyroclastic cones and craters, many of which are filled by lakes. The largest debris avalanche known in the Philippines traveled 33 km SW from Kanlaon. The summit contains a 2-km-wide, elongated northern caldera with a crater lake and a smaller but higher active vent, Lugud crater, to the south. Eruptions recorded since 1866 have typically consisted of phreatic explosions of small-to-moderate size that produce minor local ashfall. Sources: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5g6LLkeSA$> ; The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5jISTdAZA$> Karangetang | Indonesia | 2.781°N, 125.407°E | Summit elev. 1797 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that monitoring data and visual observations during December 2024 and 1-10 January 2025 indicated decreasing unrest at Karangetang. No avalanches were observed from either Main Crater or North Crater, and neither crater produced incandescence visible at night. North Crater occasionally produced white plumes that rose as high as 400 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Weather conditions sometimes prevented visual observations. Seismicity decreased and was characterized by five deep volcanic earthquakes per day and five earthquakes indicating gas emissions per day. At 1800 on 11 January the Alert Level was lowered to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was advised to stay 1.5 km away from Kawah Dua (North Crater) and the Main Crater (South Crater) with an extension to 2.5 km along the W, SW, S, and SE flanks. Geologic Summary. Karangetang (Api Siau) volcano lies at the northern end of the island of Siau, about 125 km NNE of the NE-most point of Sulawesi. The stratovolcano contains five summit craters along a N-S line. It is one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, with more than 40 eruptions recorded since 1675 and many additional small eruptions that were not documented (Neumann van Padang, 1951). Twentieth-century eruptions have included frequent explosive activity sometimes accompanied by pyroclastic flows and lahars. Lava dome growth has occurred in the summit craters; collapse of lava flow fronts have produced pyroclastic flows. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5jU_j8b4A$> Karymsky | Russia | 54.049°N, 159.443°E | Summit elev. 1513 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 2-9 January. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images during 5-7 and 9 January. The volcano was quiet or weather conditions prevented views on the other days of the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700 radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5hv1l8TKA$> Lewotobi | Indonesia | 8.542°S, 122.775°E | Summit elev. 1703 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Lewotobi Laki-laki during 8-14 January. White-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose as high as 1.5 km above the summit and drifted W and SW during 9-10 and 12-14 January. White gas-and-steam plumes rose as high as 1.2 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions on 8 and 11 January. Incandescence at the crater was periodically visible in a webcam images. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 5 km away from the center of Laki-laki and 6 km in a semicircle counterclockwise from the NE to the SW. Geologic Summary. The Lewotobi edifice in eastern Flores Island is composed of the two adjacent Lewotobi Laki-laki and Lewotobi Perempuan stratovolcanoes (the "husband and wife"). Their summits are less than 2 km apart along a NW-SE line. The conical Laki-laki to the NW has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Perempuan has had observed eruptions in 1921 and 1935. Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in both of the summit craters, which are open to the north. A prominent cone, Iliwokar, occurs on the E flank of Perampuan. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5jU_j8b4A$> Manam | Papua New Guinea | 4.08°S, 145.037°E | Summit elev. 1807 m The Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) reported that continuous ash plumes from Manam were identified in satellite images at 0640 and 1050 on 14 January. The plumes rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted WSW. Geologic Summary. The 10-km-wide island of Manam, lying 13 km off the northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea, is one of the country's most active volcanoes. Four large radial valleys extend from the unvegetated summit of the conical basaltic-andesitic stratovolcano to its lower flanks. These valleys channel lava flows and pyroclastic avalanches that have sometimes reached the coast. Five small satellitic centers are located near the island's shoreline on the northern, southern, and western sides. Two summit craters are present; both are active, although most observed eruptions have originated from the southern crater, concentrating eruptive products during much of the past century into the SE valley. Frequent eruptions, typically of mild-to-moderate scale, have been recorded since 1616. Occasional larger eruptions have produced pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached flat-lying coastal areas and entered the sea, sometimes impacting populated areas. Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5g4w_6wMA$> Merapi | Indonesia | 7.54°S, 110.446°E | Summit elev. 2910 m The Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 3-9 January. Seismicity remained at high levels. The SW lava dome produced 84 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 2 km SW down the Bebeng drainage, 29 that traveled as far as 2 km SW down the Krasak drainage, and nine that traveled as far as 1.5 km SW down the Sat/Putih drainage. Morphological changes at the SW dome were caused by continuing effusion and collapses of material. No significant morphological changes at the summit dome were visible. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location. Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities. Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5hRGgZdzQ$> Sabancaya | Peru | 15.787°S, 71.857°W | Summit elev. 5960 m The Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) reported that the eruption at Sabancaya continued during 6-12 January with a daily average of four explosions. Gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 1.5 km above the summit and drifted less than 10 km W, N, and NE. Thermal anomalies over the lava dome in the summit crater were identified in satellite data. Sulfur dioxide emissions were at moderate levels, averaging 1,060 tons per day. Slight inflation was detected N of Hualca Hualca (7 km N). The Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay outside of a 12 km radius from the summit. Geologic Summary. Sabancaya, located in the saddle NE of Ampato and SE of Hualca Hualca volcanoes, is the youngest of these volcanic centers and the only one to have erupted in historical time. The oldest of the three, Nevado Hualca Hualca, is of probable late-Pliocene to early Pleistocene age. The name Sabancaya (meaning "tongue of fire" in the Quechua language) first appeared in records in 1595 CE, suggesting activity prior to that date. Holocene activity has consisted of Plinian eruptions followed by emission of voluminous andesitic and dacitic lava flows, which form an extensive apron around the volcano on all sides but the south. Records of observed eruptions date back to 1750 CE. Source: Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) http://www.igp.gob.pe/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igp.gob.pe/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5hITDU3lQ$> Santa Maria | Guatemala | 14.757°N, 91.552°W | Summit elev. 3745 m The Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Santa Mariaâ??s Santiaguito dome complex during 7-14 January with continuing lava extrusion at Caliente dome. Daily explosions, as many as 11 per hour when reported, generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 1.2 km above the dome and drifted as far as 40 km NW, W, SW, S, and SE. Effusion of blocky lava and collapses of material produced block avalanches that descended the flanks in multiple directions almost daily; the avalanches could sometimes be heard in areas several kilometers away. Collapsed material produced short pyroclastic flows on a few of the days. Incandescence at the crater was sometimes visible during dark hours. Ashfall was reported during 10-11 January in areas downwind including San Marcos (10 km SW), Finca El Patrocinio (9 km SSW), Loma Linda Palajunoj (7 km SW), Llanos de Pinal, and surrounding areas, and forecasted for areas downwind on most of the other days. Geologic Summary. Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa MarÃa volcano is part of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rise above the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. The sharp-topped, conical profile is cut on the SW flank by a 1.5-km-wide crater. The oval-shaped crater extends from just below the summit to the lower flank, and was formed during a catastrophic eruption in 1902. The renowned Plinian eruption of 1902 that devastated much of SW Guatemala followed a long repose period after construction of the large basaltic-andesite stratovolcano. The massive dacitic Santiaguito lava-dome complex has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since 1922. Compound dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred episodically from four vents, with activity progressing E towards the most recent, Caliente. Dome growth has been accompanied by almost continuous minor explosions, with periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic flows, and lahars. Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5j55e8SRg$> Semeru | Indonesia | 8.108°S, 112.922°E | Summit elev. 3657 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 8-14 January with several daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Gray or white-and-gray ash plumes rose 400-1000 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards. Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru (Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas. A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that have reached the lower flanks of the volcano. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5jU_j8b4A$> Sheveluch | Russia | 56.653°N, 161.36°E | Summit elev. 3283 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that lava extrusion may have continued at Sheveluchâ??s â??300 years of RASâ?? dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the Young Sheveluch dome during 2-9 January. Daily thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5hv1l8TKA$> Suwanosejima | Japan | 29.638°N, 129.714°E | Summit elev. 796 m The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 6-13 January and crater incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. Explosions at 2018 on 8 January, at 2225 on 9 January, at 1054 and 1739 on 11 January, and at 2300 on 13 January generated ash plumes that rose 300-1,000 m and drifted S, SE, and E. Plumes rose into the weather clouds at 1054 on 11 January and on 13 January. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long island of Suwanosejima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the E flank that was formed by edifice collapse. One of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, it was in a state of intermittent Strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, between 1949 and 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest recorded eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits covered residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed, forming a large debris avalanche and creating an open collapse scarp extending to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5gMUW7pkg$> Taal | Philippines | 14.0106°N, 120.9975°E | Summit elev. 311 m The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing eruptive activity at Taal during 7-13 January. Gas-and-steam emissions generally rose 400-600 m above the crater rim and drifted SW; emissions were not observed on 9 January. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 5,868, 1,383, and 1,811 tonnes per day on 8, 11, and 13 January, respectively. A phreatic eruption at 2351 on 10 January generated a plume that rose 900 m above the crater rim and drifted SW; the eruption lasted for three minutes. One volcanic earthquake per day was detected on 9 and 12 January. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5); PHIVOLCS reminded the public that the entire Taal Volcano Island was a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and recommended that the Main Crater and areas along the Daang Kastila fissure should remain prohibited. Geologic Summary. Taal is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines and has produced some powerful eruptions. The 15 x 20 km Talisay (Taal) caldera is largely filled by Lake Taal, whose 267 km2 surface lies only 3 m above sea level. The maximum depth of the lake is 160 m, with several submerged eruptive centers. The 5-km-wide Volcano Island in north-central Lake Taal is the location of all observed eruptions. The island is composed of coalescing small stratovolcanoes, tuff rings, and scoria cones. Powerful pyroclastic flows and surges have caused many fatalities. Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5g6LLkeSA$> Villarrica | Chile | 39.42°S, 71.93°W | Summit elev. 2847 m The Servicio Nacional de GeologÃa y MinerÃa (SERNAGEOMIN) reported that at 1605 on 11 January a long-period (LP) earthquake at Villarrica was accompanied by a gas-and-ash plume that rose 200 m above the vent and drifted S. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at Green (the lowest level on a four-level scale). Geologic Summary. The glacier-covered Villarrica stratovolcano, in the northern Lakes District of central Chile, is ~15 km south of the city of Pucon. A 2-km-wide caldera that formed about 3,500 years ago is located at the base of the presently active, dominantly basaltic to basaltic-andesite cone at the NW margin of a 6-km-wide Pleistocene caldera. More than 30 scoria cones and fissure vents are present on the flanks. Plinian eruptions and pyroclastic flows that have extended up to 20 km from the volcano were produced during the Holocene. Lava flows up to 18 km long have issued from summit and flank vents. Eruptions documented since 1558 CE have consisted largely of mild-to-moderate explosive activity with occasional lava effusion. Glaciers cover 40 km2 of the volcano, and lahars have damaged towns on its flanks. Source: Servicio Nacional de GeologÃa y MinerÃa (SERNAGEOMIN) http://www.sernageomin.cl/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.sernageomin.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bwvT-A-FgEokxL8527xunEm-Gn-AyktpZDQhBTs8btdtT1RTiaGeyn-Uo4T_ahU3bKOhSVywvHHDq1Y1v5gtUlIiGg$> 3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3 ============================================================== Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University (ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). 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