6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6 From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx> Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 23-29 October 2024 Sally Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx) URL: https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5yt0zThy9w$> New Activity/Unrest: Copahue, Chile-Argentina | Iya, Indonesia | Langila, Papua New Guinea | Spurr, United States | Taal, Philippines Ongoing Activity: Aira, Japan | Bezymianny, Russia | Dukono, Indonesia | Ebeko, Russia | Great Sitkin, United States | Ibu, Indonesia | Kanlaon, Philippines | Karymsky, Russia | Lewotobi, Indonesia | Manam, Papua New Guinea | Marapi, Indonesia | Merapi, Indonesia | Popocatepetl, Mexico | Semeru, Indonesia | Sheveluch, Russia | Suwanosejima, Japan The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest Copahue | Chile-Argentina | 37.856°S, 71.183°W | Summit elev. 2953 m The Servicio Nacional de GeologÃa y MinerÃa (SERNAGEOMIN) reported that during 15-24 October surficial activity at Copahue increased based on analysis by Observatorio Volcánico de los Andes del Sur (OVDAS). Tremor signals slightly intensified on 15 October. Sulfur dioxide emissions increased on 15 October and averaged 2,900-3,000 tons per day (t/d) during 17-19 October, higher than the average of 2,400 t/d more typically observed. Sulfur dioxide emissions were detected with both satellite images and Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) instruments. Beginning on 16 October episodic intensifications of a thermal anomaly in El Agrio Crater were identified in satellite data with the most intense anomaly recorded on 19 October. Gas-and-steam emissions rose no higher than 300 m above the crater rim and contained ash starting on 17 October; the ash content was denser on 19 October. Gas-and-ash plumes on 19 October deposited ash in an area extending 2.9 km SE of the vent. By 24 October activity had decreased; sulfur dioxide emissions, a thermal anomaly, and ash emissions were no longer being detected. SERNAGEOMIN noted that an increase may occur again and raised the Alert Level to Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale). SENAPRED declared a Yellow Alert (the middle level on a three-color scale) for residents of the Alto BiobÃo municipality and access to an area within 500 m of El Agrio Crater was restricted to the public. The Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino (SEGEMAR) maintained an Alert Level of Green (the lowest level on a four-color scale) for Argentina, based on Argentine Volcano Monitoring Observatory (OAVV) analysis. SEGEMAR noted that the crater lake had dried up during the previous few weeks due to seasonal changes in rainfall. Weekly averages of sulfur dioxide emissions were less than 2,000 t/d with a peak of 6,270 t/d on 16 October based on TROPOMI satellite data. Gas-and-steam plumes were visible during 20-24 October when weather conditions allowed for visual observations. Tremor levels decreased after 19 October; an increase recorded on 24 October may have been due to weather. SEGEMAR noted that a possible phreatic eruption could impact an area within 1 km of the crater. Geologic Summary. Volcán Copahue is an elongated composite cone constructed along the Chile-Argentina border within the 6.5 x 8.5 km wide Trapa-Trapa caldera that formed between 0.6 and 0.4 million years ago near the NW margin of the 20 x 15 km Pliocene Caviahue (Del Agrio) caldera. The eastern summit crater, part of a 2-km-long, ENE-WSW line of nine craters, contains a briny, acidic 300-m-wide crater lake (also referred to as El Agrio or Del Agrio) and displays intense fumarolic activity. Acidic hot springs occur below the eastern outlet of the crater lake, contributing to the acidity of the RÃo Agrio, and another geothermal zone is located within Caviahue caldera about 7 km NE of the summit. Infrequent mild-to-moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded since the 18th century. Twentieth-century eruptions from the crater lake have ejected pyroclastic rocks and chilled liquid sulfur fragments. Sources: Servicio Nacional de GeologÃa y MinerÃa (SERNAGEOMIN) http://www.sernageomin.cl/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.sernageomin.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5yu3twZGfg$> ; Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino (SEGEMAR) http://www.segemar.gov.ar/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.segemar.gov.ar/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5yv--GQrZA$> ; Sistema y Servicio Nacional de Prevención y Repuesta Ante Desastres (SENAPRED) https://senapred.cl/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://senapred.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5ytcHV87Jw$> Iya | Indonesia | 8.891°S, 121.641°E | Summit elev. 618 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that daily white emissions at Iya rose as high as 308 m above the cater rim and drifted in multiple directions during 23-29 October. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the active crater area. Geologic Summary. Gunung Iya is the southernmost of a group of three volcanoes comprising a small peninsula south of the city of Ende on central Flores Island. The cones to the north, Rooja and Pui, appear to be slightly older and have not shown historical activity, although Pui has a youthful profile (a reported 1671 eruption of Pui was considered to have originated from Iya volcano). Iya, whose truncated southern side drops steeply to the sea, has had numerous moderate explosive eruptions during historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5yvQjMAamQ$> Langila | Papua New Guinea | 5.525°S, 148.42°E | Summit elev. 1330 m The Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume from Langila was identified in satellite images on 28 October rising to 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting WSW and W. Geologic Summary. Langila, one of the most active volcanoes of New Britain, consists of a group of four small overlapping composite basaltic-andesitic cones on the lower E flank of the extinct Talawe volcano in the Cape Gloucester area of NW New Britain. A rectangular, 2.5-km-long crater is breached widely to the SE; Langila was constructed NE of the breached crater of Talawe. An extensive lava field reaches the coast on the N and NE sides of Langila. Frequent mild-to-moderate explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have been recorded since the 19th century from three active craters at the summit. The youngest and smallest crater (no. 3 crater) was formed in 1960 and has a diameter of 150 m. Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5ytYOeXiaA$> Spurr | United States | 61.299°N, 152.251°W | Summit elev. 3374 m The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that low-level unrest at Spurr was ongoing during 23-29 October. Several daily small earthquakes were recorded by the seismic network. No unusual activity was observed in mostly clear satellite or web camera data. Scientists visited Spurr on 24 October to perform pre-winter work including hardening the network and ensuring all systems were operational. During an overflight they observed vigorous steaming from the fumaroles in the summit crater and snow covering the vent at Crater Peak, a vent 3.5 km S of the summit. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Mount Spurr is the closest volcano to Anchorage, Alaska (130 km W) and just NE of Chakachamna Lake. The summit is a large lava dome at the center of a roughly 5-km-wide amphitheater open to the south formed by a late-Pleistocene or early Holocene debris avalanche and associated pyroclastic flows that destroyed an older edifice. The debris avalanche traveled more than 25 km SE, and the resulting deposit contains blocks as large as 100 m in diameter. Several ice-carved post-collapse cones or lava domes are present. The youngest vent, Crater Peak, formed at the southern end of the amphitheater and has been the source of about 40 identified Holocene tephra layers. Eruptions from Crater Peak in 1953 and 1992 deposited ash in Anchorage. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://avo.alaska.edu/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5yskxe5pNg$> Taal | Philippines | 14.0106°N, 120.9975°E | Summit elev. 311 m The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported that unrest at Taal continued during 22-29 October. Two phreatic events lasting 5-9 minutes long were recorded on 22 October. Hot fluids upwelling in the lake were observed and steam-and-gas plumes rose 1.5 km above the crater rim and drifted SE. Upwelling of hot fluids was again observed on 23 October; weather conditions often obscured views during 23-25 October. Four-minute-long tremor signals were recorded on 24 and 27 October. Steam-and-gas plumes rose 300-900 m and drifted NNE and NE during 26-27 October. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5), and PHIVOLCS reminded the public that the entire Taal Volcano Island was a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and recommended that the Main Crater and areas along the Daang Kastila fissure should remain prohibited. Geologic Summary. Taal is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines and has produced some powerful eruptions. The 15 x 20 km Talisay (Taal) caldera is largely filled by Lake Taal, whose 267 km2 surface lies only 3 m above sea level. The maximum depth of the lake is 160 m, with several submerged eruptive centers. The 5-km-wide Volcano Island in north-central Lake Taal is the location of all observed eruptions. The island is composed of coalescing small stratovolcanoes, tuff rings, and scoria cones. Powerful pyroclastic flows and surges have caused many fatalities. Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5yv-YNoOdg$> Ongoing Activity Aira | Japan | 31.5772°N, 130.6589°E | Summit elev. 1117 m The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) during 21-28 October. Nightly crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. Very small eruptive events were recorded during the first half of the week. On 21 October sulfur dioxide emissions were very high, averaging 4,000 tons per day. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters. Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim and built an island that was joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minamidake. Frequent eruptions since the 8th century have deposited ash on the city of Kagoshima, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest recorded eruption took place during 1471-76. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5yti6e0E7Q$> Bezymianny | Russia | 55.972°N, 160.595°E | Summit elev. 2882 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that a thermal anomaly over Bezymianny was identified in satellite images during 18, 20, and 22-24 October. The volcano was obscured by weather clouds on the other days of the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-color scale). Dates are reported in UTC; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The modern Bezymianny, much smaller than its massive neighbors Kamen and Kliuchevskoi on the Kamchatka Peninsula, was formed about 4,700 years ago over a late-Pleistocene lava-dome complex and an edifice built about 11,000-7,000 years ago. Three periods of intensified activity have occurred during the past 3,000 years. The latest period, which was preceded by a 1,000-year quiescence, began with the dramatic 1955-56 eruption. This eruption, similar to that of St. Helens in 1980, produced a large open crater that was formed by collapse of the summit and an associated lateral blast. Subsequent episodic but ongoing lava-dome growth, accompanied by intermittent explosive activity and pyroclastic flows, has largely filled the 1956 crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5ytGJ00lIg$> Dukono | Indonesia | 1.6992°N, 127.8783°E | Summit elev. 1273 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 23-29 October. Daily gray-and-white ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 100-700 m above the summit and drifted NE and E. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 3-km exclusion zone. Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have occurred since 1933. During a major eruption in 1550 CE, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the N-flank Gunung Mamuya cone. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been active during historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5yvQjMAamQ$> Ebeko | Russia | 50.686°N, 156.014°E | Summit elev. 1103 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that moderate explosive activity was ongoing at Ebeko during 17-24 October. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E), explosions on 20 October generated ash plumes that rose as high as 2.5 km (8,200 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. Satellite data indicated that either no activity was observed, or weather conditions prevented views. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The flat-topped summit of the central cone of Ebeko volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands, occupies the northern end of Paramushir Island. Three summit craters located along a SSW-NNE line form Ebeko volcano proper, at the northern end of a complex of five volcanic cones. Blocky lava flows extend west from Ebeko and SE from the neighboring Nezametnyi cone. The eastern part of the southern crater contains strong solfataras and a large boiling spring. The central crater is filled by a lake about 20 m deep whose shores are lined with steaming solfataras; the northern crater lies across a narrow, low barrier from the central crater and contains a small, cold crescentic lake. Historical activity, recorded since the late-18th century, has been restricted to small-to-moderate explosive eruptions from the summit craters. Intense fumarolic activity occurs in the summit craters, on the outer flanks of the cone, and in lateral explosion craters. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5ytGJ00lIg$> Great Sitkin | United States | 52.076°N, 176.13°W | Summit elev. 1740 m The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick lava flow in Great Sitkinâ??s summit crater during 23-29 October. The lava flow had filled most of the summit crater with minor advancement in the N part of the E lobe. The local seismic network continued to detect small earthquakes associated with the ongoing eruption. Minor steaming from the lava flow was visible in webcam images on 28 October. Weather clouds often obscured webcam and satellite views of the summit. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side of Great Sitkin Island. A younger volcano capped by a small, 0.8 x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure that truncated an older edifice and produced a submarine debris avalanche. Deposits from this and an even older debris avalanche from a source to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano. The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp. Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano. Eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://avo.alaska.edu/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5yskxe5pNg$> Ibu | Indonesia | 1.488°N, 127.63°E | Summit elev. 1325 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that activity at Ibu continued during 23-29 October. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were often dense rose 0.3-2 km above the summit and drifted W, NW, and NE. Some of the webcam images posted with the reports showed incandescence visible above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening. Geologic Summary. The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, has contained several small crater lakes. The 1.2-km-wide outer crater is breached on the N, creating a steep-walled valley. A large cone grew ENE of the summit, and a smaller one to the WSW has fed a lava flow down the W flank. A group of maars is located below the N and W flanks. The first observed and recorded eruption was a small explosion from the summit crater in 1911. Eruptive activity began again in December 1998, producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the floor of the inner summit crater along with ongoing explosive ash emissions. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5yvQjMAamQ$> Kanlaon | Philippines | 10.4096°N, 123.13°E | Summit elev. 2422 m The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing unrest at Kanlaon during 22-29 October. The seismic network recorded 1-6 daily volcanic earthquakes. The summit was obscured by weather conditions daily. Sulfur dioxide emissions continued to be high, averaging 4,853-5,188 tonnes/day (t/d) during 26-27 October. A special notice issued on 28 October noted that summit emissions of sulfur dioxide measured with a Flyspec instrument averaged 10,074 tonnes/day (t/d), the fifth highest ever recorded at the volcano. Sulfur odors were reported in Masulog and Canlaon City (8 km ESE) proper and, to a lesser degree, in the neighborhoods of Panubigan and Binalbagan, Canlaon City. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5) and PHIVOLCS reminded the public to remain outside of the 4-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone and warned pilots not to fly close to the volcano. Geologic Summary. Kanlaon volcano (also spelled Canlaon) forms the highest point on the Philippine island of Negros. The massive andesitic stratovolcano is covered with fissure-controlled pyroclastic cones and craters, many of which are filled by lakes. The largest debris avalanche known in the Philippines traveled 33 km SW from Kanlaon. The summit contains a 2-km-wide, elongated northern caldera with a crater lake and a smaller but higher active vent, Lugud crater, to the south. Eruptions recorded since 1866 have typically consisted of phreatic explosions of small-to-moderate size that produce minor local ashfall. Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5yv-YNoOdg$> Karymsky | Russia | 54.049°N, 159.443°E | Summit elev. 1513 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 17-24 October. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images during 18, 20-21, and 24 October; the volcano was quiet or weather clouds obscured views on the other days. Explosions on 20 October produced ash plumes that rose as high as 4 km (13,100 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 100 km E and SE. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700 radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5ytGJ00lIg$> Lewotobi | Indonesia | 8.542°S, 122.775°E | Summit elev. 1703 m Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Lewotobiâ??s Laki-laki volcano continued during 23-29 October from a vent on the upper NW flank. Daily gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 500-1,000 m above the summit and drifted SW, W, and NW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay outside of the exclusion zone, defined as a 3 km radius around both Laki-laki and Perempuan craters, 4 km to the NNW and SSE of Laki-laki. Geologic Summary. The Lewotobi edifice in eastern Flores Island is composed of the two adjacent Lewotobi Laki-laki and Lewotobi Perempuan stratovolcanoes (the "husband and wife"). Their summits are less than 2 km apart along a NW-SE line. The conical Laki-laki to the NW has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Perempuan has had observed eruptions in 1921 and 1935. Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in both of the summit craters, which are open to the north. A prominent cone, Iliwokar, occurs on the E flank of Perampuan. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5yvQjMAamQ$> Manam | Papua New Guinea | 4.08°S, 145.037°E | Summit elev. 1807 m The Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes from Manam were identified in webcam and satellite images during 26-28 October rising to 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting E, SW, and W. The plumes were sometimes continuous, though weather clouds often obscured views. Geologic Summary. The 10-km-wide island of Manam, lying 13 km off the northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea, is one of the country's most active volcanoes. Four large radial valleys extend from the unvegetated summit of the conical basaltic-andesitic stratovolcano to its lower flanks. These valleys channel lava flows and pyroclastic avalanches that have sometimes reached the coast. Five small satellitic centers are located near the island's shoreline on the northern, southern, and western sides. Two summit craters are present; both are active, although most observed eruptions have originated from the southern crater, concentrating eruptive products during much of the past century into the SE valley. Frequent eruptions, typically of mild-to-moderate scale, have been recorded since 1616. Occasional larger eruptions have produced pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached flat-lying coastal areas and entered the sea, sometimes impacting populated areas. Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5ytYOeXiaA$> Marapi | Indonesia | 0.38°S, 100.474°E | Summit elev. 2885 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Marapi (on Sumatra) was ongoing during 23-29 October. At 0139 on 23 October a dense gray ash plume rose 800 m above the summit and drifted NW. On 26 October a dense gray ash plume rose 800 m above the summit and drifted NE at 1305, and at 1710 that same day a loud booming sound was accompanied by a dense gray ash plume that rose 1 km and drifted NW. Dense gray ash plumes from eruptive events at 0700, 0736, 0956, and 1601 on 27 October rose 800-2,000 m above the summit and drifted NW and NE. According to a 28 October news article an Early Warning System (EWS) to detect lahars on the flanks became operational after final testing by BNPB. The EWS was comprised of sensor devices to detect river water levels in drainages, surveillance cameras (CCTV), and siren towers to notify the public to evacuate, spread across 23 installation locations. The locations were selected based on the results of a field mapping survey and evaluation of lahars that occurred in mid-May. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the active crater. Geologic Summary. Gunung Marapi, not to be confused with the better-known Merapi volcano on Java, is Sumatra's most active volcano. This massive complex stratovolcano rises 2,000 m above the Bukittinggi Plain in the Padang Highlands. A broad summit contains multiple partially overlapping summit craters constructed within the small 1.4-km-wide Bancah caldera. The summit craters are located along an ENE-WSW line, with volcanism migrating to the west. More than 50 eruptions, typically consisting of small-to-moderate explosive activity, have been recorded since the end of the 18th century; no lava flows outside the summit craters have been reported in historical time. Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5yvQjMAamQ$> ; Antara News https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4424069/gunung-marapi-sumbar-erupsi-setinggi-1000-meter-diiringi-dentuman <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4424069/gunung-marapi-sumbar-erupsi-setinggi-1000-meter-diiringi-dentuman__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5ysDOHpimQ$> ; Antara News https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4426237/alat-ews-banjir-lahar-dingin-gunung-marapi-sumbar-mulai-dioperasikan <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4426237/alat-ews-banjir-lahar-dingin-gunung-marapi-sumbar-mulai-dioperasikan__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5yuCG4QkUg$> Merapi | Indonesia | 7.54°S, 110.446°E | Summit elev. 2910 m The Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 18-24 October. Seismicity was more intense compared to the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 206 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 1.8 km down the Bebeng drainage on the SW flank. Two pyroclastic flows descended the Bebeng as far as 1.5 km. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome resulting from continuing effusion and collapses of material. The volume of the SW dome was an estimated 3,077,000 cubic meters based a 24 October drone survey. The hottest temperature was around 243 degrees Celsius, similar to the previous measurement. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location. Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities. Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5yuGF31kQg$> Popocatepetl | Mexico | 19.023°N, 98.622°W | Summit elev. 5393 m Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (CENAPRED) reported that eruptive activity continued at Popocatépetl during 23-29 October. The seismic network recorded 16-50 long-period events per day that were accompanied by steam-and-gas emissions sometimes containing minor amounts of ash. The seismic network also recorded daily tremor, characterized at high-frequency and low-to-moderate amplitude, with periods lasting 14 hours and 20 minutes to as long as almost 24 hours. According to the Washington VAAC ash plumes visible in webcam and satellite images during 22-25 October rising 5.5-7.3 km (18,000-24,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting as far as 190 km N, NW, and NNW and 400 km N and NE, extending beyond the coastline. Overnight during 24-26 October webcams recorded the ejection of incandescent fragments short distances onto the upper flanks according to the SecretarÃa de Seguridad y Protección Ciudadana. Ashfall was reported at around 1130 on 25 October in the municipalities of Calapan, Domingo Arenas (20 km NE), Huejotizingo (21 km E), San Nicolas de los Ranchos (15 km ENE), San Felipe Teotlacingo, Tlaltenango (35 km NE), San Miguel Xoxtla (35 km NE), Nealtican (21 km E), Atlixco (25 km SE), Juan C. Bonillas (33 km ENE), and San Martin Texmelucan (35 km NE) in Puebla, as well as in Tepoztlan (49 km W), Tlayacapan (40 km WSW), and Tlalnepantla (80 km NW), Morelos. The Gobierno de Puebla reported that during 0700-1100 on 26 October the Hermanos Serdán Airport (30 km NE) was closed so that workers could clear ash off the runways. The VAAC noted that during 26-27 October several dense ash plumes rose 7.9-8.8 km (26,000-29,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE and NNE over the Gulf of Mexico. Minor ashfall was reported by CENAPRED in the municipality of Tetela del Volcán (20 km SW), Hueyapan (18 km WSW), and Tlaltizapán (65 km SW), Morelos, as well as in Tlaxcala (51 km NE), Chiautempan (55 km NE), and Zacatelco (45 km NE), Tlaxcala. Incandescent material was ejected above the crater rim during 27-28 October. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, Phase Two (the middle level on a three-color scale) and the public was warned to stay 12 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. Volcán Popocatépetl, whose name is the Aztec word for smoking mountain, rises 70 km SE of Mexico City to form North America's 2nd-highest volcano. The glacier-clad stratovolcano contains a steep-walled, 400 x 600 m wide crater. The generally symmetrical volcano is modified by the sharp-peaked Ventorrillo on the NW, a remnant of an earlier volcano. At least three previous major cones were destroyed by gravitational failure during the Pleistocene, producing massive debris-avalanche deposits covering broad areas to the south. The modern volcano was constructed south of the late-Pleistocene to Holocene El Fraile cone. Three major Plinian eruptions, the most recent of which took place about 800 CE, have occurred since the mid-Holocene, accompanied by pyroclastic flows and voluminous lahars that swept basins below the volcano. Frequent historical eruptions, first recorded in Aztec codices, have occurred since Pre-Columbian time. Sources: Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres (CENAPRED) https://www.gob.mx/cenapred <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.gob.mx/cenapred__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5ytePSm7OA$> ; Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5ytwDlVhxw$> ; Gobierno de Puebla https://www.puebla.gob.mx/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.puebla.gob.mx/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5yuTbfXg3w$> ; SecretarÃa de Seguridad y Protección Ciudadana (SEGURIDAD) https://www.gob.mx/sspc <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.gob.mx/sspc__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5ytNPqi8iA$> Semeru | Indonesia | 8.108°S, 112.922°E | Summit elev. 3657 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 23-29 October with multiple daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 100-800 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Weather conditions sometimes prevented views of the summit. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards. Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru (Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas. A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that have reached the lower flanks of the volcano. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5yvQjMAamQ$> Sheveluch | Russia | 56.653°N, 161.36°E | Summit elev. 3283 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that during 17-24 October lava extrusion may have continued at Sheveluchâ??s â??300 years of RASâ?? dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the dome at Young Sheveluch. Thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images on 18 and 23 October. Plumes of resuspended ash drifted 400 km ESE during 20-23 October. Weather conditions prevented views on the other days of the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5ytGJ00lIg$> Suwanosejima | Japan | 29.638°N, 129.714°E | Summit elev. 796 m The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 21-28 October. Crater incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. A period of continuous ash emissions during 1706-2320 on 22 October produced ash plumes that rose as high as 1.5 km above the crater rim and drifted NE and E, rising into the weather clouds. Eruptive events at 0103 on 23 October, at 0515, 0554, 0747, 0804, 1633, and 1714 on 27 October, and at 0215 on 28 October generated ash plumes that rose 1-1.6 km above the crater rim and drifted mainly E and W. An explosion was recorded at 0247 on 25 October; details of emissions were not reported. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long island of Suwanosejima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the E flank that was formed by edifice collapse. One of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, it was in a state of intermittent Strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, between 1949 and 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest recorded eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits covered residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed, forming a large debris avalanche and creating an open collapse scarp extending to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cVa8um44ZGsX_p2szl5WKVNUN_GA5lsQCELVvr52pPDaDjGi-XED9p8DsAFJKSNiZ_Hq4_zNaRWQrLA_5yti6e0E7Q$> 6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6 ============================================================== Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University (ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). 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