5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5 From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx> Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 24-30 July 2024 Sally Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx) URL: https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkRSSn657A$> New Activity/Unrest: Bezymianny, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Etna, Sicily (Italy) | Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | Katla, Iceland | Kelimutu, Flores Island | Kilauea, Hawaiian Islands (USA) | Nyamulagira, DR Congo | Whakaari/White Island, North Island (New Zealand) | Yellowstone, Eastern Snake River Plain Ongoing Activity: Aira, Kyushu (Japan) | Dukono, Halmahera | Ebeko, Paramushir Island (Russia) | Great Sitkin, Andreanof Islands (USA) | Ibu, Halmahera | Lewotobi, Flores Island | Merapi, Central Java | Reventador, Ecuador | Sabancaya, Peru | Sangay, Ecuador | Sheveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Suwanosejima, Ryukyu Islands (Japan) | Ubinas, Peru | Villarrica, Central Chile The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest Bezymianny | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 55.972°N, 160.595°E | Summit elev. 2882 m KVERT reported that activity at Bezymianny increased on 21 July and then escalated on 24 July. Lava-dome extrusion significantly increased on 21 July, causing collapses of the E part of the lava dome and subsequent hot avalanches of material. Activity continued and on 22 July the Aviation Color Code was raised to Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Extrusion and collapses continued through 24 July with ash plumes continuing to rise 2-3 km a.s.l. and drift at least 70 km SW. A strong explosive eruption began at 1510 on 24 July, prompting KVERT to raise the Aviation Color Code to Red at 2002. The explosions produced a large ash plume that initially rose to 9.6 km (31,500 ft) a.s.l. and then to 12 km (39,400 ft) a.s.l.; the plume drifted 300 km ESE. Pyroclastic flows descended the flanks. By 0035 on 25 July the explosive phase had ended so the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Orange. Effusion at the lava dome continued and viscous lava extruded onto the domeâ??s flanks. The activity was accompanied by notable steam-and-gas emissions and the descent of hot avalanches. Ash clouds generated on 24 July were visible in satellite images drifting 2,500 km SE until 25 July and 1,800 km SW until 27 July. The Aviation Color Code was lowered to Yellow at 2317 on 28 July. Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The modern Bezymianny, much smaller than its massive neighbors Kamen and Kliuchevskoi on the Kamchatka Peninsula, was formed about 4,700 years ago over a late-Pleistocene lava-dome complex and an edifice built about 11,000-7,000 years ago. Three periods of intensified activity have occurred during the past 3,000 years. The latest period, which was preceded by a 1,000-year quiescence, began with the dramatic 1955-56 eruption. This eruption, similar to that of St. Helens in 1980, produced a large open crater that was formed by collapse of the summit and an associated lateral blast. Subsequent episodic but ongoing lava-dome growth, accompanied by intermittent explosive activity and pyroclastic flows, has largely filled the 1956 crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkRJOg4XiA$> Etna | Sicily (Italy) | 37.748°N, 14.999°E | Summit elev. 3357 m INGV reported that activity at Etnaâ??s summit craters continued during 24-28 July. Volcanologists conducted a field inspection of the summit area on 24 July, the day after intense activity that included Strombolian explosions and lava fountaining at Voragine Crater, and lava overflows at Bocca Nuova Crater. Explosive activity at Voragine Crater occurred at intervals of 35-40 minutes during the inspection and ejected material beyond the crater rim. Lava flows originated from three breaches along Bocca Nuova Craterâ??s WNW, W, and SW rim and continued to advance. The WNW flow traveled the farthest, reaching 2,905 m elevation, followed by the W and SW flows that reached 2,950 and 3,026 m elevations, respectively. The total volume of the lava flows that breached the crater rim, the flows that pooled within the crater, and ejected pyroclastic deposits, were estimated to be 2.4 x 10^6 cubic meters. Activity at Voragine Crater on 25 July was characterized by intermittent explosive activity and a period of Strombolian activity. Geologic Summary. Mount Etna, towering above Catania on the island of Sicily, has one of the world's longest documented records of volcanism, dating back to 1500 BCE. Historical lava flows of basaltic composition cover much of the surface of this massive volcano, whose edifice is the highest and most voluminous in Italy. The Mongibello stratovolcano, truncated by several small calderas, was constructed during the late Pleistocene and Holocene over an older shield volcano. The most prominent morphological feature of Etna is the Valle del Bove, a 5 x 10 km caldera open to the east. Two styles of eruptive activity typically occur, sometimes simultaneously. Persistent explosive eruptions, sometimes with minor lava emissions, take place from one or more summit craters. Flank vents, typically with higher effusion rates, are less frequently active and originate from fissures that open progressively downward from near the summit (usually accompanied by Strombolian eruptions at the upper end). Cinder cones are commonly constructed over the vents of lower-flank lava flows. Lava flows extend to the foot of the volcano on all sides and have reached the sea over a broad area on the SE flank. Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) http://www.ct.ingv.it/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkR_WNumgQ$> Karymsky | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 54.049°N, 159.443°E | Summit elev. 1513 m KVERT reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 18-25 July. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images during 19, 21-23, 25 July; weather clouds obscured views on the other days during the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700 radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkRJOg4XiA$> Katla | Iceland | 63.633°N, 19.083°W | Summit elev. 1490 m Iceland Met Office (IMO) reported that electrical conductivity levels in the Skálmur River, which drains from the Sandfellsjökull glacier on the E part of the Mýrdalsjökull ice cap that covers Katla, began to increase late on 26 July. Increased seismicity within the Katla caldera began to be detected around 0600 on 27 July. Unrest significantly increased at around 1100 and a jökulhlaup (a glacier-outburst flood) began in the river at around 1320. Reports indicated increased sulfur odors originating from Mýrdalsjökull, specifically in Hólaskjól. As a precaution, and to account for the possibility of volcanic unrest, at 1554 IMO raised the Aviation Color Code to Yellow, the second lowest level on a four-color scale. The flood water flowed over a 1-km-long section of Highway 1 (also known as the Ring Road), damaging the road in several places, and washing away part of the road located next to the Skálmur River bridge. According to a news article local authorities closed the road between VÃkur and Kirkjubæjarklausturs and evacuated Sólheimajökull, an area near the glacier, and a service area the end of the Sólheimajökull road. The peak flow rate may have been as high as 1,000 cubic meters per second, making the jökulhlaup significantly larger than previous events in 2011 and 1950. Electrical conductivity levels indicated that the flooding had significantly decreased later that night, though the report noted that it may be days before the rivers return to seasonally normal levels. At 1031 on 29 July IMO lowered the Aviation Color Code to Green, noting that activity at Mýrdalsjökull had returned to normal levels, and water levels and electrical conductivity in the Skálmur River had decreased. Geologic Summary. Katla volcano, located near the southern end of Iceland's eastern volcanic zone, is hidden beneath the Myrdalsjökull icecap. The subglacial basaltic-to-rhyolitic volcano is one of Iceland's most active and is a frequent producer of damaging jökulhlaups, or glacier-outburst floods. A large 10 x 14 km subglacial caldera with a long axis in a NW-SE direction is up to 750 m deep. Its high point reaches 1380 m, and three major outlet glaciers have breached its rim. Although most recorded eruptions have taken place from fissures inside the caldera, the Eldgjá fissure system, which extends about 60 km to the NE from the current ice margin towards GrÃmsvötn volcano, has been the source of major Holocene eruptions. An eruption from the Eldgjá fissure system about 934 CE produced a voluminous lava flow of about 18 km3, one of the world's largest known Holocene lava flows. Katla has been the source of frequent subglacial basaltic explosive eruptions that have been among the largest tephra-producers in Iceland during historical time and has also produced numerous dacitic explosive eruptions during the Holocene. Sources: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) http://en.vedur.is/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://en.vedur.is/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkTYB9iurQ$> ; Icelandic National Broadcasting Service (RUV) https://www.ruv.is/english/2023-08-30-glacial-flood-grows-on-river-skafta-390655 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.ruv.is/english/2023-08-30-glacial-flood-grows-on-river-skafta-390655__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkR29zmbrg$> ; Icelandic National Broadcasting Service (RUV) https://www.ruv.is/english/2024-07-28-glacial-flooding-has-destroyed-route-1-in-the-south-418538 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.ruv.is/english/2024-07-28-glacial-flooding-has-destroyed-route-1-in-the-south-418538__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkTSnZXcFw$> Kelimutu | Flores Island | 8.77°S, 121.82°E | Summit elev. 1639 m PVMBG reported temperature increases at all three of Kelimutuâ??s crater lakes and water-color changes at two of them based on 14 and 28 July field observations and webcam images. The variations were most significant at Crater I (Tiwu Ata Polo). The color of the water changed from brown on 14 July to blackish brown on 28 July and the temperature increased from 19 to 22 degrees Celsius. Water bubbles and/or upwelling in the NE part of the lake were observed on both days. At Crater II (Tiwu Koofai Nuwamuri) the water color was turquois green on 14 July. Light-yellow to golden-yellow sulfur deposits were floating on the water in the central part on the lake and along the S edge of the water on 14 July. There was a minor sulfur odor and the water temperature was 25 degrees Celsius. By 28 July the water color had changed to light blue and light-yellow sulfur deposits were scattered on the surface in the central part of the lake and along the margins. A sulfur odor was present and gas plumes rose as high as 100 m above the waterâ??s surface. The water temperature had increased to 33 degrees Celsius. The color of the lake water at Crater III (Tiwu Ata Bupu) remained at dark green during 14-28 July, but the temperature increased from 16 to 19 degrees Celsius. Though the activity indicated increased activity within the hydrothermal system, the Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 250 m from the crater rims. Geologic Summary. Kelimutu is a small, but well-known, Indonesian compound volcano in central Flores Island with three summit crater lakes of varying colors. The western lake, Tiwi Ata Mbupu (Lake of Old People) is commonly blue. Tiwu Nua Muri Kooh Tai (Lake of Young Men and Maidens) and Tiwu Ata Polo (Bewitched, or Enchanted Lake), which share a common crater wall, are commonly colored green and red, respectively, although lake colors periodically vary. Active upwelling, probably fed by subaqueous fumaroles, occurs at the two eastern lakes. The scenic lakes are a popular tourist destination and have been the source of minor phreatic eruptions in historical time. The summit is elongated 2 km in a WNW-ESE direction; the older cones of Kelido (3 km N) and Kelibara (2 km S). Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkQuq00Lrg$> Kilauea | Hawaiian Islands (USA) | 19.421°N, 155.287°W | Summit elev. 1222 m HVO reported that localized earthquake and ground deformation rates in around Kilaueaâ??s upper East Rift Zone significantly increased twice during 22-23 July. The Volcano Alert Level was raised to Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code was raised to Orange (the third color on a four-color scale) at 0406 in response to the increases, and then lowered back to Advisory and Yellow, respectively, at 0904 because of a significant decrease in the activity; seismicity and ground deformation rates remain elevated but at a lower intensity. Pulses of increased seismicity were detected during 24-25 July; over 500 earthquakes were recorded, including 12 events with magnitudes greater than 3. Seismicity rapidly decreased to normal levels by midday on 25 July and remained at low levels through 30 July. Minor deformation was detected. Geologic Summary. Kilauea overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna Loa shield volcano in the island of Hawaii. Eruptions are prominent in Polynesian legends; written documentation since 1820 records frequent summit and flank lava flow eruptions interspersed with periods of long-term lava lake activity at Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera until 1924. The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1,500 years ago and during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy East and Southwest rift zones, which extend to the ocean in both directions. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the surface is younger than 600 years. The long-term eruption from the East rift zone between 1983 and 2018 produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2, destroyed hundreds of houses, and added new coastline. Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkQPTKn8QQ$> Nyamulagira | DR Congo | 1.408°S, 29.2°E | Summit elev. 3058 m A 30 July satellite image showed lava flows extending over 5 km NNW of Nyamuragiraâ??s N crater rim and a new flow extending almost 2 km W of the NW crater rim, based on thermal anomalies. Weather clouds obscured parts of the NNW flow, possibly including the furthest extent of the flow. A thermally anomalous area about 800 m E-W and more than 1.1 km N-S was centered over the vent area in the crater. Geologic Summary. Africa's most active volcano, Nyamulagira (also known as Nyamuragira), is a massive high-potassium basaltic shield about 25 km N of Lake Kivu and 13 km NNW of the steep-sided Nyiragongo volcano. The summit is truncated by a small 2 x 2.3 km caldera that has walls up to about 100 m high. Documented eruptions have occurred within the summit caldera, as well as from the numerous flank fissures and cinder cones. A lava lake in the summit crater, active since at least 1921, drained in 1938, at the time of a major flank eruption. Recent lava flows extend down the flanks more than 30 km from the summit as far as Lake Kivu; extensive lava flows from this volcano have covered 1,500 km2 of the western branch of the East African Rift. Source: Copernicus https://www.copernicus.eu/en <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.copernicus.eu/en__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkRWQQpDLw$> Whakaari/White Island | North Island (New Zealand) | 37.52°S, 177.18°E | Summit elev. 294 m GeoNet reported that a vigorous gas-and-steam plume containing ash was visible in Whakatane and Te Kaha webcam images rising from Whakaari/White Island during 0630-0730 on 26 July. The plume rose about 1 km and contained a minor amount of ash at lower heights; ash fell on the W part of the island. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The uninhabited Whakaari/White Island is the 2 x 2.4 km emergent summit of a 16 x 18 km submarine volcano in the Bay of Plenty about 50 km offshore of North Island. The island consists of two overlapping andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcanoes. The SE side of the crater is open at sea level, with the recent activity centered about 1 km from the shore close to the rear crater wall. Volckner Rocks, sea stacks that are remnants of a lava dome, lie 5 km NW. Descriptions of volcanism since 1826 have included intermittent moderate phreatic, phreatomagmatic, and Strombolian eruptions; activity there also forms a prominent part of Maori legends. The formation of many new vents during the 19th and 20th centuries caused rapid changes in crater floor topography. Collapse of the crater wall in 1914 produced a debris avalanche that buried buildings and workers at a sulfur-mining project. Explosive activity in December 2019 took place while tourists were present, resulting in many fatalities. The official government name Whakaari/White Island is a combination of the full Maori name of Te Puia o Whakaari ("The Dramatic Volcano") and White Island (referencing the constant steam plume) given by Captain James Cook in 1769. Source: GeoNet http://www.geonet.org.nz/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkT0-bNGYA$> Yellowstone | Eastern Snake River Plain | 44.43°N, 110.67°W | Summit elev. 2805 m The Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO) reported that on 23 July a hydrothermal explosion occurred at Yellowstoneâ??s Black Diamond Pool in the Biscuit Basin thermal area. The explosion ejected a plume of water, mud, and rock fragments 120-180 m high and NE towards Firehole River. Some ejected boulders were more than a meter in diameter. A section of the boardwalk to the S of the pool was notably damaged. The area, including the parking lot and boardwalks, was closed to visitors after the explosion. Hydrothermal explosions are relatively common in Yellowstone; on average, there are a few of varying sizes somewhere in the park each year, often in the backcountry where they may go unnoticed. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Normal (the lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Green (the lowest color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field developed through three volcanic cycles spanning two million years that included some of the world's largest known eruptions. Eruption of the over 2,450 km3 Huckleberry Ridge Tuff about 2.1 million years ago created the more than 75-km-long Island Park caldera. The second cycle concluded with the eruption of the Mesa Falls Tuff around 1.3 million years ago, forming the 16-km-wide Henrys Fork caldera at the western end of the first caldera. Activity subsequently shifted to the present Yellowstone Plateau and culminated 640,000 years ago with the eruption of the over 1,000 km3 Lava Creek Tuff and the formation of the present 45 x 85 km caldera. Resurgent doming subsequently occurred at both the NE and SW sides of the caldera and voluminous (1000 km3) intracaldera rhyolitic lava flows were erupted between 150,000 and 70,000 years ago. No magmatic eruptions have occurred since the late Pleistocene, but large hydrothermal events took place near Yellowstone Lake during the Holocene. Yellowstone is presently the site of one of the world's largest hydrothermal systems, including Earth's largest concentration of geysers. Source: Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO) https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/yvo <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/yvo__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkTSN5n75Q$> Ongoing Activity Aira | Kyushu (Japan) | 31.5772°N, 130.6589°E | Summit elev. 1117 m JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) during 22-29 July. Nighttime crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. An eruptive event at 0249 on 23 July produced an ash plume that rose 1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted N. Sulfur dioxide emissions were relatively low, averaging 800 tons per day (t/d) on 24 July, and lower than the average of 2,400 t/d on 5 July. Eruptive events at 1155 on 27 July and at 0208, 0514, and 1439 on 28 July produced ash plumes that rose 1-1.8 km above the crater rim and drifted mainly N. An explosion at 1646 on 29 July generated a large ash plume that rose 4.4 km above the crater rim and drifted SE and ejected large blocks 1.3-1.7 km from the crater rim. An ash plume from an eruptive event at 1856 on 29 July rose 1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted S. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters. Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim and built an island that was joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minamidake. Frequent eruptions since the 8th century have deposited ash on the city of Kagoshima, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest recorded eruption took place during 1471-76. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkSon42SOA$> Dukono | Halmahera | 1.6992°N, 127.8783°E | Summit elev. 1273 m PVMBG reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 24-30 July. Gray-and-white ash plumes rose 100-900 m above the summit and drifted E and NW during 24-26 and 30 July. White steam-and-gas plumes rose 100-700 m and drifted E and NW on 27 and 29 July; emissions were not observed on 28 July. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 3-km exclusion zone. Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have occurred since 1933. During a major eruption in 1550 CE, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the N-flank Gunung Mamuya cone. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been active during historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkQuq00Lrg$> Ebeko | Paramushir Island (Russia) | 50.686°N, 156.014°E | Summit elev. 1103 m KVERT reported that moderate explosive activity was ongoing at Ebeko during 18-25 July. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E), explosions during 19-20 July generated ash plumes that rose as high as 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, E, and SE. Thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images those same days; on other days either no activity was observed or weather conditions prevented views. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The flat-topped summit of the central cone of Ebeko volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands, occupies the northern end of Paramushir Island. Three summit craters located along a SSW-NNE line form Ebeko volcano proper, at the northern end of a complex of five volcanic cones. Blocky lava flows extend west from Ebeko and SE from the neighboring Nezametnyi cone. The eastern part of the southern crater contains strong solfataras and a large boiling spring. The central crater is filled by a lake about 20 m deep whose shores are lined with steaming solfataras; the northern crater lies across a narrow, low barrier from the central crater and contains a small, cold crescentic lake. Historical activity, recorded since the late-18th century, has been restricted to small-to-moderate explosive eruptions from the summit craters. Intense fumarolic activity occurs in the summit craters, on the outer flanks of the cone, and in lateral explosion craters. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkRJOg4XiA$> Great Sitkin | Andreanof Islands (USA) | 52.076°N, 176.13°W | Summit elev. 1740 m AVO reported that slow lava effusion in Great Sitkinâ??s summit crater continued during 24-30 July; a 30 July radar image showed flow advancement to the E and S. Seismicity was low with few small daily earthquakes. Weakly elevated surface temperatures and steam emissions from the growing dome were visible in satellite images during 28-30 July. Weather clouds often obscured or partially obscured satellite and webcam views. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side of Great Sitkin Island. A younger volcano capped by a small, 0.8 x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure that truncated an older edifice and produced a submarine debris avalanche. Deposits from this and an even older debris avalanche from a source to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano. The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp. Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano. Eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://avo.alaska.edu/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkSRy-htCw$> Ibu | Halmahera | 1.488°N, 127.63°E | Summit elev. 1325 m PVMBG reported that activity at Ibu continued during 24-30 July. Daily white-and-gray ash plumes rose as high as 2.1 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Eruptive events were occasionally not observable. Daily webcam images posted with the reports showed incandescence emanating above the crater rim, possibly reflected in the emissions. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening. Geologic Summary. The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, has contained several small crater lakes. The 1.2-km-wide outer crater is breached on the N, creating a steep-walled valley. A large cone grew ENE of the summit, and a smaller one to the WSW has fed a lava flow down the W flank. A group of maars is located below the N and W flanks. The first observed and recorded eruption was a small explosion from the summit crater in 1911. Eruptive activity began again in December 1998, producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the floor of the inner summit crater along with ongoing explosive ash emissions. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkQuq00Lrg$> Lewotobi | Flores Island | 8.542°S, 122.775°E | Summit elev. 1703 m PVMBG reported that eruptive activity at Lewotobiâ??s Laki-laki volcano continued during 24-30 July. Gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose as high as 1 km above the summit and drifted mainly SW, W, and NW on almost all days; an eruptive event was recorded on 28 July, though no emissions were observed. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay outside of the exclusion zone, defined as a 3-km radius around both Laki-laki and Perempuan craters, 4 km to the NNW and SSE of Laki-laki. Geologic Summary. The Lewotobi edifice in eastern Flores Island is composed of the two adjacent Lewotobi Laki-laki and Lewotobi Perempuan stratovolcanoes (the "husband and wife"). Their summits are less than 2 km apart along a NW-SE line. The conical Laki-laki to the NW has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Perempuan has had observed eruptions in 1921 and 1935. Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in both of the summit craters, which are open to the north. A prominent cone, Iliwokar, occurs on the E flank of Perampuan. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkQuq00Lrg$> Merapi | Central Java | 7.54°S, 110.446°E | Summit elev. 2910 m BPPTKG reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 19-25 July. Earthquakes were less intense compared to the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 126 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 1.9 km down the upper part of the Bebeng drainage. Five pyroclastic flows traveled as far as 1.2 km down the Bebeng drainage. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome were due to continuing effusion and collapses of material and slight changes were detected at the dome in the main crater. The volume of the SW dome was an estimated 2,538,700 cubic meters and the dome in the main crater was stable at an estimated 2,360,700 cubic meters based on webcam images and a 23 July drone survey. The hottest temperature at the SW dome was around 219 degrees Celsius, similar to the previous measurement. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location. Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities. Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkTiYwUqAA$> Reventador | Ecuador | 0.077°S, 77.656°W | Summit elev. 3562 m IG-EPN reported that an eruption at Reventador was ongoing during 23-30 July. Seismicity was characterized by 61-90 daily explosions, long-period earthquakes, harmonic tremor, and tremor associated with emissions. Weather conditions prevented visual observations during 23-25 July. Several ash-and-gas plumes observed during 26-30 July rose as high as 1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted N. NW, W, and SW. Avalanches of incandescent material traveled 800-900 m down the flanks during 27-29 July. On 28 July a pyroclastic flow descended the flanks as far as 600 m and on 29 July pyroclastic flows descended the SE flank 600-800 m. During 29-30 July ejected incandescent material fell onto the flanks as far as 400 m below the crater rim. SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos maintained the Alert Level at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Volcán El Reventador is the most frequently active of a chain of Ecuadorian volcanoes in the Cordillera Real, well east of the principal volcanic axis. The forested, dominantly andesitic stratovolcano has 4-km-wide avalanche scarp open to the E formed by edifice collapse. A young, unvegetated, cone rises from the amphitheater floor to a height comparable to the rim. It has been the source of numerous lava flows as well as explosive eruptions visible from Quito, about 90 km ESE. Frequent lahars in this region of heavy rainfall have left extensive deposits on the scarp slope. The largest recorded eruption took place in 2002, producing a 17-km-high eruption column, pyroclastic flows that traveled up to 8 km, and lava flows from summit and flank vents. Sources: Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) http://www.igepn.edu.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkQPJjKypA$> ; SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkSI2M0POg$> Sabancaya | Peru | 15.787°S, 71.857°W | Summit elev. 5960 m Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) reported that the eruption at Sabancaya continued at moderate levels during 22-29 July with a daily average of 56 explosions. Gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 3.1 km above the summit and drifted less than 10 km S and SE. Thermal anomalies over the lava dome in the summit crater were identified in satellite data. Slight inflation was detected N of Hualca Hualca (7 km N). Sulfur dioxide emissions were at moderate levels, averaging 608 tons per day. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay outside of a 12 km radius. Geologic Summary. Sabancaya, located in the saddle NE of Ampato and SE of Hualca Hualca volcanoes, is the youngest of these volcanic centers and the only one to have erupted in historical time. The oldest of the three, Nevado Hualca Hualca, is of probable late-Pliocene to early Pleistocene age. The name Sabancaya (meaning "tongue of fire" in the Quechua language) first appeared in records in 1595 CE, suggesting activity prior to that date. Holocene activity has consisted of Plinian eruptions followed by emission of voluminous andesitic and dacitic lava flows, which form an extensive apron around the volcano on all sides but the south. Records of observed eruptions date back to 1750 CE. Source: Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) http://www.igp.gob.pe/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igp.gob.pe/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkRBrakU4Q$> Sangay | Ecuador | 2.005°S, 78.341°W | Summit elev. 5286 m IG-EPN reported that high levels of eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 23-30 July. The seismic network recorded 1,175-1,840 daily explosions. Daily gas-and-ash plumes were visible in webcam and/or satellite images and rose 500-2,500 m above the summit and drifted mainly NW, W, and SW. Incandescent material at the summit crater was periodically visible during dark hours, and several episodes of incandescent material were visible descending the SE drainage as far as 2 km during 23-28 July; weather conditions often obscured views. On 24 July a pyroclastic flow traveled 2 km down the SE drainage. Minor ashfall was reported in towns in the Chimborazo province including Alausà (60 km SW) and Guarguallá (25 km WNW) during 24-25 July, Alausà during 27-29 July, and Chunchi (73 km SW) on 30 July. SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The isolated Sangay volcano, located east of the Andean crest, is the southernmost of Ecuador's volcanoes and its most active. The steep-sided, glacier-covered, dominantly andesitic volcano grew within the open calderas of two previous edifices which were destroyed by collapse to the east, producing large debris avalanches that reached the Amazonian lowlands. The modern edifice dates back to at least 14,000 years ago. It towers above the tropical jungle on the east side; on the other sides flat plains of ash have been eroded by heavy rains into steep-walled canyons up to 600 m deep. The earliest report of an eruption was in 1628. Almost continuous eruptions were reported from 1728 until 1916, and again from 1934 to the present. The almost constant activity has caused frequent changes to the morphology of the summit crater complex. Sources: Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) http://www.igepn.edu.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkQPJjKypA$> ; SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkSI2M0POg$> Sheveluch | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 56.653°N, 161.36°E | Summit elev. 3283 m KVERT reported that thermal anomalies over both the â??300 years of RASâ?? dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and the lava dome in the crater of Young Sheveluch were identified in satellite images during 18-25 July. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkRJOg4XiA$> Suwanosejima | Ryukyu Islands (Japan) | 29.638°N, 129.714°E | Summit elev. 796 m JMA reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 22-29 July. Crater incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. An explosion at 1527 on 24 July produced an ash plume that rose 700 m above the crater rim and drifted W. Another explosion was detected at 1231 on 25 July, though details about possible emissions were unknown. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long island of Suwanosejima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the E flank that was formed by edifice collapse. One of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, it was in a state of intermittent Strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, between 1949 and 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest recorded eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits covered residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed, forming a large debris avalanche and creating an open collapse scarp extending to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkSon42SOA$> Ubinas | Peru | 16.345°S, 70.8972°W | Summit elev. 5608 m Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) reported that during 24-30 July daily seismicity at Ubinas was characterized by 55-116 events associated with rock fracturing and 49-129 events associated with fluid movement. Gas-and-steam emissions were sometimes visible rising 200-600 m above the crater rim. Daily thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The truncated appearance of Ubinas, Perú's most active volcano, is a result of a 1.4-km-wide crater at the summit. It is the northernmost of three young volcanoes located along a regional structural lineament about 50 km behind the main volcanic front. The growth and destruction of Ubinas I was followed by construction of Ubinas II beginning in the mid-Pleistocene. The upper slopes of the andesitic-to-rhyolitic Ubinas II stratovolcano are composed primarily of andesitic and trachyandesitic lava flows and steepen to nearly 45°. The steep-walled, 150-m-deep summit crater contains an ash cone with a 500-m-wide funnel-shaped vent that is 200 m deep. Debris-avalanche deposits from the collapse of the SE flank about 3,700 years ago extend 10 km from the volcano. Widespread Plinian pumice-fall deposits include one from about 1,000 years ago. Holocene lava flows are visible on the flanks, but activity documented since the 16th century has consisted of intermittent minor-to-moderate explosive eruptions. Source: Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) http://www.igp.gob.pe/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igp.gob.pe/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkRBrakU4Q$> Villarrica | Central Chile | 39.42°S, 71.93°W | Summit elev. 2847 m Servicio Nacional de GeologÃa y MinerÃa (SERNAGEOMIN) reported that an explosion at Villarrica ejected incandescent material around 190 m above the crater rim on 24 July. Some of the incandescent material landed on the flanks and rolled short distances based on the webcam view posted with the report. According to POVI a series of phreatomagmatic pulses on 29 July produced ash plumes and ashfall on the upper E flank. The Volcanic Alert level remained at Yellow (the third level on a four-level scale) and the public was warned to stay 1.5 km away from the crater. SENAPRED maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the middle level on a three-color scale) for the communities of Villarrica, Pucón (16 km N), Curarrehue, and Panguipulli. Geologic Summary. The glacier-covered Villarrica stratovolcano, in the northern Lakes District of central Chile, is ~15 km south of the city of Pucon. A 2-km-wide caldera that formed about 3,500 years ago is located at the base of the presently active, dominantly basaltic to basaltic-andesite cone at the NW margin of a 6-km-wide Pleistocene caldera. More than 30 scoria cones and fissure vents are present on the flanks. Plinian eruptions and pyroclastic flows that have extended up to 20 km from the volcano were produced during the Holocene. Lava flows up to 18 km long have issued from summit and flank vents. Eruptions documented since 1558 CE have consisted largely of mild-to-moderate explosive activity with occasional lava effusion. Glaciers cover 40 km2 of the volcano, and lahars have damaged towns on its flanks. Sources: Servicio Nacional de GeologÃa y MinerÃa (SERNAGEOMIN) http://www.sernageomin.cl/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.sernageomin.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkTZUMoBYQ$> ; Sistema y Servicio Nacional de Prevención y Repuesta Ante Desastres (SENAPRED) https://senapred.cl/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://senapred.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkS0gMvM_Q$> ; Proyecto Observación Villarrica Internet (POVI) http://www.povi.cl/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.povi.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bUJLE7NI6tw_FwxyR-zsaUUpCKF9PX9YihV1gtPbGgqiWuqb_uZULV1PMQ3xemTuhgLcJlAoJrIpBtOXfkTAICkrfQ$> 5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5 ============================================================== Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University (ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). 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