6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6 From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx> Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 12-18 July 2023 Sally Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx) Zac Hastings - contributor (zhastings@xxxxxxxx) JoAnna Marlow - contributor (jmarlow@xxxxxxxx) URL: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK7uPFLlz$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSK_TQ3-LU$> New Activity/Unrest: Bagana, Bougainville (Papua New Guinea) | Fagradalsfjall, Iceland | Kirishimayama, Kyushu (Japan) | Kuchinoerabujima, Ryukyu Islands (Japan) | Langila, New Britain (Papua New Guinea) | Lokon-Empung, Sulawesi | Mayon, Luzon (Philippines) | Piton de la Fournaise, Reunion Island (France) | Shishaldin, Fox Islands (USA) | Ubinas, Peru | Ulawun, New Britain (Papua New Guinea) Ongoing Activity: Ahyi, Mariana Islands (USA) | Dukono, Halmahera | Ebeko, Paramushir Island (Russia) | Etna, Sicily (Italy) | Great Sitkin, Andreanof Islands (USA) | Ibu, Halmahera | Karangetang, Sangihe Islands | Klyuchevskoy, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Lewotolok, Lembata Island | Merapi, Central Java | Popocatepetl, Mexico | Sabancaya, Peru | Sheveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Taal, Luzon (Philippines) | Takawangha, Andreanof Islands (USA) | Tanaga, Andreanof Islands (USA) | Villarrica, Central Chile The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest Bagana | Bougainville (Papua New Guinea) | 6.137°S, 155.196°E | Summit elev. 1855 m An explosive eruption at Bagana on 15 July was similar to one that occurred on 7 July. According to the Darwin VAAC an eruption at around 0830 on 15 July produced an ash plume that rose to 16.5 km (54,000 ft) a.s.l. by 1000 and drifted N based on satellite images. The plume was visible continuing to drift N in an image from 1900 but had dissipated by 2150. Ground-based reports indicated that pyroclastic flows had occurred in the vicinity of the volcano; small deposits confined to one drainage were inspected by RVO during an overflight on 17 July, and were confirmed to be from the 7 July event. The Autonomous Bougainville Government (ABG) issued a statement on 17 July noting significant impacts of ashfall in local communities. According to the National Disaster Centre, ashfall from the first event lasted until 10 July; an eruption was also reported by RVO on 14 July. Ashfall (presumably from events on 7 and 15 July) impacted about 8,111 people in Torokina, South Bougainville, including Tsito/Vuakovi, Gotana (9 km SW), Koromaketo, Kenaia, Longkogari, Kenbaki, Piva (13 km SW), and Atsinima (27km WNW) and in the Tsitovi district according to ABG. Significant ashfall was also reported in Ruruvu (22 km N) in the Wakunai District of Central Bougainville. The Alert Level was at Stage 3 (the third level on a four-level scale), confirmed by RVO the evening before. An evacuation was called for the villages in Wakunai, where heavy ashfall had contaminated water sources; the communities of Ruruvu, Togarau, Kakarapaia, Karauturi, Atao, and Kuritaturi were asked to evacuate to a disaster center at the Wakunai District Station within 24 hours. Communities in Torokina, nearest to Bagana, were to immediately evacuate to the Piva District station. Geologic Summary. Bagana volcano, occupying a remote portion of central Bougainville Island, is one of Melanesia's youngest and most active volcanoes. This massive symmetrical cone was largely constructed by an accumulation of viscous andesitic lava flows. The entire edifice could have been constructed in about 300 years at its present rate of lava production. Eruptive activity is frequent and characterized by non-explosive effusion of viscous lava that maintains a small lava dome in the summit crater, although explosive activity occasionally producing pyroclastic flows also occurs. Lava flows form dramatic, freshly preserved tongue-shaped lobes up to 50 m thick with prominent levees that descend the flanks on all sides. Sources: Autonomous Bougainville Government ; Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://webdev.datec.net.pg/geohazards/category/volcanoes/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK6bvSGdD$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://webdev.datec.net.pg/geohazards/category/volcanoes/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKr1UVnKU$> ; Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK31lv45G$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSK4Jwcup4$> ; Papua New Guinea National Disaster Centre https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://pngndc.gov.pg/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK7-4Msse$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://pngndc.gov.pg/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKeniL2gc$> Fagradalsfjall | Iceland | 63.895°N, 22.258°W | Summit elev. 250 m According to the Institute of Earth Sciences lava continues to eruption from main vent at Fagradalsfjall and travel S and SW. On 14 July the advancing edge of the flow connected with the 2021 lava field in the NE part of Meradalir . The main vent was elongated and about 22 m tall on 15 July. During 13-17 July the lava flow rate was an estimated 12.7 cubic meters per second, and by 18 July the total erupted volume was about 8.4 million cubic meters. The flow advanced an average of 300-400 m per day, though the distance was highly variable. Flow thicknesses averaged 10 m, though some areas reached 20 m. At about 2330 on 18 July lava filled the main cone and occasionally spilled over onto the flanks. A breach high on the NW rim occurred at around 0251 on 19 July and lava flowed down the NW flank. Spatter was ejected beyond the crater rim. At around 0259 lava fountaining increased and lava flowed short distances E. At around 0412 sections of the NW wall of the cone collapsed, draining the crater, and sending lava flows N and W. According to Almannavarnadeild rÃkislögreglustjóra and news sources the police closed the pathway to see the eruption on 13 July, then reopened the path to tourists on 17 July. Firefighters were working to control the burning vegetation set on fire by the lava. Geologic Summary. Although the Fagradalsfjall fissure swarm has previously been considered a split or secondary swarm of the KrýsuvÃkâ??Trölladyngja volcanic system, as of September 2022 Icelandic volcanologists managing the Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes made the decision to identify it as a distinct separate system. The recent eruptions and related reports have been reassigned here, and other content will be prepared and adjusted as appropriate. Sources: Almannavarnadeild rÃkislögreglustjóra (National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police and Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.almannavarnir.is/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK04VRwQz$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.almannavarnir.is/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSK2v1EsvQ$> ; Institute of Earth Sciences https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.earthice.hi.is/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qKzP-Q5Ed$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.earthice.hi.is/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKP3-6LdI$> Kirishimayama | Kyushu (Japan) | 31.934°N, 130.862°E | Summit elev. 1700 m JMA reported that during 10-17 July data from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) indicated continuing minor inflation at shallow depths beneath Ioyama, located on the NW flank of the Karakuni-dake stratovolcano in the Kirishimayama volcano group. A few shallow volcanic earthquakes were recorded. Vigorous fumarolic activity was visible at the fumarolic are on the S side of Ioyama. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from Ioyama. Geologic Summary. Kirishimayama is a large group of more than 20 Quaternary volcanoes located north of Kagoshima Bay. The late-Pleistocene to Holocene dominantly andesitic group consists of stratovolcanoes, pyroclastic cones, maars, and underlying shield volcanoes located over an area of 20 x 30 km. The larger stratovolcanoes are scattered throughout the field, with the centrally located Karakunidake being the highest. Onamiike and Miike, the two largest maars, are located SW of Karakunidake and at its far eastern end, respectively. Holocene eruptions have been concentrated along an E-W line of vents from Miike to Ohachi, and at Shinmoedake to the NE. Frequent small-to-moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded since the 8th century. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK2oMFGt4$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKF6SdTVo$> Kuchinoerabujima | Ryukyu Islands (Japan) | 30.443°N, 130.217°E | Summit elev. 657 m JMA reported that shallow volcanic earthquakes at Kuchinoerabujima had been frequent since starting in late June, with most epicenters located near Furudake Crater, and some near Shindake Crater (just N of Furudake). Both the number and magnitude of the volcanic earthquakes increased on 9 June and remained elevated through 19 July; there were 285 events on 13 July, 241 on 14 July, 200 on 15 July, 104 on 16 July, 85 on 17 July, and 72 by 1500 on 18 July. The public was warned to stay 2 km away from Furudake. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). Geologic Summary. A group of young stratovolcanoes forms the eastern end of the irregularly shaped island of Kuchinoerabujima in the northern Ryukyu Islands, 15 km W of Yakushima. The Furudake, Shindake, and Noikeyama cones were erupted from south to north, respectively, forming a composite cone with multiple craters. All historical eruptions have occurred from Shindake, although a lava flow from the S flank of Furudake that reached the coast has a very fresh morphology. Frequent explosive eruptions have taken place from Shindake since 1840; the largest of these was in December 1933. Several villages on the 4 x 12 km island are located within a few kilometers of the active crater and have suffered damage from eruptions. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK2oMFGt4$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKF6SdTVo$> Langila | New Britain (Papua New Guinea) | 5.525°S, 148.42°E | Summit elev. 1330 m The Darwin VAAC reported that diffuse ash plumes at Langila were visible in satellite images at 1440 on 14 July rising to 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting N. A thermal anomaly was also identified. Diffuse ash emissions continued to be identified in images through most of the next day. The ash emissions had dissipated by 1700 on 15 July; steam-and-gas emissions continued. Geologic Summary. Langila, one of the most active volcanoes of New Britain, consists of a group of four small overlapping composite basaltic-andesitic cones on the lower E flank of the extinct Talawe volcano in the Cape Gloucester area of NW New Britain. A rectangular, 2.5-km-long crater is breached widely to the SE; Langila was constructed NE of the breached crater of Talawe. An extensive lava field reaches the coast on the N and NE sides of Langila. Frequent mild-to-moderate explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have been recorded since the 19th century from three active craters at the summit. The youngest and smallest crater (no. 3 crater) was formed in 1960 and has a diameter of 150 m. Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK31lv45G$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSK4Jwcup4$> Lokon-Empung | Sulawesi | 1.358°N, 124.792°E | Summit elev. 1580 m PVMBG reported continuing daily steam-and-gas emissions at Lokon-Empung during 12-18 July. White plumes with variable densities rose as high as 400 m above the crater rim and drifted S and N. The Alert Level was raised to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) at 1800 on 17 July and the public was reminded not to approach Tompaluan Crater within a radius of 2.5 km. Geologic Summary. The Lokong-Empung volcanic complex, rising above the plain of Tondano in North Sulawesi, includes four peaks and an active crater. Lokon, the highest peak, has a flat craterless top. The morphologically younger Empung cone 2 km NE has a 400-m-wide, 150-m-deep crater that erupted last in the 18th century. A ridge extending 3 km WNW from Lokon includes the Tatawiran and Tetempangan peaks. All eruptions since 1829 have originated from Tompaluan, a 150 x 250 m crater in the saddle between Lokon and Empung. These eruptions have primarily produced small-to-moderate ash plumes that sometimes damaged croplands and houses, but lava-dome growth and pyroclastic flows have also occurred. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qKw5ia8ML$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKzBhZ2gQ$> Mayon | Luzon (Philippines) | 13.257°N, 123.685°E | Summit elev. 2462 m PHIVOLCS reported that the eruption at Mayon continued during 11-18 July, with slow lava effusion from the summit crater feeding lava flows on the S and SE flanks. The length of the lava flow in the Mi-Isi (S) drainage remained at 2.8 km and the flow in the Bonga (SE) drainage advanced to 2.4 km by 18 July. The lava flow in the Basud drainage on the E flank was 600 m long. Collapses at the lava dome and from the lava flows produced incandescent rockfalls and pyroclastic density currents (PDCs, or pyroclastic flows) that descended the Mi-Isi and Bonga drainages; material also traveled as far as 4 km down the Basud drainage. Steam-and-gas plumes rose 200-750 m above the summit and drifted WSW, W, and ESE during 11-14 July; emissions were not reported on the other days of the week. Sulfur dioxide emissions were reported on most days and showed an increasing trend, averaging between 1,128 and 2,989 tonnes per day, with the highest value recorded on 15 July. Each day seismic stations recorded 150-423 rockfall events and 3-10 PDC events (from dome and lava-front collapses). There were 3-39 volcanic earthquakes recorded on most days, though 184 and 267 were recorded during 16-17 July and 17-18 July, respectively. At 2300 on 16 July the seismic network began recording a continuous series of weak low-frequency volcanic earthquakes (LFVQs). Some of the events were detected by infrasound sensors and produced audible rumbling sounds during the evening of 17 July and the morning of 18 July. By 1530 on 18 July a total of 573 LFVQs had been detected. Most of the events originated from a shallow source and were associated with a rapid release of volcanic gases, though visually there were no changes in effusive activity. The Disaster Response Operations Monitoring and Information Center (DROMIC) reported that as of 1800 on 17 July there were 5,801 families, or 20,257 individuals, that were either in evacuation shelters or staying in other types of alternative housing. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 0-5 scale) and residents were reminded to stay away from the 6-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ). PHIVOLCS recommended that civil aviation authorities advise pilots to avoid flying close to the summit. Geologic Summary. Symmetrical Mayon, which rises above the Albay Gulf NW of Legazpi City, is the most active volcano of the Philippines. The steep upper slopes are capped by a small summit crater. Recorded eruptions since 1616 CE range from Strombolian to basaltic Plinian, with cyclical activity beginning with basaltic eruptions, followed by longer term andesitic lava flows. Eruptions occur predominately from the central conduit and have also produced lava flows that travel far down the flanks. Pyroclastic flows and mudflows have commonly swept down many of the approximately 40 ravines that radiate from the summit and have often damaged populated lowland areas. A violent eruption in 1814 killed more than 1,200 people and devastated several towns. Sources: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK64lYRgX$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKaf4WmrA$> ; Disaster Response Operations Monitoring and Information Center (DROMIC) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://dromic.dswd.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qKwVF0ZjS$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://dromic.dswd.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKG_opAIk$> Piton de la Fournaise | Reunion Island (France) | 21.244°S, 55.708°E | Summit elev. 2632 m OVPF reported that the eruption that began on 2 July at Piton de la Fournaise was ongoing during 12-19 July. Though there were multiple active fissures at the start of the eruption, since 3 July only the SE flank fissure was active, located on the upper part of Grandes Pentes at approximately 1,720 m a.s.l. Volcano-tectonic earthquake events (VTs) fluctuated throughout the week but remained low relative to the onset of the eruption. Lava ejections continued to build a cone over the active vent throughout the week, and on 12 July the top of the cone became partially closed. The flow front did not extend any further to the E and remained stalled 1.8 km from the road. Active flows traveled through lava tubes above 1,500 m elevation and continued to widen (increasing about 180 m since 7 July) and thicken. Although clouds often prevented measurements, satellite analysis showed that lava flow rates fluctuated between less than 1 and 13.5 cubic m/s. The total volume of lava effused since the beginning of the eruption was an estimated 6 +/- 3 million cubic meters. There was slight deflation at the summit during 13-16 July, followed by slight inflation during 17-19 July. Geologic Summary. Piton de la Fournaise is a massive basaltic shield volcano on the French island of Réunion in the western Indian Ocean. Much of its more than 530,000-year history overlapped with eruptions of the deeply dissected Piton des Neiges shield volcano to the NW. Three scarps formed at about 250,000, 65,000, and less than 5,000 years ago by progressive eastward slumping, leaving caldera-sized embayments open to the E and SE. Numerous pyroclastic cones are present on the floor of the scarps and their outer flanks. Most recorded eruptions have originated from the summit and flanks of Dolomieu, a 400-m-high lava shield that has grown within the youngest scarp, which is about 9 km wide and about 13 km from the western wall to the ocean on the E side. More than 150 eruptions, most of which have produced fluid basaltic lava flows, have occurred since the 17th century. Only six eruptions, in 1708, 1774, 1776, 1800, 1977, and 1986, have originated from fissures outside the scarps. Source: Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (OVPF) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ipgp.fr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK9D8q9XP$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ipgp.fr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKanGZbnw$> Shishaldin | Fox Islands (USA) | 54.756°N, 163.97°W | Summit elev. 2857 m AVO reported that a new eruption at Shishaldin began after increasing activity. Intermittent tremor and low-frequency earthquakes had gradually become more regular and consistent during 10-11 July, and strongly elevated surface temperatures at the summit were identified in satellite images those same days. The Volcano Alert Level was raised to Advisory (the second level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code was raised to Yellow (the second color on a four-color scale). Late on 11 July incandescence at the summit was observed in web camera images. Strongly elevated surface temperatures continued to be observed in satellite data and seismic tremor amplitudes increased during 11-12 July; sulfur dioxide emissions were also detected. The observations suggested that lava was likely present at the summit crater, so AVO raised the Volcano Alert Level to Watch and the Aviation Color Code to Orange. The US Coast Guard conducted an overflight on 12 July and confirmed that lava was erupting at the summit. A significant explosion at 0109 on 14 July produced an ash plume that rose 9-12 km (30,000-40,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S. Webcam images and photos taken at around 0700 from a ship SW of Unimak Island showed small lahar deposits (from the interaction of hot pyroclastic material and snow and ice) on the flanks as well as ashfall on the SW and N flanks. A smaller explosion at 0710 generated an ash plume that rose 4.5 km (14,800 ft) a.s.l. Low-level ash emissions continued during the morning based on webcam images and pilot reports. Seismic tremor amplitude began increasing at around 1700 and remained elevated. An ash plume at an altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting SSE was visible in a satellite image at 2100. AVO stated that activity had intensified. At 2357 AVO raised the Aviation Color Code to Red and noted that seismicity had remained elevated for over six hours and explosion signals were frequently detected by regional infrasound (pressure sensor) networks. A continuous ash plume extended more than 125 km SSE at an altitude of 4.9 km (16,100 ft) a.s.l., though some of the explosions sent ash plumes as high as 6 km (19,700 ft) a.s.l. Strongly elevated surface temperatures were observed in satellite data during 15-16 July. By 0734 on 16 July explosive activity had declined and seismicity had significantly declined. The Aviation Color Code was lowered to Orange. A remnant ash cloud drifted about 500 km SE before dissipating. Lava continued to erupt at the summit during 16-17 July and produced strongly elevated surface temperatures visible in satellite images. Lava effusion increased at 0100 on 18 July, shown by elevated surface temperatures identified satellite data, increasing seismic tremor, and activity detected on regional infrasound arrays. Activity again intensified and at 0700 a rapidly expanding ash cloud was visible drifting SSE, eventually reaching 9.1 km (30,000 ft) a.s.l. The Aviation Color Code was raised to Red and the Volcano Alert Level was raised to Warning. A Volcano Observatory Notice to Aviation (VONA) issued at 0837 noted that the plume was rising to 7.3 km (24,000 ft) a.s.l. based on recent pilot observations. By 0930 the main ash plume had detached. The eruption gradually declined, so at 1208 the Volcano Alert Level was lowered to Watch and the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Orange. Continuing ash emissions generated plumes that drifted S at altitudes below 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. Geologic Summary. The symmetrical glacier-covered Shishaldin is the highest and one of the most active volcanoes of the Aleutian Islands. It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes in the eastern half of Unimak Island. The Aleuts named the volcano Sisquk, meaning "mountain which points the way when I am lost." Constructed atop an older glacially dissected edifice, it is largely basaltic in composition. Remnants of an older ancestral volcano are exposed on the W and NE sides at 1,500-1,800 m elevation. There are over two dozen pyroclastic cones on its NW flank, which is blanketed by massive aa lava flows. Frequent explosive activity, primarily consisting of Strombolian ash eruptions from the small summit crater, but sometimes producing lava flows, has been recorded since the 18th century. A steam plume often rises from the summit crater. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK1pBL5FK$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSK9bPpGrQ$> Ubinas | Peru | 16.355°S, 70.903°W | Summit elev. 5672 m Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) reported that the eruption at Ubinas continued at low-to-moderate levels during 10-16 July. During the week there were 80 volcano-tectonic earthquakes indicating rock fracturing and 93 long-period earthquakes signifying the movement of gas and magma. On 16 July there were two seismic signals associated with major explosive events, and 3.6 hours of seismic signals related to ash emissions. Emissions of gas and ash rose to 1.5 km above the summit and drifted as far as 15 km to the E, SE, and S. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay 4 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. A small, 1.4-km-wide caldera cuts the top of Ubinas, Perú's most active volcano, giving it a truncated appearance. It is the northernmost of three young volcanoes located along a regional structural lineament about 50 km behind the main volcanic front. The growth and destruction of Ubinas I was followed by construction of Ubinas II beginning in the mid-Pleistocene. The upper slopes of the andesitic-to-rhyolitic Ubinas II stratovolcano are composed primarily of andesitic and trachyandesitic lava flows and steepen to nearly 45 degrees. The steep-walled, 150-m-deep summit caldera contains an ash cone with a 500-m-wide funnel-shaped vent that is 200 m deep. Debris-avalanche deposits from the collapse of the SE flank about 3,700 years ago extend 10 km from the volcano. Widespread Plinian pumice-fall deposits include one of Holocene age about 1,000 years ago. Holocene lava flows are visible on the flanks, but historical activity, documented since the 16th century, has consisted of intermittent minor-to-moderate explosive eruptions. Source: Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igp.gob.pe/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK2TYqcBR$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igp.gob.pe/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKPPvsfTw$> Ulawun | New Britain (Papua New Guinea) | 5.05°S, 151.33°E | Summit elev. 2334 m RVO reported that variable amounts of white steam plumes were visible rising from Ulawun during 1-18 July. Seismicity was low during 1-16 July and consisted of small, discrete, low-frequency earthquakes and occasional small high-frequency volcano-tectonic events. RSAM values generally fluctuated around 50, but during 1800-2300 on 16 July the values increased to 500. The values continued to climb at a slow irregular rate to 610 through 0500 on 18 July, but then dropped to 400-500 during the next two hours (0500-0700), though peaks as high as 1,600 were recorded. By 0700 the values had decreased to 300 and remained steady afterwards. Minor ash emissions began on 18 June and during the morning of 19 July brown-to-gray emissions with low ash content were rising a few hundred meters above the crater rim and drifting SE. Geologic Summary. The symmetrical basaltic-to-andesitic Ulawun stratovolcano is the highest volcano of the Bismarck arc, and one of Papua New Guinea's most frequently active. The volcano, also known as the Father, rises above the N coast of the island of New Britain across a low saddle NE of Bamus volcano, the South Son. The upper 1,000 m is unvegetated. A prominent E-W escarpment on the south may be the result of large-scale slumping. Satellitic cones occupy the NW and E flanks. A steep-walled valley cuts the NW side, and a flank lava-flow complex lies to the south of this valley. Historical eruptions date back to the beginning of the 18th century. Twentieth-century eruptions were mildly explosive until 1967, but after 1970 several larger eruptions produced lava flows and basaltic pyroclastic flows, greatly modifying the summit crater. Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://webdev.datec.net.pg/geohazards/category/volcanoes/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK6bvSGdD$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://webdev.datec.net.pg/geohazards/category/volcanoes/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKr1UVnKU$> Ongoing Activity Ahyi | Mariana Islands (USA) | 20.42°N, 145.03°E | Summit elev. -75 m Signs of unrest at Ahyi Seamount had not been recorded by underwater pressure sensors on Wake Island (2,270 km E) for the previous four weeks (since early June) and satellite observations of discolored water near the seamount was last visible on 22 May. Both the Aviation Color Code and the Volcano Alert Level were lowered to Unassigned on 18 July. Geologic Summary. Ahyi seamount is a large conical submarine volcano that rises to within 75 m of the sea surface about 18 km SE of the island of Farallon de Pajaros (Uracas) in the northern Marianas. Water discoloration has been observed there, and in 1979 the crew of a fishing boat felt shocks over the summit area of the seamount, followed by upwelling of sulfur-bearing water. On 24-25 April 2001 an explosive eruption was detected seismically by a station on Rangiroa Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago. The event was well constrained (+/- 15 km) at a location near the southern base of Ahyi. An eruption in April-May 2014 was detected by NOAA divers, hydroacoustic sensors, and seismic stations. Source: US Geological Survey https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.usgs.gov/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK1U9C-zM$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.usgs.gov/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSK7FFmODA$> Dukono | Halmahera | 1.693°N, 127.894°E | Summit elev. 1229 m PVMBG reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 12-18 July. No ash plumes were reported by PVMBG on 12 July, but according to the Darwin VAAC an ash plume rose to 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l., or about 600 m above the summit, and drifted NE. White plumes rose as high as 200 m and drifted W on 13 July. Dense white-and-gray plumes rose as high as 400 m above the summit and drifted E during 14-16 July. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 2-km exclusion zone. Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, occurred from 1933 until at least the mid-1990s, when routine observations were curtailed. During a major eruption in 1550, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the north-flank cone of Gunung Mamuya. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been active during historical time. Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qKw5ia8ML$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKzBhZ2gQ$> ; Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK31lv45G$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSK4Jwcup4$> Ebeko | Paramushir Island (Russia) | 50.686°N, 156.014°E | Summit elev. 1103 m KVERT reported that moderate activity at Ebeko was ongoing during 6-13 July. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E), explosions during 8-13 July generated ash plumes that rose as high as 4.5 km (14,800 ft) a.s.l and drifted to the E and SE. Thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images during 9 and 11-13 July; weather clouds obscured views on other days. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The flat-topped summit of the central cone of Ebeko volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands, occupies the northern end of Paramushir Island. Three summit craters located along a SSW-NNE line form Ebeko volcano proper, at the northern end of a complex of five volcanic cones. Blocky lava flows extend west from Ebeko and SE from the neighboring Nezametnyi cone. The eastern part of the southern crater contains strong solfataras and a large boiling spring. The central crater is filled by a lake about 20 m deep whose shores are lined with steaming solfataras; the northern crater lies across a narrow, low barrier from the central crater and contains a small, cold crescentic lake. Historical activity, recorded since the late-18th century, has been restricted to small-to-moderate explosive eruptions from the summit craters. Intense fumarolic activity occurs in the summit craters, on the outer flanks of the cone, and in lateral explosion craters. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK3B8EscK$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSK5MMEsjA$> Etna | Sicily (Italy) | 37.748°N, 14.999°E | Summit elev. 3357 m INGV reported that during 10-16 July gas emissions rose from some of Etnaâ??s summit craters and Strombolian activity was visible at SE Crater. Pulsating gas emissions at Bocca Nuova Crater were accompanied by roaring noises and nighttime crater incandescence. Fumarolic activity at NE Crater was visible; no activity occurred at Voragine. During most of the week activity at SE Crater was characterized by continuous gas emissions interspersed with ash emissions that rapidly dissipated. Strombolian activity began at 2034 on 14 July from a vent on the E part of the crater and an ash emission rose from the crater at 2037. Geologic Summary. Mount Etna, towering above Catania on the island of Sicily, has one of the world's longest documented records of volcanism, dating back to 1500 BCE. Historical lava flows of basaltic composition cover much of the surface of this massive volcano, whose edifice is the highest and most voluminous in Italy. The Mongibello stratovolcano, truncated by several small calderas, was constructed during the late Pleistocene and Holocene over an older shield volcano. The most prominent morphological feature of Etna is the Valle del Bove, a 5 x 10 km caldera open to the east. Two styles of eruptive activity typically occur, sometimes simultaneously. Persistent explosive eruptions, sometimes with minor lava emissions, take place from one or more summit craters. Flank vents, typically with higher effusion rates, are less frequently active and originate from fissures that open progressively downward from near the summit (usually accompanied by Strombolian eruptions at the upper end). Cinder cones are commonly constructed over the vents of lower-flank lava flows. Lava flows extend to the foot of the volcano on all sides and have reached the sea over a broad area on the SE flank. Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK8gq8OSF$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKEkeB134$> Great Sitkin | Andreanof Islands (USA) | 52.076°N, 176.13°W | Summit elev. 1740 m AVO reported that slow lava effusion likely continued at Great Sitkin during 12-18 July; continuing effusion was last confirmed by satellite images on 8 July. Several daily local earthquakes were recorded by the seismic network. Weather clouds obscured satellite and webcam views. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side of Great Sitkin Island. A younger parasitic volcano capped by a small, 0.8 x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure that truncated an ancestral volcano and produced a submarine debris avalanche. Deposits from this and an older debris avalanche from a source to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano. The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp. Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano. Historical eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK1pBL5FK$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSK9bPpGrQ$> Ibu | Halmahera | 1.488°N, 127.63°E | Summit elev. 1325 m PVMBG reported that Ibu continued to erupt during 12-18 July. White-and-gray ash plumes of variable densities rose as high as 800 m above the summit and drifted N and E. The Alert Level remained at a 2 (the second highest level on a four-level scale), and the public was advised to stay outside of the 2 km hazard zone, and to stay 3.5 km away from the N area of the active crater. Geologic Summary. The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, has contained several small crater lakes. The 1.2-km-wide outer crater is breached on the N, creating a steep-walled valley. A large cone grew ENE of the summit, and a smaller one to the WSW has fed a lava flow down the W flank. A group of maars is located below the N and W flanks. The first observed and recorded eruption was a small explosion from the summit crater in 1911. Eruptive activity began again in December 1998, producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the floor of the inner summit crater along with ongoing explosive ash emissions. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qKw5ia8ML$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKzBhZ2gQ$> Karangetang | Sangihe Islands | 2.781°N, 125.407°E | Summit elev. 1797 m PVMBG reported that daily dense white gas-and-steam plumes from Karangetang were visible rising as high as 150 m and drifting multiple directions during 12-19 July. Webcam images published in the reports showed incandescence at the summit and from material on the flanks of Main Crater (S crater). On 12 and 17 July PVMBG reported that seismic signals indicating avalanches were frequent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public were advised to stay 2.5 km away from Main Crater with an extension to 3.5 km on the S and SE flanks. Geologic Summary. Karangetang (Api Siau) volcano lies at the northern end of the island of Siau, about 125 km NNE of the NE-most point of Sulawesi. The stratovolcano contains five summit craters along a N-S line. It is one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, with more than 40 eruptions recorded since 1675 and many additional small eruptions that were not documented (Neumann van Padang, 1951). Twentieth-century eruptions have included frequent explosive activity sometimes accompanied by pyroclastic flows and lahars. Lava dome growth has occurred in the summit craters; collapse of lava flow fronts have produced pyroclastic flows. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qKw5ia8ML$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKzBhZ2gQ$> Klyuchevskoy | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 56.056°N, 160.642°E | Summit elev. 4754 m KVERT reported that the minor Strombolian eruption at Klyuchevskoy continued during 6-13 July. A daily thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Klyuchevskoy (also spelled Kliuchevskoi) is Kamchatka's highest and most active volcano. Since its origin about 6000 years ago, the beautifully symmetrical, 4835-m-high basaltic stratovolcano has produced frequent moderate-volume explosive and effusive eruptions without major periods of inactivity. It rises above a saddle NE of sharp-peaked Kamen volcano and lies SE of the broad Ushkovsky massif. More than 100 flank eruptions have occurred during the past roughly 3000 years, with most lateral craters and cones occurring along radial fissures between the unconfined NE-to-SE flanks of the conical volcano between 500 m and 3600 m elevation. The morphology of the 700-m-wide summit crater has been frequently modified by historical eruptions, which have been recorded since the late-17th century. Historical eruptions have originated primarily from the summit crater, but have also included numerous major explosive and effusive eruptions from flank craters. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK3B8EscK$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSK5MMEsjA$> Lewotolok | Lembata Island | 8.274°S, 123.508°E | Summit elev. 1431 m PVMBG reported that the eruption at Lewotolok continued during 12-18 July. Daily dense white steam-and-gas plumes rose as high as 500 m above the summit and drifted NW, W, and SW. A small plume possibly containing ash was visible in a posted webcam image from 1101 on 13 July. Incandescence at the summit was visible in webcam images from 2129 on 12 July, 1957 on 15 July, and 2205 on 16 July. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay at least 2 km away from the summit crater. Geologic Summary. The Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) stratovolcano occupies the eastern end of an elongated peninsula extending north into the Flores Sea, connected to Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island by a narrow isthmus. It is symmetrical when viewed from the north and east. A small cone with a 130-m-wide crater constructed at the SE side of a larger crater forms the volcano's high point. Many lava flows have reached the coastline. Eruptions recorded since 1660 have consisted of explosive activity from the summit crater. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qKw5ia8ML$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKzBhZ2gQ$> Merapi | Central Java | 7.54°S, 110.446°E | Summit elev. 2910 m BPPTKG reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 7-13 July and seismicity remained at elevated levels. The SW lava dome produced 152 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 2 km down the SW flank (upstream in the Boyong drainage), three that traveled as far as 800 m down the Boyong drainage, and one that traveled 1.2 km down the Sat/Putih drainage. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome were due to continuing collapses of material. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit based on location. Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities. Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK4aPkJKb$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKyoD18jw$> Popocatepetl | Mexico | 19.023°N, 98.622°W | Summit elev. 5393 m CENAPRED reported that eruptive activity continued at Popocatépetl during 12-18 July. Long-period events totaling 25-108 per day were accompanied by steam-and-gas plumes that sometimes contained minor amounts of ash. Seismic activity also included variable-amplitude volcanic tremors (16 hours 20 minutes), harmonic tremor (10 minutes), explosions, and volcano-tectonic earthquakes (maximum magnitude 2.1 at 0044 on 13 July). Ash plumes identified in webcam and satellite images were described in daily aviation notices issued by the Washington VAAC; some plumes rose as high as 1.6 km above the summit and drifted SW, W, or NW. Minor explosions occurred at 1739 on 11 July. Moderate explosions were recorded at 2154 and 2345 on 11 July and at 0316 and 0343 on 12 July. During 11-12 July ashfall was reported in the municipalities of Atlautla (10 km W), Tepetlixpa (23 km W), Calimaya (108 km W), Ayapango (24 km WNW), Tenango del Aire (29 km WNW), Juchitepec (30 km WNW), Chapultepec (100 km WNW), Amecameca (15 km NW), Temamatla (33 km NW), Cocotitlán (34 km NW), Valle de Chalco (44 km NW), La Paz (51 km NW), Nezahualcóyotl (60 km NW), Ixtapaluca (60 km NNW) in the state of Mexico. In Mexico City, ashfall was reported in Milpa Alta (46 km WNW), Tlalpan (67 km WNW), Tláhuac (49 km NW), Iztapalapa (59 km NW). During 12-13 July ashfall was reported in Valle de Chalco, Ixtapaluca, La Paz, Nezahualcóyotl, Amecameca, Atlautla, Ayapango, Cocotitlán, Temamatla, Tepetlixpa, Tenango del Aire, Juchitepec, Chapultepec and Calimaya, as well as in the municipalities of Milpa Alta, Tláhuac, Iztapalapa and Tlalpan of Mexico City. During 13-14 ashfall was reported in Valle de Chalco, Amecameca, Ayapango, Atlautla and Tenango del Aire. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, Phase Two (the middle level on a three-color scale) and the public was warned to stay 12 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. Volcán Popocatépetl, whose name is the Aztec word for smoking mountain, rises 70 km SE of Mexico City to form North America's 2nd-highest volcano. The glacier-clad stratovolcano contains a steep-walled, 400 x 600 m wide crater. The generally symmetrical volcano is modified by the sharp-peaked Ventorrillo on the NW, a remnant of an earlier volcano. At least three previous major cones were destroyed by gravitational failure during the Pleistocene, producing massive debris-avalanche deposits covering broad areas to the south. The modern volcano was constructed south of the late-Pleistocene to Holocene El Fraile cone. Three major Plinian eruptions, the most recent of which took place about 800 CE, have occurred since the mid-Holocene, accompanied by pyroclastic flows and voluminous lahars that swept basins below the volcano. Frequent historical eruptions, first recorded in Aztec codices, have occurred since Pre-Columbian time. Sources: Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres (CENAPRED) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.gob.mx/cenapred__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK7FEmRhZ$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.gob.mx/cenapred__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKKUCtR94$> ; Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qKz_o5x0J$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSK7Yr2jhg$> ; SecretarÃa de Gestión Integral de Riesgos y Protección Civil (SGIRPC) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.proteccioncivil.cdmx.gob.mx/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK4bTqa6e$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.proteccioncivil.cdmx.gob.mx/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKj9OLcMk$> Sabancaya | Peru | 15.787°S, 71.857°W | Summit elev. 5960 m Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) reported moderate levels of activity at Sabancaya during 10-16 July with a daily average of 23 explosions. Gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 2.5 km above the summit and drifted NE, E, and SE. Nine thermal anomalies from the lava dome in the summit crater were detected using satellite data. Minor inflation was detected near the Hualca Hualca sector (4 km N). The Alert Level remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) and the public were warned to stay outside of a 12 km radius. Geologic Summary. Sabancaya, located in the saddle NE of Ampato and SE of Hualca Hualca volcanoes, is the youngest of these volcanic centers and the only one to have erupted in historical time. The oldest of the three, Nevado Hualca Hualca, is of probable late-Pliocene to early Pleistocene age. The name Sabancaya (meaning "tongue of fire" in the Quechua language) first appeared in records in 1595 CE, suggesting activity prior to that date. Holocene activity has consisted of Plinian eruptions followed by emission of voluminous andesitic and dacitic lava flows, which form an extensive apron around the volcano on all sides but the south. Records of historical eruptions date back to 1750. Source: Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igp.gob.pe/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK2TYqcBR$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igp.gob.pe/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKPPvsfTw$> Sheveluch | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 56.653°N, 161.36°E | Summit elev. 3283 m KVERT reported that the eruption at Sheveluch continued during 6-13 July. Intense fumarolic activity was visible at the active dome, and thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images during 9 and 12-13 July. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK3B8EscK$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSK5MMEsjA$> Taal | Luzon (Philippines) | 14.002°N, 120.993°E | Summit elev. 311 m PHIVOLCS reported that a series of seven significant but shallow tremors were recorded at Taal by all 15 seismic stations of the Taal Volcano Network during 0609-0900 on 13 July. Most of the events were located SE of Taal Volcano Island (TVI). Infrared camera images of Main Crater lake indicated increased thermal output. The report noted that sulfur dioxide emissions had been elevated during the previous two weeks, averaging 5,866 tonnes/day (t/d) and peaking at 9,623 t/d on 6 July. Upwelling gasses and fluids in the lake were periodically visible. Electronic tilt data indicated inflation at the N flank of TVI since May 2023. During 11-18 July there were 2-16 daily volcanic earthquakes including 1-13 periods of volcanic tremor (each lasting 1-5 minutes long); a period of tremor that began at 1210 on 16 July was ongoing through 17 July. Upwelling gasses and fluids in the lake were visible on a few of the days; vog was reported around the caldera during 11-12 July. Daily emissions of gas-and-steam rose 0.9-2.4 km and drifted SW, SE, NE, and NW. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5), and PHIVOLCS reminded the public that the entire Taal Volcano Island was a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ). Geologic Summary. Taal is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines and has produced some of its most powerful historical eruptions. Though not topographically prominent, its prehistorical eruptions have greatly changed the landscape of SW Luzon. The 15 x 20 km Talisay (Taal) caldera is largely filled by Lake Taal, whose 267 km2 surface lies only 3 m above sea level. The maximum depth of the lake is 160 m, and several eruptive centers lie submerged beneath the lake. The 5-km-wide Volcano Island in north-central Lake Taal is the location of all observed eruptions. The island is composed of coalescing small stratovolcanoes, tuff rings, and scoria cones. Powerful pyroclastic flows and surges have caused many fatalities. Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK64lYRgX$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKaf4WmrA$> Takawangha | Andreanof Islands (USA) | 51.873°N, 178.006°W | Summit elev. 1449 m AVO reported that earthquake activity near Takawangha had decreased in both rate and magnitude. The rate of earthquakes had been about three events per day during the previous three weeks, much lower than the 150 events per day recorded during the peak of the swarm in mid-March. Recent satellite images did not indicate any deformation on the island and no other signs of volcanic unrest had been detected. On 18 July the Volcano Alert Level was lowered to Normal (the lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Green (the lowest color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Takawangha is a youthful volcano with an ice-filled caldera on northern Tanaga Island, near the western end of the Andreanof Islands. It lies across a saddle from historically active Tanaga volcano to the west; older, deeply eroded volcanoes lie adjacent to the east. The summit of the dominantly basaltic to basaltic-andesite volcano is largely ice covered, with the exception of five Holocene craters that during the last few thousand years produced explosive eruptions and lava flows that reached the lower flanks. No historical eruptions are known, although radiocarbon dating indicates explosive eruptions have occurred within the past several hundred years. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK1pBL5FK$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSK9bPpGrQ$> Tanaga | Andreanof Islands (USA) | 51.885°N, 178.146°W | Summit elev. 1806 m AVO reported that earthquake activity near Tanaga had decreased in both rate and magnitude. The rate of earthquakes had been about three events per day during the previous three weeks, much lower than the 150 events per day recorded during the peak of the swarm in mid-March. Recent satellite images did not indicate any deformation on the island and no other signs of volcanic unrest had been detected. On 18 July the Volcano Alert Level was lowered to Normal (the lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Green (the lowest color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Tanaga volcano, the second largest volcanic center of the central Aleutians, is the central and highest of three youthful stratovolcanoes oriented along a roughly E-W line at the NW tip of Tanaga Island. Ridges to the east and south represent the rim of an arcuate caldera formed by collapse of an ancestral edifice during the Pleistocene. Most Holocene eruptions originated from Tanaga volcano itself, which consists of two large cones, the western of which is the highest, constructed within a caldera whose 400-m-high rim is prominent to the SE. At the westernmost end of the complex is conical Sajaka, a double cone that may be the youngest of the three volcanoes. Sajaka One volcano collapsed during the late Holocene, producing a debris avalanche that swept into the sea, after which the Sajaka Two cone was constructed within the collapse scarp. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK1pBL5FK$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSK9bPpGrQ$> Villarrica | Central Chile | 39.42°S, 71.93°W | Summit elev. 2847 m POVI reported that incandescence from two vents on the floor of Villarricaâ??s summit crater was visible, reflected by gas-and-steam emissions, during the early morning (around 0336) of 12 July. At around 1551 on 13 July a series of gas-and-steam pulses that contained some ash that was deposited on the upper E flank. According to Corporación Ciudadana Red Nacional de Emergencia incandescence was also reflected by gas-and-steam plumes on 16 July. The Volcanic Alert level remained at Yellow (the second highest on a four-level scale) according to SERNAGEOMIN. SENAPRED maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the middle level on a three-color scale) for the communities of Villarrica, Pucón (16 km N), Curarrehue, and Panguipulli, and SINAPRED maintained an exclusion zone of 500 m from the crater. Geologic Summary. The glacier-covered Villarrica stratovolcano, in the northern Lakes District of central Chile, is ~15 km south of the city of Pucon. A 2-km-wide caldera that formed about 3,500 years ago is located at the base of the presently active, dominantly basaltic to basaltic-andesite cone at the NW margin of a 6-km-wide Pleistocene caldera. More than 30 scoria cones and fissure vents are present on the flanks. Plinian eruptions and pyroclastic flows that have extended up to 20 km from the volcano were produced during the Holocene. Lava flows up to 18 km long have issued from summit and flank vents. Eruptions documented since 1558 CE have consisted largely of mild-to-moderate explosive activity with occasional lava effusion. Glaciers cover 40 km2 of the volcano, and lahars have damaged towns on its flanks. Sources: Proyecto Observación Villarrica Internet (POVI) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.povi.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK-xn3wVm$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.povi.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKKGZosj8$> ; Servicio Nacional de GeologÃa y MinerÃa (SERNAGEOMIN) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.sernageomin.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK3RnTxAQ$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.sernageomin.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKWB9oni8$> ; Sistema y Servicio Nacional de Prevención y Repuesta Ante Desastres (SENAPRED) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://senapred.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK7KV5PxR$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://senapred.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKRRHW0oM$> ; Corporación Ciudadana Red Nacional de Emergencia https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.reddeemergencia.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qKyKxmdgm$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.reddeemergencia.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bCFEKxH3XgTbHNR2er8A9gG3s-hL-zo7GgNl1-V-XMqAgm_yjI0gilY_gw_xJrfZsrSKEhOuQ4g$> 6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6 ============================================================== Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University (ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). ASU - http://www.asu.edu/ PSU - https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://pdx.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK8uNRFX8$ GVP - https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qKxfIxw6m$ IAVCEI - https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.iavceivolcano.org/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YH0LUVL5GiSfE-uGgJbLez2pR1oSKU3XO_u58c2WnYb7jMY3mJzdGKmtNO-bJ0rD5JCt9s5qK3zCSASv$ To unsubscribe from the volcano list, send the message: signoff volcano to: listserv@xxxxxxx, or write to: volcano-request@xxxxxxx. To contribute to the volcano list, send your message to: volcano@xxxxxxx. Please do not send attachments. ============================================================== ------------------------------ End of Volcano Digest - 14 Jul 2023 to 22 Jul 2023 (#2023-71) *************************************************************
