Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 16-22 November 2022

Rachel Holsteen-Bruyere <rbruyere@xxxxxxx> · Mon, 28 Nov 2022 13:07:38 -0700

3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3

From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx>

Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

16-22 November 2022

Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx)

URL: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2QvuBTRtd$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSnAsk7YUs$>

New Activity/Unrest: Ahyi, Mariana Islands (USA)  | Bezymianny, Central
Kamchatka (Russia)  | Copahue, Central Chile-Argentina  | Klyuchevskoy,
Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | San Miguel, Eastern El Salvador  |
Takawangha, Andreanof Islands (USA)  | Villarrica, Central Chile

Ongoing Activity: Aira, Kyushu (Japan)  | Alaid, Kuril Islands (Russia)  |
Ebeko, Paramushir Island (Russia)  | Great Sitkin, Andreanof Islands (USA)
| Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia)  | Kerinci, Central Sumatra  |
Kilauea, Hawaiian Islands (USA)  | Manam, Northeast of New Guinea  |
Pavlof, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska  | Semeru, Eastern Java  | Semisopochnoi,
Aleutian Islands (USA)  | Sheveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia)  |
Suwanosejima, Ryukyu Islands (Japan)

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the
Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's
Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports
are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail.
This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting
during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet
criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section.
Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in
issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network.

Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the
Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To
obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on
the Internet contact the source.

New Activity/Unrest

Ahyi  | Mariana Islands (USA)  | 20.42Â°N, 145.03Â°E  | Summit elev. -75 m

On 18 November the USGS reported that hydroacoustic and seismic signals
suggestive of underwater eruptive activity at Ahyi Seamount had declined
over the past week. No other signs of volcanic unrest were detected at the
seamount.

Geologic Summary. Ahyi seamount is a large conical submarine volcano that
rises to within 75 m of the sea surface about 18 km SE of the island of
Farallon de Pajaros (Uracas) in the northern Marianas. Water discoloration
has been observed there, and in 1979 the crew of a fishing boat felt shocks
over the summit area of the seamount, followed by upwelling of
sulfur-bearing water. On 24-25 April 2001 an explosive eruption was
detected seismically by a station on Rangiroa Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago.
The event was well constrained (+/- 15 km) at a location near the southern
base of Ahyi. An eruption in April-May 2014 was detected by NOAA divers,
hydroacoustic sensors, and seismic stations.

Source: US Geological Survey https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.usgs.gov/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2QmFWhxj0$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.usgs.gov/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSn_ZdIAUg$>

Bezymianny  | Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | 55.972Â°N, 160.595Â°E  | Summit
elev. 2882 m

KVERT reported that during 11-17 November a daily thermal anomaly over
Bezymianny was identified in satellite images. Gas-and-steam emissions were
visible and occasional collapses from the growing lava dome produced
avalanches of hot material. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the
second lowest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times;
specific events are in local time where noted.

Geologic Summary. The modern Bezymianny, much smaller than its massive
neighbors Kamen and Kliuchevskoi on the Kamchatka Peninsula, was formed
about 4,700 years ago over a late-Pleistocene lava-dome complex and an
ancestral edifice built about 11,000-7,000 years ago. Three periods of
intensified activity have occurred during the past 3,000 years. The latest
period, which was preceded by a 1,000-year quiescence, began with the
dramatic 1955-56 eruption. This eruption, similar to that of St. Helens in
1980, produced a large open crater that was formed by collapse of the
summit and an associated lateral blast. Subsequent episodic but ongoing
lava-dome growth, accompanied by intermittent explosive activity and
pyroclastic flows, has largely filled the 1956 crater.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2Qu5LOq6p$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSnayD3Myw$>

Copahue  | Central Chile-Argentina  | 37.856Â°S, 71.183Â°W  | Summit elev.
2953 m

Based on information from Observatorio Argentino de Vigilancia VolcÃ¡nica
(OAVV), SERNAGEOMIN and SEGEMAR reported a minor increase of activity at
Copahue. RSAM values based on volcanic tremor began to increase on 13
November. Weather conditions prevented views of the volcano during 13-14
November. On 15 November an increase in the magnitudes of tremor signals
was accompanied by increased and denser gas emissions rising 200 m above El
Agrio Crater. The emissions, seen in webcam images, were mostly whitish and
contained particulate material. The Alert Level remained at Green (the
lowest level on a four-color scale) and the public was reminded to stay 500
m away from the crater.

Geologic Summary. VolcÃ¡n Copahue is an elongated composite cone constructed
along the Chile-Argentina border within the 6.5 x 8.5 km wide Trapa-Trapa
caldera that formed between 0.6 and 0.4 million years ago near the NW
margin of the 20 x 15 km Pliocene Caviahue (Del Agrio) caldera. The eastern
summit crater, part of a 2-km-long, ENE-WSW line of nine craters, contains
a briny, acidic 300-m-wide crater lake (also referred to as El Agrio or Del
Agrio) and displays intense fumarolic activity. Acidic hot springs occur
below the eastern outlet of the crater lake, contributing to the acidity of
the RÃo Agrio, and another geothermal zone is located within Caviahue
caldera about 7 km NE of the summit. Infrequent mild-to-moderate explosive
eruptions have been recorded since the 18th century. Twentieth-century
eruptions from the crater lake have ejected pyroclastic rocks and chilled
liquid sulfur fragments.

Sources: Servicio Nacional de GeologÃa y MinerÃa (SERNAGEOMIN)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.sernageomin.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2QpG6bbWN$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.sernageomin.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSnIEFRJVA$>
;

Servicio GeolÃ³gico Minero Argentino (SEGEMAR) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.segemar.gov.ar/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2Qm9bMsDz$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.segemar.gov.ar/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSn_RcGrhw$>

Klyuchevskoy  | Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | 56.056Â°N, 160.642Â°E  | Summit
elev. 4754 m

KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly over Klyuchevskoy was first
identified on 13 November and was visible daily through 20 November. An
explosive Strombolian eruption began at 2330 local time on 17 November, the
same day that the thermal anomaly intensified. Gas-and-steam plumes drifted
SE. The Strombolian eruption and gas emissions persisted; KVERT raised the
Aviation Color Code to Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color
scale) on 20 November.

Geologic Summary. Klyuchevskoy (also spelled Kliuchevskoi) is Kamchatka's
highest and most active volcano. Since its origin about 6000 years ago, the
beautifully symmetrical, 4835-m-high basaltic stratovolcano has produced
frequent moderate-volume explosive and effusive eruptions without major
periods of inactivity. It rises above a saddle NE of sharp-peaked Kamen
volcano and lies SE of the broad Ushkovsky massif. More than 100 flank
eruptions have occurred during the past roughly 3000 years, with most
lateral craters and cones occurring along radial fissures between the
unconfined NE-to-SE flanks of the conical volcano between 500 m and 3600 m
elevation. The morphology of the 700-m-wide summit crater has been
frequently modified by historical eruptions, which have been recorded since
the late-17th century. Historical eruptions have originated primarily from
the summit crater, but have also included numerous major explosive and
effusive eruptions from flank craters.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2Qu5LOq6p$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSnayD3Myw$>

San Miguel  | Eastern El Salvador  | 13.434Â°N, 88.269Â°W  | Summit elev.
2130 m

MARN reported that an eruption at San Miguelâ??s central crater began on 15
November, and by 1100 on 20 November a total of 62 phreatic explosions had
been recorded, averaging 10 per day. An additional 24 explosions were
recorded from 1100 on 20 November to 1100 on 21 November and 12 more were
recorded between 1100 and 1100 during 21-22 November. Explosions generated
gas, ash, and steam plumes that generally rose around 500 m above the
crater rim, though at 1336 on 18 November and 1206 on 19 November eruption
plumes rose as high as 1.1 km. Some of the events were accompanied by
crater incandescence during 15-20 November. Sulfur dioxide emissions
generally averaged 100-170 tons per day, below the baseline of 300 tons per
day. Specific measurements during explosive events revealed that the
emissions were sometimes higher; 1,200 tons per day was measured on 19
November during one of the largest explosions, and 378 tons per days was
measured during an explosion on 21 November. Seismicity was characterized
by volcano-tectonic events, long-period events, and tremor. Deformation
data showed no significant changes. The public was warned to stay 2 km away
from the volcano, and for those living within a 2-5 km radius to identify
evacuation routes and to take preparation measures as guided by the Sistema
Nacional de ProtecciÃ³n Civil.

Geologic Summary. The symmetrical cone of San Miguel, one of the most
active volcanoes in El Salvador, rises from near sea level to form one of
the country's most prominent landmarks. A broad, deep, crater complex that
has been frequently modified by eruptions recorded since the early 16th
century caps the truncated unvegetated summit, also known locally as
Chaparrastique. Flanks eruptions of the basaltic-andesitic volcano have
produced many lava flows, including several during the 17th-19th centuries
that extended to the N, NE, and SE. The SE-flank flows are the largest and
form broad, sparsely vegetated lava fields crossed by highways and a
railroad skirting the base of the volcano. Flank vent locations have
migrated higher on the edifice during historical time, and the most recent
activity has consisted of minor ash eruptions from the summit crater.

Source: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://marn.gob.sv/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2Qoq5GvUS$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://marn.gob.sv/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSn8eDSLR0$>

Takawangha  | Andreanof Islands (USA)  | 51.873Â°N, 178.006Â°W  | Summit
elev. 1449 m

On 18 November AVO raised the Aviation Color Code for Takawangha to Yellow
(the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the Volcano Alert Level
to Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale) based on
increased seismicity. The number of small earthquakes detected near the
volcano had increased during the previous few days and intensified during
17-18 November. The earthquakes were located at depths of 3-6 km below sea
level with the largest magnitudes between 2 and 3. The seismicity possibly
indicated magma movement at depth. The intensity of the seismicity was
variable during 19-22 November.

Geologic Summary. Takawangha is a youthful volcano with an ice-filled
caldera on northern Tanaga Island, near the western end of the Andreanof
Islands. It lies across a saddle from historically active Tanaga volcano to
the west; older, deeply eroded volcanoes lie adjacent to the east. The
summit of the dominantly basaltic to basaltic-andesite volcano is largely
ice covered, with the exception of five Holocene craters that during the
last few thousand years produced explosive eruptions and lava flows that
reached the lower flanks. No historical eruptions are known, although
radiocarbon dating indicates explosive eruptions have occurred within the
past several hundred years.

Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2Ql9dWXzp$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSnOnBhkyY$>

Villarrica  | Central Chile  | 39.42Â°S, 71.93Â°W  | Summit elev. 2847 m

During an overflight of Villarrica on 19 November, SERNAGEOMIN scientists
observed a cone on the crater floor with an incandescent vent at its
center, containing a lava lake. Deposits of ejected material were seen on
the flanks. That same day a 75-minute-long series of volcano-tectonic
earthquakes began at 1940. There was a total of 21 events located 7.8 km
ESE of the crater. The largest event, a M 1.6, occurred at 2007 at a depth
of 2.5 km based on data collection and analysis of Red Nacional de
Vigilancia VolcÃ¡nica (RNVV) and Observatorio VolcanolÃ³gico de los Andes del
Sur (OVDAS), respectively. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second
lowest level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned that material
could be ejected within 500 m of the crater. ONEMI remained the Alert Level
Yellow (the middle level on a three-color scale) for the municipalities of
Villarrica, PucÃ³n (16 km N), Curarrehue, and the commune of Panguipulli.

Geologic Summary. Glacier-clad Villarrica, one of Chile's most active
volcanoes, rises above the lake and town of the same name. It is the
westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the
Andean chain. A 6-km-wide caldera formed during the late Pleistocene. A
2-km-wide caldera that formed about 3500 years ago is located at the base
of the presently active, dominantly basaltic to basaltic-andesitic cone at
the NW margin of the Pleistocene caldera. More than 30 scoria cones and
fissure vents dot the flanks. Plinian eruptions and pyroclastic flows that
have extended up to 20 km from the volcano were produced during the
Holocene. Lava flows up to 18 km long have issued from summit and flank
vents. Historical eruptions, documented since 1558, have consisted largely
of mild-to-moderate explosive activity with occasional lava effusion.
Glaciers cover 40 km2 of the volcano, and lahars have damaged towns on its
flanks.

Sources: Servicio GeolÃ³gico Minero Argentino (SEGEMAR)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.segemar.gov.ar/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2Qm9bMsDz$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.segemar.gov.ar/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSn_RcGrhw$>
;

Servicio Nacional de GeologÃa y MinerÃa (SERNAGEOMIN)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.sernageomin.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2QpG6bbWN$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.sernageomin.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSnIEFRJVA$>
;

Oficina Nacional de Emergencia-Ministerio del Interior (ONEMI)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.onemi.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2Qo3vol-3$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.onemi.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSnv05n2go$>

Ongoing Activity

Aira  | Kyushu (Japan)  | 31.593Â°N, 130.657Â°E  | Summit elev. 1117 m

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira
Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) and nighttime crater incandescence during
14-21 November. Sulfur dioxide emissions were slightly high on 14 November
at 1,100 tons per day. Six eruptive events and four explosions (during
15-16 and 20-21 November) produced volcanic plumes that rose as high as 2.2
km above the crater rim and ejected large blocks as far as 900 m from the
vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents
were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay
contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active.
Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of
the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera
was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the Aira caldera,
along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began
about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim of Aira caldera and built an
island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major
explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit
cone ended about 4850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at
Minamidake. Frequent historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century,
have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located
across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical
eruption took place during 1471-76.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2QuWvEFvc$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSn4xiUajo$>

Alaid  | Kuril Islands (Russia)  | 50.861Â°N, 155.565Â°E  | Summit elev. 2285
m

KVERT lowered the Aviation Color Code for Alaid to Yellow (the second
lowest level on a four-color scale) on 17 November noting that activity had
been gradually decreasing since the last ash plume was recorded on 26
October. A thermal anomaly continued to periodically be identified in
satellite images when weather conditions permitted views, though the
temperature of the thermal anomaly began decreasing on 29 October. Dates
are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Geologic Summary. The highest and northernmost volcano of the Kuril
Islands, 2285-m-high Alaid is a symmetrical stratovolcano when viewed from
the north, but has a 1.5-km-wide summit crater that is breached widely to
the south. Alaid is the northernmost of a chain of volcanoes constructed
west of the main Kuril archipelago. Numerous pyroclastic cones dot the
lower flanks of this basaltic to basaltic-andesite volcano, particularly on
the NW and SE sides, including an offshore cone formed during the 1933-34
eruption. Strong explosive eruptions have occurred from the summit crater
beginning in the 18th century. Reports of eruptions in 1770, 1789, 1821,
1829, 1843, 1848, and 1858 were considered incorrect by Gorshkov (1970).
Explosive eruptions in 1790 and 1981 were among the largest in the Kuril
Islands during historical time.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2Qu5LOq6p$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSnayD3Myw$>

Ebeko  | Paramushir Island (Russia)  | 50.686Â°N, 156.014Â°E  | Summit elev.
1103 m

KVERT reported that moderate activity at Ebeko was ongoing during 10-17
November. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island,
about 7 km E) explosions during 12-13 and 16 November generated ash plumes
that rose to 2.6 km (8,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in eastern directions.
Ash fell in Severo-Kurilsk on 16 November. A thermal anomaly was identified
in satellite images on 16 November; weather clouds prevented satellite
views on the other days of the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at
Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on
UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Geologic Summary. The flat-topped summit of the central cone of Ebeko
volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands, occupies the northern
end of Paramushir Island. Three summit craters located along a SSW-NNE line
form Ebeko volcano proper, at the northern end of a complex of five
volcanic cones. Blocky lava flows extend west from Ebeko and SE from the
neighboring Nezametnyi cone. The eastern part of the southern crater
contains strong solfataras and a large boiling spring. The central crater
is filled by a lake about 20 m deep whose shores are lined with steaming
solfataras; the northern crater lies across a narrow, low barrier from the
central crater and contains a small, cold crescentic lake. Historical
activity, recorded since the late-18th century, has been restricted to
small-to-moderate explosive eruptions from the summit craters. Intense
fumarolic activity occurs in the summit craters, on the outer flanks of the
cone, and in lateral explosion craters.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2Qu5LOq6p$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSnayD3Myw$>

Great Sitkin  | Andreanof Islands (USA)  | 52.076Â°N, 176.13Â°W  | Summit
elev. 1740 m

AVO reported that slow lava effusion continued at Great Sitkin during 15-22
November and the flow field continued to grow. Flow lobes extended about
600 m E of the vent and about 430 m S. Seismicity was low, with the
occasional detection of low-frequency earthquakes. Satellite and webcam
images were often cloudy through the week. The Volcano Alert Level remained
at Watch (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation
Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color
scale).

Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side
of Great Sitkin Island. A younger parasitic volcano capped by a small, 0.8
x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large
late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure
that truncated an ancestral volcano and produced a submarine debris
avalanche. Deposits from this and an older debris avalanche from a source
to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano.
The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp.
Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the
flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was
partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small
older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed
along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and
fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano.
Historical eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century.

Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2Ql9dWXzp$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSnOnBhkyY$>

Karymsky  | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia)  | 54.049Â°N, 159.443Â°E  | Summit
elev. 1513 m

KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly at Karymsky was identified in
satellite images on 13 and 15-17 November. Gas-and-steam emissions
persisted. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest
level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events
are in local time where noted.

Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern
volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a
5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts
the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the
north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains
the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding
Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located
immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700
radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000
years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago,
following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows
less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or
vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava
flows from the summit crater.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2Qu5LOq6p$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSnayD3Myw$>

Kerinci  | Central Sumatra  | 1.697Â°S, 101.264Â°E  | Summit elev. 3800 m

PVMBG reported that brown ash plumes from Kerinci, often dense, rose as
high as 150 m above the summit and drifted NE, E, and SE during 16-18 and
20-21 November. Weather clouds prevented visual observations during 18-20
November. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest
level on a four-color scale). The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of
1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 3-km exclusion
zone.

Geologic Summary. Gunung Kerinci in central Sumatra forms Indonesia's
highest volcano and is one of the most active in Sumatra. It is capped by
an unvegetated young summit cone that was constructed NE of an older crater
remnant. There is a deep 600-m-wide summit crater often partially filled by
a small crater lake that lies on the NE crater floor, opposite the SW-rim
summit. The massive 13 x 25 km wide volcano towers 2400-3300 m above
surrounding plains and is elongated in a N-S direction. Frequently active,
Kerinci has been the source of numerous moderate explosive eruptions since
its first recorded eruption in 1838.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2QtIOwe9R$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSnW7Ip5Ww$>

Kilauea  | Hawaiian Islands (USA)  | 19.421Â°N, 155.287Â°W  | Summit elev.
1222 m

HVO reported that lava continued to effuse from a vent in the lower W wall
of Kilaueaâ??s Halema`uma`u Crater during 16-22 November entering the lava
lake and flowing onto the crater floor. The active part of the lake
remained at a steady level all week. The Aviation Color Code and the
Volcano Alert Level remained at Orange and Watch, respectively.

Geologic Summary. Kilauea overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna Loa
shield volcano in the island of Hawaii. Eruptions are prominent in
Polynesian legends; written documentation since 1820 records frequent
summit and flank lava flow eruptions interspersed with periods of long-term
lava lake activity at Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera until 1924.
The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1,500 years ago and
during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy
East and Southwest rift zones, which extend to the ocean in both
directions. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is
formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the surface is
younger than 600 years. The long-term eruption from the East rift zone
between 1983 and 2018 produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2,
destroyed hundreds of houses, and added new coastline.

Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2Qp--IBgP$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSnzZXp6KM$>

Manam  | Northeast of New Guinea  | 4.08Â°S, 145.037Â°E  | Summit elev. 1807 m

The Darwin VAAC reported that on 20 November ash plumes from Manam rose to
1.8 km (6,000 ft) and drifted NW based on satellite images.

Geologic Summary. The 10-km-wide island of Manam, lying 13 km off the
northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea, is one of the country's most
active volcanoes. Four large radial valleys extend from the unvegetated
summit of the conical basaltic-andesitic stratovolcano to its lower flanks.
These valleys channel lava flows and pyroclastic avalanches that have
sometimes reached the coast. Five small satellitic centers are located near
the island's shoreline on the northern, southern, and western sides. Two
summit craters are present; both are active, although most observed
eruptions have originated from the southern crater, concentrating eruptive
products during much of the past century into the SE valley. Frequent
eruptions, typically of mild-to-moderate scale, have been recorded since
1616. Occasional larger eruptions have produced pyroclastic flows and lava
flows that reached flat-lying coastal areas and entered the sea, sometimes
impacting populated areas.

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2QmpIiTg_$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSnGgKifjE$>

Pavlof  | Alaska Peninsula, Alaska  | 55.417Â°N, 161.894Â°W  | Summit elev.
2493 m

AVO reported that a minor eruption at a vent on Pavlofâ??s upper E flank was
ongoing during 16-22 November and nearly continuous seismic tremor was
recorded. Almost daily elevated surface temperatures were identified in
satellite images; weather clouds prevented views during 21-22 November.
Webcam images showed occasional minor steaming and minor ash emissions in
addition to a recent mass flow and ash deposits on the upper to lower
flanks visible during 15-16 November, and incandescence at the vent during
16-17 November possibly associated with lava spattering or fountaining. The
Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the second highest level on a
four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the
second highest level on a four-color scale).

Geologic Summary. The most active volcano of the Aleutian arc, Pavlof is a
2519-m-high Holocene stratovolcano that was constructed along a line of
vents extending NE from the Emmons Lake caldera. Pavlof and its twin
volcano to the NE, 2142-m-high Pavlof Sister, form a dramatic pair of
symmetrical, glacier-covered stratovolcanoes that tower above Pavlof and
Volcano bays. A third cone, Little Pavlof, is a smaller volcano on the SW
flank of Pavlof volcano, near the rim of Emmons Lake caldera. Unlike Pavlof
Sister, Pavlof has been frequently active in historical time, typically
producing Strombolian to Vulcanian explosive eruptions from the summit
vents and occasional lava flows. The active vents lie near the summit on
the north and east sides. The largest historical eruption took place in
1911, at the end of a 5-year-long eruptive episode, when a fissure opened
on the N flank, ejecting large blocks and issuing lava flows.

Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2Ql9dWXzp$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSnOnBhkyY$>

Semeru  | Eastern Java  | 8.108Â°S, 112.922Â°E  | Summit elev. 3657 m

PVMBG reported that the eruption at Semeru continued during 16-22 November.
White gas-and-steam plumes rose 100-200 m above the summit and drifted in
various directions during 16-17 November. Emissions were not visible during
18-20 November, though weather conditions sometimes prevented visual
observations. At 0608 on 21 November a white-to-gray ash plume rose around
400 m and drifted E. On 22 November white-to-gray ash plumes rose 300 m and
drifted S at 0405, 600 m at 0503, and 800 m at 1541. The Alert Level
remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5
km away from the summit, and 500 m from Kobokan drainages within 17 km of
the summit, along with other drainages originating on Semeru, including the
Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow
hazards.

Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most
active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to
the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru
(Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru
was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas.
A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting
through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and
NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from
NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by
small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava
flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that
have reached the lower flanks of the volcano.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2QtIOwe9R$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSnW7Ip5Ww$>

Semisopochnoi  | Aleutian Islands (USA)  | 51.93Â°N, 179.58Â°E  | Summit
elev. 1221 m

AVO reported ongoing low-level seismicity at Semisopochnoi characterized by
intermittent seismic tremor and occasional low-frequency earthquakes during
16-22 November. Satellite and webcam views were mostly obscured by weather
clouds, though during clear views continuous gas-and-steam emissions from
the N crater of Mount Cerberus were visible. The Aviation Color Code
remained at Orange and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch.

Geologic Summary. Semisopochnoi, the largest subaerial volcano of the
western Aleutians, is 20 km wide at sea level and contains an 8-km-wide
caldera. It formed as a result of collapse of a low-angle, dominantly
basaltic volcano following the eruption of a large volume of dacitic
pumice. The high point of the island is Anvil Peak, a double-peaked
late-Pleistocene cone that forms much of the island's northern part. The
three-peaked Mount Cerberus was constructed within the caldera during the
Holocene. Each of the peaks contains a summit crater; lava flows on the N
flank of Cerberus appear younger than those on the south side. Other
post-caldera volcanoes include the symmetrical Sugarloaf Peak SSE of the
caldera and Lakeshore Cone, a small cinder cone at the edge of Fenner Lake
in the NE part of the caldera. Most documented eruptions have originated
from Cerberus, although Coats (1950) considered that both Sugarloaf and
Lakeshore Cone could have been recently active.

Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2Ql9dWXzp$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSnOnBhkyY$>

Sheveluch  | Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | 56.653Â°N, 161.36Â°E  | Summit
elev. 3283 m

KVERT reported that the ongoing eruption at Sheveluch during 11-17 November
was generally characterized by explosions, hot avalanches, lava-dome
extrusion, and strong fumarolic activity. A daily thermal anomaly was
identified in satellite images. Collapses generated hot avalanches and ash
plumes that drifted 85 km ENE during 13-14, and 16-17 November. The
Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a
four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in
local time where noted.

Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also
spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya
volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka's
largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large
eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary
Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera
breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The
Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene
within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place
on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these
eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in
Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964,
have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of
the breached caldera.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2Qu5LOq6p$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSnayD3Myw$>

Suwanosejima  | Ryukyu Islands (Japan)  | 29.638Â°N, 129.714Â°E  | Summit
elev. 796 m

JMA reported that the eruption at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued
during 14-21 November and crater incandescence was visible nightly.
Eruption plumes generally rose 600 m above the crater rim and blended into
weather clouds. An explosion at 0251 on 15 November ejected blocks 500 m
from the vent and produced an eruption plume that rose 2.3 km above the
crater rim and drifted SE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level
scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long island of Suwanosejima in the northern
Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two historically
active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater
extending to the sea on the east flank that was formed by edifice collapse.
One of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, it was in a state of
intermittent Strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, between
1949 and 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest
recorded eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits
blanketed residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that
reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake
collapsed, forming a large debris avalanche and creating the open Sakuchi
caldera, which extends to the eastern coast. The island remained
uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows
reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live
on the island.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!YEYf0vTL8VwQWU7JLqjeyLwAJganj9qqam8HDI5z9Fu8qDd5CDc-cqX4fMSNayJUQ4q73rf2QuWvEFvc$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!cFZvg71w4q_nfmWLdgy-9nuUc09p5fa6Whd7uKs0bqzwOcBiuLToA1QFVRXlrwxKDLSn4xiUajo$>

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