SI/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 16-22 July 2008

Kimberly Genareau <kgenarea@xxxxxxx> · Wed, 23 Jul 2008 14:17:27 -0700

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SI/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

16-22 July 2008
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Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor

kuhns@xxxxxx

URL: http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/

New Activity/Unrest: | Cleveland, Chuginadak Island | Galunggung,
Western Java (Indonesia) | Llaima, Central Chile | Okmok, Fox Islands

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between
the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological
Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday,
notices of volcanic activity posted on these pages are preliminary and
subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a
comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the
week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria
discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section.
Carefully reviewed, detailed reports on various volcanoes are
published monthly in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network.

Note: Many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the
Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active.
To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer
available on the Internet contact the source.

New Activity/Unrest

CLEVELAND Chuginadak Island 52.825°N, 169.944°W; summit elev. 1730 m

On 21 July, AVO raised the Volcano Alert Level for Cleveland to Watch
and the Aviation Color Code to Orange based on reports from pilots and
observers on fishing boats. Reports from fishing boats indicated that
an eruption started at about 1200 and ash near sea level may have
drifted NW. Pilots reported that an ash-and-steam plume rose to
altitudes of 4.6-5.2 km (15,000-17,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.
Observations of satellite imagery on 22 July revealed a steam plume
possibly containing some ash drifting more than 50 km ESE at altitudes
of 3-6.1 km (10,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. A strong thermal anomaly
interpreted as a possible lava flow was also present in the imagery.

Geologic Summary. Symmetrical Mount Cleveland stratovolcano is
situated at the western end of the uninhabited dumbbell-shaped
Chuginadak Island in the east-central Aleutians. The 1,730-m-high
stratovolcano is the highest of the Islands of Four Mountains group
and is one of the most active in the Aleutians. Numerous large lava
flows descend its flanks. It is possible that some 18th to 19th
century eruptions attributed to Carlisle (a volcano located across the
Carlisle Pass Strait to the NW) should be ascribed to Cleveland. In
1944 Cleveland produced the only known fatality from an Aleutian
eruption. Recent eruptions from Mt. Cleveland have been characterized
by short-lived explosive ash emissions, at times accompanied by lava
fountaining and lava flows down the flanks.

Source: Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) http://www.avo.alaska.edu/

GALUNGGUNG Western Java (Indonesia) 7.25°S, 108.058°E; summit elev. 2168 m

Based on a pilot report and inconclusive observations of satellite
imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 17 July a possible ash plume
from Galunggung rose to an altitude of 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. and
drifted SW. CVGHM did not report eruptive activity and advised that
the activity status was "normal."

Geologic Summary. The forested slopes of 2,168-m-high Galunggung
volcano in western Java are cut by a large horseshoe-shaped caldera
breached to the SE that has served to channel the products of recent
eruptions in that direction. The "Ten Thousand Hills of Tasikmalaya"
dotting the plain below the volcano are debris-avalanche hummocks from
the collapse that formed the breached caldera about 4,200 years ago.
Although historical eruptions, restricted to the central vent near the
caldera headwall, have been infrequent, they have caused much
devastation. The first historical eruption in 1822 produced
pyroclastic flows and lahars that killed over 4,000 persons. More
recently, a strong explosive eruption during 1982-1983 caused severe
economic disruption to populated areas near the volcano.

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AU/messages.html

LLAIMA Central Chile 38.692°S, 71.729°W; summit elev. 3125 m

SERNAGEOMIN reported that after increased seismicity at Llaima on 14
July, an ash plume rose to an altitude of 5.6 km (18,400 ft) a.s.l.
Less than two hours later, very intense orange and red incandescence
was seen through breaks in the cloud cover near the summit and at the
base of the W flank. At 1915 a vigorous Strombolian eruption ejected
incandescent pyroclastic material from the N vent in the main crater
to heights of 500 m above the summit. Seismicity and the intensity of
the explosions decreased later that day. On 15 July, diffuse ash
emissions rose to an altitude of 3.4 km (11,200 ft) a.s.l. Ash and
tephra covered areas of the SSE flank. Seismic activity decreased
during 16-18 July.

On 19 July, seismicity again increased and ash-and-gas plumes rose to
an altitude of 3.3 km (10,800 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE. The emissions
became more intense and frequent, and one explosion produced an ash
plume to an altitude of 4.1 km (13,500 ft) a.s.l. Ash and tephra fell
on the SE flank. Later that day, constant explosions ejected
incandescent material 500 m above the summit that fell near the
crater. Steam plumes emitted from the W flank possibly indicated the
presence of a new lava flow along with mobile incandescent blocks from
a previous lava flow. After another brief period of calm, vapor
emissions increased and were followed by strong explosions and lava
flows. The Alert level remained at Yellow.

Geologic Summary. Llaima, one of Chile's largest and most active
volcanoes, contains two main historically active craters, one at the
summit and the other to the SE. The massive 3,125-m-high,
glacier-covered stratovolcano has a volume of 400 cu km. A Holocene
edifice built primarily of accumulated lava flows was constructed over
an 8-km-wide caldera that formed about 13,200 years ago, following
eruption of the 24 cu km Curacautín Ignimbrite. More than 40 scoria
cones dot the volcano's flanks. Following the end of an explosive
stage about 7,200 years ago, construction of the present edifice
began, characterized by Strombolian, Hawaiian, and infrequent
subplinian eruptions. Frequent moderate explosive eruptions with
occasional lava flows have been recorded since the 17th century.

Source: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN)
http://www.sernageomin.cl/index.php

OKMOK Fox Islands 53.43°N, 168.13°W; summit elev. 1073 m

AVO reported that during 15-16 July seismicity from Okmok changed from
nearly continuous to episodic volcanic tremor, and the overall seismic
intensity declined. Satellite imagery indicated elevated surface
temperatures in the NE sector of the caldera; meteorological clouds
obscured views. On 16 July, the Volcano Alert Level was lowered to
Watch and the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Orange. On 17 July, a
pilot reported that an ash plume rose to altitudes of 4.6-6.1 km
(15,000-20,000) a.s.l. and drifted E and NE. On 18 July, AVO indicated
that the eruption was episodic, with occasional ash-producing
explosions occurring every 15 to 30 minutes. The plumes from these
explosions were limited to about 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l.

On 19 July seismicity increased markedly, interpreted as possibly
indicating that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 7.6-9.1 km
(25,000-30,000 ft) a.s.l. The Volcano Alert Level was raised to
Warning and the Aviation Color Code was raised to Red. The next day,
seismicity declined again and the Volcano Alert Level was lowered to
Watch and the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Orange. Satellite
imagery revealed that an ash plume about 20 km from Okmok drifted SE
at an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. Additional ash plumes
observed on satellite imagery and spotted by pilots rose to altitudes
of 4.6-6.1 km (15,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. During 21-22 July, ash plumes
rose to altitudes of 6.1-9.1 km (20,000-30,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted
SE.

Geologic Summary. The broad, basaltic Okmok shield volcano, which
forms the NE end of Umnak Island, has a dramatically different profile
than most other Aleutian volcanoes. The summit of the low, 35-km-wide
volcano is cut by two 10-km-wide calderas formed during eruptions
about 8,250 and 2,400 years ago that produced dacitic pyroclastic
flows that reached the coast. Numerous satellitic cones and lava domes
dot the flanks of the volcano down to the coast. Some of the
post-caldera cones show evidence of wave-cut lake terraces; the more
recent cones, some of which have been active historically, were formed
after the caldera lake disappeared. Hot springs and fumaroles are
found within the caldera and at Hot Springs Cone, 20 km to the SW.
Historical eruptions have occurred since 1805 from cinder cones within
the caldera.

Source: Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) http://www.avo.alaska.edu/

Ongoing Activity

BATU TARA Komba Island (Indonesia) 7.792°S, 123.579°E; summit elev. 748 m

Based on observations of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported
that during 16-18 July ash plumes from Batu Tara rose to an altitude
of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. A thermal anomaly was noted
on satellite imagery on 16 July.

Geologic Summary. The small isolated island of Batu Tara in the Flores
Sea about 50 km north of Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island contains a
scarp on the eastern side similar to the Sciara del Fuoco of Italy's
Stromboli volcano. Vegetation covers the flanks of Batu Tara to within
50 m of the 748-m-high summit. Batu Tara lies north of the main
volcanic arc and is noted for its potassic leucite-bearing basanitic
and tephritic rocks. The first historical eruption from Batu Tara,
during 1847-52, produced explosions and a lava flow.

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AU/messages.html

BEZYMIANNY Central Kamchatka (Russia) 55.978°N, 160.587°E; summit elev. 2882 m

KVERT reported that intermittent volcanic tremor at Bezymianny was
detected on 11 July and seismic activity was above background levels
during 11-16 July. Weak thermal anomalies over the lava dome were
detected in satellite imagery on 11 and 15 July. Hot avalanches were
reported by local observers on 15 July. The level of Concern Color
Code remained at Orange.

Geologic Summary. Prior to its noted 1955-56 eruption, Bezymianny
volcano had been considered extinct. Three periods of intensified
activity have occurred during the past 3,000 years. The latest period,
which was preceded by a 1,000-year quiescence, began with the dramatic
1955-56 eruption. That eruption, similar to the 1980 event at Mount
St. Helens, produced a large horseshoe-shaped crater that was formed
by collapse of the summit and an associated lateral blast. Subsequent
episodic but ongoing lava-dome growth, accompanied by intermittent
explosive activity and pyroclastic flows, has largely filled the 1956
crater.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php

CHAITEN Southern Chile 42.833°S, 72.646°W; summit elev. 1122 m

SERNAGEOMIN reported that after two weeks of inclement weather around
Chaitén, clouds cleared on 18 July and ash plumes were observed.
During 18-21 July mushroom-shaped ash plumes emitted from the S sector
of the new lava dome rose to an altitude of 2.5 km (8,200 ft) a.s.l.
Occasionally, explosions would push the plumes to altitudes of 3 km
(10,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes drifted N and NW, affecting several
areas on the coast. The Alert Level remained at Red.

Geologic Summary. Chaitén is a small, glacier-free caldera with a
Holocene lava dome located 10 km NE of the town of Chaitén on the Gulf
of Corcovado. A pyroclastic-surge and pumice deposit considered to
originate from the eruption that formed the elliptical 2.5 x 4 km wide
summit caldera was dated at about 9400 years ago. A rhyolitic,
962-m-high obsidian lava dome occupies much of the caldera floor.
Obsidian cobbles from this dome found in the Blanco River are the
source of prehistorical artifacts from archaeological sites along the
Pacific coast as far as 400 km away from the volcano to the north and
south. The caldera is breached on the SW side by a river that drains
to the bay of Chaitén, and the high point on its southern rim reaches
1122 m.

Source: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN)
http://www.sernageomin.cl/index.php

ETNA Sicily (Italy) 37.734°N, 15.004°E; summit elev. 3330 m

INGV-CT reported that an inspection of Etna's summit craters on 15
July revealed degassing from the Northeast Crater and to a lesser
degree from the BN-1 crater of the Bocca Nuova. Explosive activity was
restricted to Vent 2 of the active NW-SE-trending fissure E of the
summit craters and characterized by weak Strombolian activity and
diffuse ash emissions. During 15 and 17 July lava flows were active in
the Valle del Bove. On 17 July, no explosive activity was seen along
the fissure.

Geologic Summary. Mount Etna, towering above Catania, Sicily's second
largest city, has one of the world's longest documented records of
historical volcanism, dating back to 1500 BC. Historical lava flows
cover much of the surface of this massive basaltic stratovolcano, the
highest and most voluminous in Italy. Two styles of eruptive activity
typically occur at Etna. Persistent explosive eruptions, sometimes
with minor lava emissions, take place from one or more of the three
prominent summit craters, the Central Crater, NE Crater, and SE
Crater. Flank eruptions, typically with higher effusion rates, occur
less frequently and originate from fissures that open progressively
downward from near the summit. A period of more intense intermittent
explosive eruptions from Etna's summit craters began in 1995. The
active volcano is monitored by the Instituto Nazionale di Geofisica e
Volcanologia (INGV) in Catania.

Source: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Sezione di
Catania (INGV-CT) http://www.ct.ingv.it/

KILAUEA Hawaii (USA) 19.421°N, 155.287°W; summit elev. 1222 m

Based on visual observations from HVO crews, video footage, pilot
reports, and web camera views, HVO reported that during 16-22 July,
lava flowed SE through a lava tube system from underneath Kilauea's
Thanksgiving Eve Breakout (TEB) and rootless shield complex. The lava
flowed into the ocean at the Waikupanaha ocean entry resulting in
occasional explosions and a vigorous steam plume from contact with the
water. Lightning was sometimes seen in the steam plume. Incandescence
was observed from the TEB vent, rootless shields, breakouts along the
W margin of the TEB lava tube, and from vents and sporadic spatter in
Pu'u 'O'o crater. The sulfur dioxide emission rate at Pu'u 'O'o was
very high at 6,300 tonnes per day on 17 July; the average background
rate is about 2,000 tonnes per day.

During the reporting period, Kilauea earthquakes were located beneath
the summit area and beneath Halema'uma'u crater, along S-flank faults,
and along the E and SW rift zones. Beneath Halema'uma'u crater,
another 20-40 small earthquakes per day also occurred but were too
small to be located. The vent in the crater continued to produce a
white plume with minor ash content that drifted mainly SW. Night-time
incandescence was seen at the base of the plume. Rock clattering,
booming noises, and "rushing sounds" were heard in the vicinity of
Halema'uma'u crater. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was high and
between 700 and 800 tonnes per day, during 16-18 July. The pre-2008
background rate was 150-200 tonnes per day. On 19 July, incandescent
material was ejected from the vent.

Geologic Summary. Kilauea, one of five coalescing volcanoes that
comprise the island of Hawaii, is one of the world's most active
volcanoes. Eruptions at Kilauea originate primarily from the summit
caldera or along one of the lengthy E and SW rift zones that extend
from the caldera to the sea. About 90% of the surface of Kilauea is
formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the
volcano's surface is younger than 600 years. A long-term eruption from
the East rift zone that began in 1983 has produced lava flows covering
more than 100 sq km, destroying nearly 200 houses and adding new
coastline to the island.

Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)
http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/

PACAYA Guatemala 14.381°N, 90.601°W; summit elev. 2552 m

INSIVUMEH reported that during 9-16 July, Strombolian activity from
Pacaya's MacKenney cone was mainly characterized by explosions
approximately 2-3 minutes apart. Pyroclastic material was ejected
about 25 m above the crater. Lava flowed 100-200 m down the NW flank
and continued to slowly fill in the area between MacKenney cone and
Cerro Chino crater to the N. On 16 July, fumarolic plumes drifted SW.

Geologic Summary. Eruptions from Pacaya, one of Guatemala's most
active volcanoes, are frequently visible from Guatemala City, the
nation's capital. Pacaya is a complex volcano constructed on the
southern rim of the 14 x 16 km Pleistocene Amatitlan caldera. A
cluster of dacitic lava domes occupies the caldera floor. The Pacaya
massif includes the Cerro Grande lava dome and a younger volcano to
the SW. Collapse of Pacaya volcano about 1,100 years ago produced a
debris-avalanche deposit that extends 25 km onto the Pacific coastal
plain and left an arcuate somma rim inside which the modern Pacaya
volcano (MacKenney cone) grew. During the past several decades,
activity at Pacaya has consisted of frequent Strombolian eruptions
with intermittent lava flow extrusion on the flanks of MacKenney cone,
punctuated by occasional larger explosive eruptions.

Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia,
e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/

RABAUL New Britain (SW Pacific) 4.271°S, 152.203°E; summit elev. 688 m

RVO reported that during 12-18 July, ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's
Tavurvur cone drifted NW and W. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind
including significant accumulation in Rabaul town (3-5 km NW).

Geologic Summary. The low-lying Rabaul caldera on the tip of the
Gazelle Peninsula at the NE end of New Britain forms a broad sheltered
harbor. The outer flanks of the 688-m-high asymmetrical pyroclastic
shield volcano are formed by thick pyroclastic-flow deposits. The 8 x
14 km caldera is widely breached on the E, where its floor is flooded
by Blanche Bay.Two major Holocene caldera-forming eruptions at Rabaul
took place as recently as 3,500 and 1,400 years ago. Three small
stratovolcanoes lie outside the northern and NE caldera rims.
Post-caldera eruptions built basaltic-to-dacitic pyroclastic cones on
the caldera floor near the NE and western caldera walls. Several of
these, including Vulcan cone, which was formed during a large eruption
in 1878, have produced major explosive activity during historical
time. A powerful explosive eruption in 1994 occurred simultaneously
from Vulcan and Tavurvur volcanoes and forced the temporary
abandonment of Rabaul city.

Source: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)

SHIVELUCH Central Kamchatka (Russia) 56.653°N, 161.360°E; summit elev. 3283 m

KVERT reported that seismic activity at Shiveluch was slightly above
background levels during 11-18 July and possibly indicated ash
explosions up to 4.5 km (14,800 ft) a.s.l. on 17 July. Moderate
fumarolic activity was seen on 13 and 15 July. Observations of
satellite imagery revealed a thermal anomaly on the lava dome during
10-11 and 13-17 July. The Level of Concern Color Code remained at
Orange.

Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Shiveluch volcano (also
spelled Sheveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya
volcano group and forms one of Kamchatka's largest and most active
volcanoes. The currently active Molodoy Shiveluch lava-dome complex
was constructed during the Holocene within a large breached caldera
formed by collapse of the massive late-Pleistocene Strary Shiveluch
volcano. At least 60 large eruptions of Shiveluch have occurred during
the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the
Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Frequent collapses of lava-dome complexes, most
recently in 1964, have produced large debris avalanches whose deposits
cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. During the 1990s,
intermittent explosive eruptions took place from a new lava dome that
began growing in 1980. The largest historical eruptions from Shiveluch
occurred in 1854 and 1964.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php

SOUFRIERE HILLS Montserrat 16.72°N, 62.18°W; summit elev. 915 m

MVO reported no evidence of lava-dome growth at Soufrière Hills during
11-18 July. Seismic activity remained low. The E talus slope continued
to erode, producing minor rockfalls that descended into the Tar River
Valley. Following a small swarm of volcano-tectonic earthquakes on 20
July, four eruptive events each produced ash plumes that rose to
altitudes of 2 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. The first two
events generated plumes above the Tar River Valley possibly from small
pyroclastic flows. Ashfall was reported in Old Towne. Rumbling noises
were heard in nearby areas and lightning strikes were observed. The
Alert Level remained elevated at 4 (on a scale of 0-5).

Geologic Summary. The complex dominantly andesitic Soufrière Hills
volcano occupies the southern half of the island of Montserrat. The
summit area consists primarily of a series of lava domes emplaced
along an ESE-trending zone. English's Crater, a 1-km-wide crater
breached widely to the E, was formed during an eruption about 4,000
years ago in which the summit collapsed, producing a large submarine
debris avalanche. Block-and-ash flow and surge deposits associated
with dome growth predominate in flank deposits at Soufrière Hills.
Non-eruptive seismic swarms occurred at 30-year intervals in the 20th
century, but with the exception of a 17th-century eruption that
produced the Castle Peak lava dome, no historical eruptions were
recorded on Montserrat until 1995. Long-term small-to-moderate ash
eruptions beginning in that year were later accompanied by lava-dome
growth and pyroclastic flows that forced evacuation of the southern
half of the island and ultimately destroyed the capital city of
Plymouth, causing major social and economic disruption.

Source: Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO) http://www.mvo.ms/

ST. HELENS Washington (USA) 46.20°N, 122.18°W; summit elev. 2549 m

On 10 July, CVO lowered the Volcano Alert Level for Mount St. Helens
to Normal and the Aviation Color Code to Green, following the
cessation of lava-dome growth in late January and about five months
with no signs of renewed activity. Earthquakes, volcanic gas
emissions, and ground deformation were all at pre-eruptive background
levels.

Geologic Summary. Prior to 1980, Mount St. Helens formed a conical,
youthful volcano sometimes known as the Fuji-san of America. During
the 1980 eruption the upper 400 m of the summit was removed by slope
failure, leaving a 2 x 3.5 km horseshoe-shaped crater now partially
filled by a lava dome. Mount St. Helens was formed during nine
eruptive periods beginning about 40-50,000 years ago, and has been the
most active volcano in the Cascade Range during the Holocene. The
modern edifice was constructed during the last 2,200 years, when the
volcano produced basaltic as well as andesitic and dacitic products
from summit and flank vents. Historical eruptions in the 19th century
originated from the Goat Rocks area on the N flank, and were witnessed
by early settlers.

Source: Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO) http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/

TUNGURAHUA Ecuador 1.467°S, 78.442°W; summit elev. 5023 m

The IG reported that during 15-22 July, explosions from Tungurahua
were detected by the seismic network. Although clouds occasionally
inhibited visual observations, steam and ash-and-steam plumes were
spotted and rose to altitudes of 7-10 km (23,000-32,800 ft) a.s.l. and
drifted W and SW. On 19 and 22 July, nighttime incandescence from the
crater was observed. On 20 July, lahars descended NW and S drainages.
Ashfall was reported in areas downwind during 19-22 July. On 21 and 22
July, explosions vibrated windows in areas NW.

Geologic Summary. The steep-sided Tungurahua stratovolcano towers more
than 3 km above its northern base. It sits ~140 km S of Quito,
Ecuador's capital city, and is one of Ecuador's most active volcanoes.
Historical eruptions have all originated from the summit crater. They
have been accompanied by strong explosions and sometimes by
pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached populated areas at the
volcano's base. The last major eruption took place from 1916 to 1918,
although minor activity continued until 1925. The latest eruption
began in October 1999 and prompted temporary evacuation of the town of
Baños on the N side of the volcano.

Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG)
http://www.igepn.edu.ec/

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Sally Kuhn Sennert

SI/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report Editor

Global Volcanism Program

http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/

Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History

Department of Mineral Sciences, MRC-119

Washington, D.C., 20560

Phone: 202.633.1805
Fax: 202.357.2476

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