GVP/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 12-18 December 2007

Kimberly Genareau <kgenarea@xxxxxxx> · Wed, 19 Dec 2007 15:15:47 -0700

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GVP/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report
12-18 December 2007
http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/
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Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor
Please contact me regarding the weekly report at kuhns@xxxxxx

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between
the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological
Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday,
notices of volcanic activity posted on these pages
(http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm) are preliminary and
subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a
comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the
week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria
discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section
(http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm?content=disclaimers).
Carefully reviewed, detailed reports on various volcanoes are
published monthly in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network
(http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/bulletin/).

Note: Many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the
Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active.
To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer
available on the Internet contact the source.

Ongoing Activity

ANATAHAN United States 16.35°N, 145.67°E; summit elev. 790 m

Low-level tremor at Anatahan continued during 7-14 December. On 10
December, a plume was visible on MODIS satellite imagery that was
unconfirmed by field reports. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at
Advisory and the Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow.

Geologic Summary. The elongate, 9-km-long island of Anatahan in the
central Mariana Islands consists of large stratovolcano with a 2.3 x 5
km, E-W-trending compound summit caldera. The larger western caldera
is 2.3 x 3 km wide, and its western rim forms the island's 790-m high
point. Ponded lava flows overlain by pyroclastic deposits fill the
floor of the western caldera, whose SW side is cut by a fresh-looking
smaller crater. The 2-km-wide eastern caldera contained a steep-walled
inner crater whose floor prior to the 2003 eruption was only 68 m
above sea level. Sparseness of vegetation on the most recent lava
flows on Anatahan had indicated that they were of Holocene age, but
the first historical eruption of Anatahan did not occur until May
2003, when a large explosive eruption took place forming a new crater
inside the eastern caldera.

Source: Emergency Management Office of the Commonwealth of the Mariana
Islands and the US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory

http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/cnmi/index.html

BAGANA Papua New Guinea 6.140°S, 155.195°E; summit elev. 1750 m

Based on observations of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported
that a low-level plume from Bagana drifted SW on 10 December and an
ash-and-steam plume was observed on 17 December.

Geologic Summary. Bagana volcano, occupying a remote portion of
central Bougainville Island, is one of Melanesia's youngest and most
active volcanoes. Bagana is a massive symmetrical lava cone largely
constructed by an accumulation of viscous andesitic lava flows. The
entire lava cone could have been constructed in about 300 years at its
present rate of lava production. Eruptive activity at Bagana is
characterized by non-explosive effusion of viscous lava that maintains
a small lava dome in the summit crater, although explosive activity
occasionally producing pyroclastic flows also occurs. Lava flows form
dramatic, freshly preserved tongue-shaped lobes up to 50-m-thick with
prominent levees that descend the volcano's flanks on all sides.

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)

http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AU/messages.html

COLIMA México 19.514°N, 103.62°W; summit elev. 3850 m

Although visual observations were occasionally limited due to cloud
cover, steam and steam-and-ash plumes from Colima were observed rising
to altitudes of 4-4.4 km (13,100-14,400 ft) a.s.l. and drifting SW, N,
NE, and E during 12-16 and 18 December.

Geologic Summary. The Colima volcanic complex is the most prominent
volcanic center of the western Mexican Volcanic Belt. It consists of
two southward-younging volcanoes, Nevado de Colima (the 4,320 m high
point of the complex) on the N and the historically active Volcán de
Colima on the S. Volcán de Colima (also known as Volcán Fuego) is a
youthful stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera,
breached to the S, that has been the source of large debris
avalanches. Major slope failures have occurred repeatedly from both
the Nevado and Colima cones, and have produced a thick apron of
debris-avalanche deposits on three sides of the complex. Frequent
historical eruptions date back to the 16th century. Occasional major
explosive eruptions (most recently in 1913) have destroyed the summit
and left a deep, steep-sided crater that was slowly refilled and then
overtopped by lava dome growth.

Source: Gobierno del Estado de Colima

http://www.colima-estado.gob.mx/2006/seguridad/indvolcan.php

FUEGO Guatemala 14.473°N, 90.880°W; summit elev. 3763 m

INSIVUMEH reported on 12 October that explosions from Fuego produced
ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 4.2-4.8 km (13,800-15,700 ft)
a.s.l. and drifted W and SW. Ashfall was reported from areas to the W.
The explosions were accompanied by rumbling noises, degassing sounds,
and shock waves detected up to 15 km away. The Washington VAAC
reported a thermal anomaly along with ash plumes drifting W and NW
that were visible on satellite imagery during 15-16 December.
INSIVUMEH reported that on 17 December, Fuego returned to normal
levels after the 15-16 December eruption. A few explosions were
registered by the seismic network and ash plumes rose to altitudes of
4.5 km (17,800 ft) a.s.l. plumes drifted S and SW.

Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active
volcanoes, is one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking
Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice,
Meseta, lies between 3,763-m-high Fuego and its twin volcano to the N,
Acatenango. Construction of Meseta volcano continued until the late
Pleistocene or early Holocene, after which growth of the modern Fuego
volcano continued the southward migration of volcanism that began at
Acatenango. Frequent vigorous historical eruptions have been recorded
at Fuego since the onset of the Spanish era in 1524, and have produced
major ashfalls, along with occasional pyroclastic flows and lava
flows. The last major explosive eruption from Fuego took place in
1974, producing spectacular pyroclastic flows visible from Antigua.

Sources: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia,
e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH),
http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/geofisica/boletin%20formato.htm

Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html

KILAUEA United States 19.421°N, 155.287°W; summit elev. 1222 m

Based on overflights and web camera views, HVO reported that fissure
segment D from Kilauea's 21 July fissure eruption continued to feed
perched lava ponds within a lava flow that frequently overflowed its
channel edges during 12-18 December. An overflight on 13 December
revealed that flows from the Thanksgiving Eve Breakout (TEB) were
limited to breakouts at the base of the shield and were not active
past 800 m from the source. Lava spattered and overturned in Pond 1
and overflowed the rim. On 16 December, a 4-5-m-high hornito at the
summit of the TEB shield was active. On 17 December, lava from the TEB
was about 1.1 km SE from fissure D and fume puffed from the top of the
shield about every 15-20 minutes when visible. During 17-18 December,
crust overturned in a new lava pond that had formed from a seep on the
E side of Pond 3, and lava in the pond overflowed the margins. A few
small earthquakes were located beneath the summit, and along the upper
and lower E rift zones and S-flank fault.

Geologic Summary. Kilauea, one of five coalescing volcanoes that
comprise the island of Hawaii, is one of the world's most active
volcanoes. Eruptions at Kilauea originate primarily from the summit
caldera or along one of the lengthy E and SW rift zones that extend
from the caldera to the sea. About 90% of the surface of Kilauea is
formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the
volcano's surface is younger than 600 years. The latest Kilauea
eruption began in January 1983 along the E rift zone. This long-term
ongoing eruption from Pu`u `O`o-Kupaianaha has produced lava flows
that have traveled 11-12 km from the vents to the sea, paving about
104 km2 of land on the S flank of Kilauea and building 207 hectares of
new land.

Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory

http://volcano.wr.usgs.gov/hvostatus.php

OL DOINYO LENGAI Tanzania 2.764°S, 35.914°E; summit elev. 2962 m

Based on information from the Tanzania MVO and pilot reports, the
Toulouse VAAC reported that an ash plume from Ol Doinyo Lengai rose to
an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. on 13 December.

Geologic Summary. The symmetrical Ol Doinyo Lengai stratovolcano is
the only volcano known to have erupted carbonatite tephras and lavas
in historical time. The prominent volcano, known as "The Mountain of
God," rises abruptly above the broad plain S of Lake Natron. The
cone-building stage of the volcano ended about 15,000 years ago and
was followed by periodic ejection of natrocarbonatite and nephelinite
tephra during the Holocene. Historical eruptions have consisted of
smaller tephra eruptions and emission of numerous natrocarbonatitic
lava flows on the floor of the summit crater. Petrologists first
observed the eruption of carbonatitic lava flows in the 1960s.
Subsequent more frequent visits have documented long-term lava
effusion in the summit crater that would not have been seen from the
foot of the volcano.

Source: Toulouse Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/FR/messages.html

PACAYA Guatemala 14.381°N, 90.601°W; summit elev. 2552 m

INSIVUMEH reported that during 12-17 December constant lava flows on
the W flank of Pacaya's MacKenney cone were about 100-200 m in length.
Based on seismic interpretation, a small explosion occurred in the
crater on 12 December. Fumaroles produced plumes that drifted S and SW
and incandescence at night was observed from the summit.

Geologic Summary. Eruptions from Pacaya, one of Guatemala's most
active volcanoes, are frequently visible from Guatemala City, the
nation's capital. Pacaya is a complex volcano constructed on the
southern rim of the 14 x 16 km Pleistocene Amatitlan caldera. A
cluster of dacitic lava domes occupies the caldera floor. The Pacaya
massif includes the Cerro Grande lava dome and a younger volcano to
the SW. Collapse of Pacaya volcano about 1,100 years ago produced a
debris-avalanche deposit that extends 25 km onto the Pacific coastal
plain and left an arcuate somma rim inside which the modern Pacaya
volcano (MacKenney cone) grew. During the past several decades,
activity at Pacaya has consisted of frequent Strombolian eruptions
with intermittent lava flow extrusion on the flanks of MacKenney cone,
punctuated by occasional larger explosive eruptions.

Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia,
e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH)

http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/geofisica/boletin%20formato.htm

RABAUL Papua New Guinea 4.271°S, 152.203°E; summit elev. 688 m

RVO reported that ash plumes from the new vent in the NE crater of
Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (3,900
ft) a.s.l. during 10-13 December. Plumes drifted SE, W, NW, and E.
Ashfall was reported in areas downwind, including Rabaul town on 11
December. Occasional incandescence at the summit was observed. During
13-18 December, white plumes were observed and a strong smell of
hydrogen-sulfide gas was reported.

Geologic Summary. The low-lying Rabaul caldera on the tip of the
Gazelle Peninsula at the NE end of New Britain forms a broad sheltered
harbor. The outer flanks of the 688-m-high asymmetrical pyroclastic
shield volcano are formed by thick pyroclastic-flow deposits. The 8 x
14 km caldera is widely breached on the E, where its floor is flooded
by Blanche Bay.Two major Holocene caldera-forming eruptions at Rabaul
took place as recently as 3,500 and 1,400 years ago. Three small
stratovolcanoes lie outside the northern and NE caldera rims.
Post-caldera eruptions built basaltic-to-dacitic pyroclastic cones on
the caldera floor near the NE and western caldera walls. Several of
these, including Vulcan cone, which was formed during a large eruption
in 1878, have produced major explosive activity during historical
time. A powerful explosive eruption in 1994 occurred simultaneously
from Vulcan and Tavurvur volcanoes and forced the temporary
abandonment of Rabaul city.

Source: Steve Saunders and Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory

SANTA MARIA Guatemala 14.756°N, 91.552°W; summit elev. 3772 m

INSIVUMEH reported that during 12-17 December explosions from Santa
María's Santiaguito lava dome complex produced ash plumes that rose to
an altitude of 4.1-4.5 km (13,500-14,800 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. The
explosions were accompanied by degassing sounds and constant
avalanches on the W and SW flanks. Degassing from Caliente cone
produced plumes that rose to an altitude of 4 km (13,100 ft) a.s.l.

Geologic Summary. Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa María volcano is
one of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rises dramatically above
the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. The stratovolcano has a
sharp-topped, conical profile that is cut on the SW flank by a large,
1-km-wide crater, which formed during a catastrophic eruption in 1902
and extends from just below the summit to the lower flank. The
renowned Plinian eruption of 1902 followed a long repose period and
devastated much of SW Guatemala. The large dacitic Santiaguito
lava-dome complex has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater
since 1922. Compound dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred
episodically from four westward-younging vents, accompanied by almost
continuous minor explosions and periodic lava extrusion, larger
explosions, pyroclastic flows, and lahars.

Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanología, Meteorología,
e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH)

http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/geofisica/boletin%20formato.htm

SHIVELUCH Russia 56.653°N, 161.360°E; summit elev. 3283 m

KVERT reported that seismic activity at Shiveluch was above background
levels during 7-14 December. Based on seismic interpretation, ash
plumes rose to an altitude of 5 km (16,400 ft) a.s.l. during 7-9
December. Visual observations and video footage analysis indicated
that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 5 km (16,400 ft) a.s.l. on 12
December and gas-and-steam plumes rose to altitudes of 4-5 km
(13,100-16,400 ft) a.s.l. during the reporting period. Based on
observations of satellite imagery, a thermal anomaly was present in
the crater every day. On 18 December, KVERT reported that the number
of shallow earthquakes increased from 70 on 10 December to 390 on 17
December. KVERT warned that the aviation hazard increased. The Level
of Concern Color Code remained at Orange.

Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Shiveluch volcano (also
spelled Sheveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya
volcano group and forms one of Kamchatka's largest and most active
volcanoes. The currently active Molodoy Shiveluch lava-dome complex
was constructed during the Holocene within a large breached caldera
formed by collapse of the massive late-Pleistocene Strary Shiveluch
volcano. At least 60 large eruptions of Shiveluch have occurred during
the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the
Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Frequent collapses of lava-dome complexes, most
recently in 1964, have produced large debris avalanches whose deposits
cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. During the 1990s,
intermittent explosive eruptions took place from a new lava dome that
began growing in 1980. The largest historical eruptions from Shiveluch
occurred in 1854 and 1964.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/updates.shtml

SOUFRIERE HILLS United Kingdom 16.72°N, 62.18°W; summit elev. 915 m

MVO reported that during 7-17 December the lava dome at Soufrière
Hills changed very little, based on visual observations. Seismic
activity was very low and low-level rockfall activity continued.
Fumarolic activity on the N and E flanks of the dome continued. The
Alert Level remained elevated at 4 (on a scale of 0-5).

Geologic Summary. The complex dominantly andesitic Soufrière Hills
volcano occupies the southern half of the island of Montserrat. The
summit area consists primarily of a series of lava domes emplaced
along an ESE-trending zone. English's Crater, a 1-km-wide crater
breached widely to the E, was formed during an eruption about 4,000
years ago in which the summit collapsed, producing a large submarine
debris avalanche. Block-and-ash flow and surge deposits associated
with dome growth predominate in flank deposits at Soufrière Hills.
Non-eruptive seismic swarms occurred at 30-year intervals in the 20th
century, but with the exception of a 17th-century eruption that
produced the Castle Peak lava dome, no historical eruptions were
recorded on Montserrat until 1995. Long-term small-to-moderate ash
eruptions beginning in that year were later accompanied by lava-dome
growth and pyroclastic flows that forced evacuation of the southern
half of the island and ultimately destroyed the capital city of
Plymouth, causing major social and economic disruption.

Source: Montserrat Volcano Observatory

http://www.mvo.ms/

ST. HELENS United States 46.20°N, 122.18°W; summit elev. 2549 m

Data from deformation-monitoring instruments indicated that during
12-18 December lava-dome growth at Mount St. Helens continued.
Seismicity persisted at low levels, punctuated by M 1.5-2.5, and
occasionally larger, earthquakes. Clouds occasionally inhibited visual
observations.

Geologic Summary. Prior to 1980, Mount St. Helens formed a conical,
youthful volcano sometimes known as the Fuji-san of America. During
the 1980 eruption the upper 400 m of the summit was removed by slope
failure, leaving a 2 x 3.5 km horseshoe-shaped crater now partially
filled by a lava dome. Mount St. Helens was formed during nine
eruptive periods beginning about 40-50,000 years ago, and has been the
most active volcano in the Cascade Range during the Holocene. The
modern edifice was constructed during the last 2,200 years, when the
volcano produced basaltic as well as andesitic and dacitic products
from summit and flank vents. Historical eruptions in the 19th century
originated from the Goat Rocks area on the N flank, and were witnessed
by early settlers.

Source: Cascades Volcano Observatory

http://volcano.wr.usgs.gov/cvo/current_updates.php

SUWANOSE-JIMA Japan 29.635°N, 129.716°E; summit elev. 799 m

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that eruption
plumes from Suwanose-jima rose to altitudes of 1.5-1.8 km (5,000-6,000
ft) a.s.l. during 14-17 December and drifted E. Ash was not visible on
satellite imagery.

Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long, spindle-shaped island of
Suwanose-jima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic
stratovolcano with two historically active summit craters. Only about
50 persons live on the sparsely populated island. The summit of the
volcano is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea
on the east flank that was formed by edifice collapse. Suwanose-jima,
one of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, was in a state of
intermittent Strombolian activity from On-take, the NE summit crater,
that began in 1949 and lasted nearly a half century. The largest
historical eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits
blanketed residential areas, after which the island was uninhabited
for about 70 years. The SW crater produced lava flows that reached the
western coast in 1813, and lava flows reached the eastern coast of the
island in 1884.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/JP/messages.html

TALANG Indonesia 0.978°S, 100.679°E; summit elev. 2597 m

CVGHM lowered the Alert Level at Talang to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) on 14
December based on visual observations and a decrease in the number of
earthquakes. During 7-10 December, observations of the summit were
limited by inclement weather. On 11 December, "smoke" rose to a
maximum altitude of 3.3 km (10,800 ft) a.s.l. from the Main crater.
Plumes were also observed from South crater and Gabuo Atas solfatara
field. Visitors were advised not to go within a 2-km radius of the
summit.

Geologic Summary. Talang, which forms a twin volcano with the extinct
Pasar Arbaa volcano, has two crater lakes on its flanks. The largest
of these is 1 x 2 km wide Danau Talang. No historical eruptions have
occurred from the summit of the volcano, which lacks a crater. All
historical eruptions from Gunung Talang volcano have involved
small-to-moderate 19th-century explosive activity originating from a
series of small craters in a valley on the upper NE flank.

Source: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM)

http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/

TUNGURAHUA Ecuador 1.467°S, 78.442°W; summit elev. 5023 m

IG reported that although visual observations were occasionally
limited due to cloud cover, ash-and-steam and ash plumes from
Tungurahua rose to altitudes of 6-7 km (19,700-23,000 ft) a.s.l.
during 11-18 December. Roaring noises and "cannon shots" were heard.
During 10-11 December, seismic signal interpretation was characterized
by explosions and almost constant emission of ash plumes. Incandescent
blocks were expelled from the summit and rolled down the flanks. On 11
December, explosions vibrated windows and the ground in areas near the
volcano. During 10-14 December, ashfall was reported from areas
downwind, including areas to the SW, W, and NW, and was almost
constant during 10-12 December. On 13 December, incandescent blocks
rolled down the flanks. Noises indicating blocks rolling down the
flanks were heard on 15 December, but were not observed due to cloud
cover.

During 16-18 December, explosions rattled windows in areas around the
volcano, including Tungurahua Observatory (OVT) in Guadalupe, 11 km N,
on 16 December. Ash plumes drifted SW. On 18 December, a steam plume
rose to an altitude of 8.5 km (27,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE.
Constant steam-and-ash plumes were observed during an overflight.
Ashfall was reported in areas to the NE. Based on pilot reports,
observations of satellite imagery, and information from IG, the
Washington VAAC reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 6.7-13.7
km (22,000-45,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and NW on 18 December.

Geologic Summary. The steep-sided Tungurahua stratovolcano towers more
than 3 km above its northern base. It sits ~140 km S of Quito,
Ecuador's capital city, and is one of Ecuador's most active volcanoes.
Historical eruptions have all originated from the summit crater. They
have been accompanied by strong explosions and sometimes by
pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached populated areas at the
volcano's base. The last major eruption took place from 1916 to 1918,
although minor activity continued until 1925. The latest eruption
began in October 1999 and prompted temporary evacuation of the town of
Baños on the N side of the volcano.

Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional,
http://www.igepn.edu.ec/,

Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html

UBINAS Perú 16.355°S, 70.903°W; summit elev. 5672 m

Based on Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET) advisories
and pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from
Ubinas drifted NW during 11-12 December.

Geologic Summary. A small, 1.2-km-wide caldera that cuts the top of
Ubinas, Peru's most active volcano, gives it a truncated appearance.
Ubinas is the northernmost of three young volcanoes located along a
regional structural lineament about 50 km behind the main volcanic
front of Peru. The upper slopes of the stratovolcano, composed
primarily of Pleistocene andesitic lava flows, steepen to nearly 45
degrees. The steep-walled, 150-m-deep summit caldera contains an ash
cone with a 500-m-wide funnel-shaped vent that is 200 m deep.
Debris-avalanche deposits from the collapse of the SE flank of Ubinas
extend 10 km from the volcano. Widespread Plinian pumice-fall deposits
from Ubinas include some of Holocene age. Holocene lava flows are
visible on the volcano's flanks, but historical activity, documented
since the 16th century, has consisted of intermittent minor explosive
eruptions.

Source: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AG/messages.html

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Sally Kuhn Sennert
SI/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report Editor
Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
Department of Mineral Sciences, MRC-119
Washington, D.C., 20560
Phone: 202.633.1805
Fax: 202.357.2476

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