************************************************************** From: Donna O'Meara <someara@xxxxxxxxxxxx> ************************************************************** VOLCANO Author: Donna O'Meara PUB DATE: 11 October 07 ISBN-10: 1 84403 552 2 ISBN-13: 9781844035526 PRICE: £30.00 DESCRIPTION Every year over 50 volcanoes erupt on the earth. Some have been active for years, and others have not stirred for centuries. Throughout history mankind has been both fascinated and terrified by volcanic activity. Vesuvius, Krakatoa, and Mount St. Helens are indelibly etched into our consciousness with the immense destructive power they wrought, and the human life they have ended; yet many of us still make our homes on the fertile slopes of these majestic mountains. This book is a journey to the myriad volcanoes around the globe and indeed the solar system, giving the reader a complete up-to date analysis and a better understanding of volcanoes, as well as an inspirational account of Mother Nature at her mightiest. We showcase the greatest eruptions in history along with the newest volcanic islands that erupt each year from the seabed; it also examines the properties of lava along with its lasting effects on the landscape. From evidence of volcanic activity on the moon to craters under the sea, this book encompasses it all, making it the ultimate testament to volcanoes. AUTHOR For the last 22 years Donna O'Meara has travelled the globe, researching and documenting volcanoes on film and video for, among others, The National Geographic Society. O'Meara's volcano research and award winning writing and photography have been the subject of over a dozen television documentaries produced by organizations including The Smithsonian Institution, National Geographic Television, The Learning Channel, Inside Edition. Donna and her husband Stephen founded their research organization, Volcano Watch International, in 1994 to examine how volcanoes work and to uncover mysteries that might someday save lives. Donna lives in Hawaii's rain forest atop the world's most active volcano, Kilauea, with Stephen and there little dog Daisy Duke. CHAPTERS Chapter 1: The Big Bang Volcanic eruptions are the most powerful of all natural events on earth. The chapter will showcase volcanoes at their mightiest. Yellowstone, USA Yellowstone was the site of one of the earth's largest eruptions. The eruption 640,000 years ago covered the whole of North America with ash. The caldera still shows geothermal activity and contains the world's largest collection of geysers. Tambora volcano, Indonesia Tambora volcano was the site of the largest witnessed eruption on earth. The 1815 eruption produced global climate effects. Recently discovered remains of a town destroyed by the eruption have been given the title the "Pompeii of the East". Krakatau Volcano, Indonesia The colossal eruption of Krakatau in 1883 produced an explosion which was heard 4600 km away! The eruption created 40m high tsunamis, which killed 28,000 people. Mt St Helens, USA The mainland USA eruption of Mt St Helens in 1980 was one of the best-studied eruptions in history. Vesuvius, Italy The eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD was famous for destroying Pompeii. Manam, Papua New Guinea Manam volcano is the most active in Papua New Guinea. In 2004 it erupted with an explosion that was heard 200 km away. 10,000 people were evacuated from the island. Pinatubo, Philippines Pinatubo was the site of the world's most recent colossal eruption in 1991. Chapter 2: Lakes, Flows, and Fountains Emissions from volcanoes include lava lakes, lava flows, and explosions of lava in the form of fountains and glowing projectiles. This chapter also deals with crater lakes, which show a wide variety of colours and settings. Lake Taupo 26, 000 years ago, Taupo produced one of the largest eruptions in pre-history. Taupo is an example of an inverse volcano, which slopes in towards the most recent crater. Erta Ale, Ethiopia Erta Ale is a desert volcano with a long-standing lava lake. The volcano is located in the hottest region on earth. Kilauea, Hawaii Kilauea volcano has produced continuous lava flows since 1983. Currently has lava entering the sea. Ol Doinyo Lengai, Tanzania The only volcano in the world with black lava flows. Nyiragongo, Democratic Republic of Congo Nyiragongo volcano is one of the world's most prolific producers of lava. An eruption in 2002 sent lava flowing through the streets of Goma, and forced the evacuation of 500,000 people. The summit crater often contains a lava lake. Soufriere Hills, Montserrat Well documented pyroclastic flows ongoing since 1995. Some of the pyroclastic flows crossed the ocean. Striking photographs of a half buried town. Mt Etna, Italy Mt Etna has the longest recorded history of eruptions. The volcano is famous for the great variety of eruption styles. Photos available of 800 m high lava fountains and in 2000 there were 200 m diameter gas rings produced from one of the summit craters. Stromboli, Italy Spectacular eruptions for thousands of years set in a majestic Mediterranean landscape. Echo crater, New Zealand Pea green volcanic lake in Echo Crater, Waimangu Rift Valley (50m deep). Chapter 3: Cones, craters, calderas The physical appearance of a volcano is influenced by a number of factors. We show the classic volcanic feature – the crater - is in fact diverse and variable in appearance. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania Kilimanjaro is the highest point in Africa. The mountain is an extinct volcano. Mt Fuji, Japan Mt Fuji is the highest mountain in Japan, and a picture postcard volcanic cone. USU, Japan In 2000 a volcanic crater opened up inside the town of Toyako Onsen. Toba, Indonesia One of the largest calderas in the world (80 x 30 km) Campi Flegrei, Italy Caldera settled by a large urban population. Caldera is seismically active, and volcanically unstable. Rabaul, Papua New Guinea A restless caldera, with many dangerous eruptions. Rabaul town continues to rebuild inside the caldera despite the repeated eruptions. Tengger Caldera, Indonesia Spectacular caldera in eastern Java, contains 2 recently active volcanoes – Bromo, and Semeru. Fernandina, Galapagos Islands A large eruption in 1968 dropped the caldera floor by 350 m. Ngorongoro Cater, Tanzania Perfect volcanic crater filled with wildlife. World Heritage listed. Perfect volcano craters include Vesuvius (Italy), Ambrym (Vanuatu), Yasur (Vanuatu), and Ruapehu (New Zealand) Chapter 4: Lasting Landforms Most people have seen volcanic landscape more often than they think. Volcanoes don't just shape those mountains with craters at the top, but are responsible for some of the world's most beautiful and unusual features. This chapter deals with all of the above. Lava stalactites, Thurston Lava Tube, Hawaii Tubular lava stalactites are common in many lava tubes. They have a concentric tubular and range in diameter from 0.4 to 1 cm. Tabacon Hot Springs, Costa Rica Hot springs are areas where hot water comes to the surface of the Earth, due to groundwater moving downward and being heated by a body of magma or hot rock. Rift Valley, East Africa This is a huge volcanic depression, which extends for 5000 km from the Red Sea to Mozambique. In Kenya the rift valley has visually stunning areas such as the flamingo colonies of Lake Bogoria. In northern Kenya is Lake Turkana with volcanic cinder cones. Strombolicchio volcanic neck, Italy Sometimes lava frozen in a conduit or pipe will remain standing long after the outside volcano has eroded away, producing interesting landforms. Andes Mountains The Andes mountain range contains the world's highest volcanoes. Llullaillaco volcano (Chile) 6739 m Cotopaxi (Ecuador) Sangay volcano (Ecuador) 5230 m. A world heritage listed site. Lava Tree Mold, Lava Tree State Park, Hawaii Fluid basaltic lava may preserve the shapes of trees and other objects by solidifying around them. Kronotzky Stratovolcano, Russia Stratovolcanoes are what most people associate with the word volcano. These towering peaks rise to hundreds or several thousands meters high. Dominating the landscape. Chapter 5: Volcanoes and the Sea Most of the world's volcanoes exist under the sea. Deep ocean hydrothermal vents are the interface with seawater and volcanoes. The hot hydrothermal vents produce dark mineral precipitates on mixing with cold seawater. Unique ecosystems exist around the vents. Where tectonic plates meet each other in the ocean, many volcanoes can be found and those volcanoes that are close neighbours to the ocean provide magnificent vistas. Aleutian Volcanic Islands, Alaska The Aleutian islands are a chain of more than 300 small volcanic islands, forming an island arc in the North pacific. Iceland, the world's largest volcanic island Iceland was created by a volcanic oceanic rift meeting the ocean. Rarotonga volcanic island, Cook Islands The youngest in the Cook Islands group its mighty central massif is the remains of a once vast pyramid. White island, New Zealand The White island is estimated to be between 150, 000 to 200, 000 years old. It was named White Island by Captain Cook, the first European to sight the island. Volcanic virgin sea vent chimney, Axiel volcano, Pacific Ocean Chimneys top some hydrothermal vents. These smokestacks are formed from dissolved metals that precipitate out when the super-hot vent water meets surrounding water. Chapter 6: Extraterrestrial Action Most of the rocky planets of the solar system contain evidence of past volcanic activity. Volcanoes of the Moon The first moon landing in 1969 touched down on a lava flow. Apollo 15 landed in a spectacular lava channel 3 km wide, 1 km deep, and 100 km long. Volcanoes on Io The innermost moon of Jupiter contains active volcanoes. The volcanoes eject plumes to a height of up to 300 km. Volcanoes on Venus Venus has a large number of well-preserved volcanic landforms. There are 168 large volcanoes, and hundreds of smaller ones, as well as many unusual volcanic features. Volcanoes on Mars Mars contains the largest volcano known, Olympus Mons – 500 km wide and 25 km high. Cryovolcanism on Triton Triton is a moon of Neptune and contains volcanoes, which erupt water and volatiles onto the icy surface. ============================================================== To unsubscribe from the volcano list, send the message: signoff volcano to: listserv@xxxxxxx, or write to: volcano-request@xxxxxxxx To contribute to the volcano list, send your message to: volcano@xxxxxxxx Please do not send attachments. ==============================================================
