I would hazard a guess that the 'static' keyword and functionality comes from ANSI C. I just pulled "The C Programming Language" by Kernighan and Ritchie from the book case and it is described there in it. Essential book, by the way, IMHO. -- -David. When the power of love overcomes the love of power, the world will know peace. -Jimi Hendrix -- PHP General Mailing List (http://www.php.net/) To unsubscribe, visit: http://www.php.net/unsub.php