Sri, > > I have a doubt regarding devices, with respect to how they operate. > Every device needs some cycles to operate. So, devices like NIC, Video > controller, memory controller, ...., does they all have their own > clock or core. Or these controllers act in respect to system clock are > CPU clock. > Please help me clarify this doubt. > I don't know you but I need to play/exercise the hardware to fully understand how it works. Reading only will remove half of questions. Seeing how the thing works removes the remaining "doubts". Couple of topics above I posted a pointer to a test board based on a very simple micro-controller from Texas Instruments. Follow the link, read with attention the description. For a very low price you get a working "device" plus the IDE to program it. You may order two of them link together their serial ports and see how the UART works in conjunction with the CPU. I guess most of those who read my post didn't catch the signification of this event. I'm in no way linked to T.I. I use, professionally their products and I'm thrilled to see what they just did. Do you want to understand how CPU, UART, Clock/Timer, GPIO, Interrupts work? Play with this development board. Dave, as he explained you how things work together pointed you to a complex TI micro controller. It is an powerful ARM based platform and would be excellent to play with such device to understand how it works. The one I point to is much. much simpler and affordable to start with. It has only 128 bytes of RAM, 2K of flash and 14 pins. But it packs a risk CPU, couple of timers, serial ports, A/D and GPIOs. It is excellent to learn. To be __CLEAR__ - you won't do Linux driers on this platform. You will learn how "devices" (H/W) work. Come back to Linux after and everything will be much, much simpler to understand. Have fun, Stephan. p.s. There is a Wiki linked to this platform. I provides doc, help, examples and a group to share knowledge. http://ti.com/launchpadwiki -- To unsubscribe from this list: send an email with "unsubscribe kernelnewbies" to ecartis@xxxxxxxxxxxx Please read the FAQ at http://kernelnewbies.org/FAQ