Re: WARNING: CPU: 11 PID: 7966 at fs/xfs/libxfs/xfs_bmap.c:5408 xfs_bmap_del_extent+0xdc8/0xe80 [xfs] and having a call trace

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On Tue, Jan 31, 2017 at 12:16:27AM +0800, Patrick Dung wrote:
> 1. I had upgraded to kernel 4.9.5 now
> I just reproduce the call trace again by doing the cp on the smaller vmdk file.
> 
...
> 
> After that I did not reboot, I am not able to reproduce the same error
> message when doing cp.
> 
> 2. When I check my log, it also have problem in kernel 4.8.14:
...
> 
> 3. The output for xfs_io is long, please find the output in the attached file.
> 

Thanks. I created an image similar to the smaller file and was able to
reproduce. As expected, we have an extent that is split into two via
hole punch where the worst case indlen for one is notably larger than
the other:

  cp-15971 [007] .... 64558.722353: xfs_bmap_pre_update: dev 253:3 ino 0x63 state  idx 5 offset 143 block 4503599627241525 count 524273 flag 0 caller xfs_bmap_del_extent [xfs]
  cp-15971 [007] .... 64558.722374: xfs_bmap_del_extent: 5247: worst_indlen 2101
  cp-15971 [007] .... 64558.722376: xfs_bmap_del_extent: 5323: da_old 2101 temp 2101 temp2 762
  cp-15971 [007] .... 64558.722377: xfs_bmap_del_extent: 5333: temp 1784 temp2 445 stolen 128
  cp-15971 [007] .... 64558.722379: xfs_bmap_post_update: dev 253:3 ino 0x63 state  idx 5 offset 143 block 4503599627241208 count 334784 flag 0 caller xfs_bmap_del_extent [xfs]

  cp-15971 [007] .... 64559.497025: xfs_bmap_pre_update: dev 253:3 ino 0x63 state  idx 6 offset 335055 block 4503599627239869 count 189361 flag 0 caller xfs_bmap_del_extent [xfs]
  cp-15971 [007] .... 64559.497045: xfs_bmap_del_extent: 5247: worst_indlen 762
  cp-15971 [007] .... 64559.497047: xfs_bmap_del_extent: 5323: da_old 445 temp 762 temp2 161
  cp-15971 [007] .... 64559.497048: xfs_bmap_del_extent: 5333: temp 509 temp2 0 stolen 64
  cp-15971 [007] .... 64559.497049: xfs_bmap_post_update: dev 253:3 ino 0x63 state  idx 6 offset 335055 block 4503599627239933 count 150016 flag 0 caller xfs_bmap_del_extent [xfs]

The first hunk splits an extent with the expected number of indlen
blocks into two where both are underreserved. The second hunk splits the
second extent further such that the delta between the required
reservation of both extents (762 + 161) and what is actually available
(445 + 64) is larger than the requirement for the second extent (161).
This means that xfs_bmap_split_indlen() is going to drain the indlen of
the second extent before it is able to honor the available reservation.

I think this kind of thing is always going to be possible under the
current implementation, when large enough extents are created and then
recursively split up enough times. Note that the fact that this is
speculative preallocation contributes to the problem by preventing the
hole punch from converting these post-eof delalloc extents to real
extents and consuming (or freeing) the reservation. This is probably why
this is more reproducible via cp as opposed to our explicit write/hole
punch tests.

I think an appropriate fix here is to fix up the split_indlen()
algorithm to implement the same kind of fair distribution it provides
across first level splits to splits where the original extent is already
underreserved. It's far more risky IMO to have an extent with zero
indlen blocks than one that is underreserved with respect to the worst
case. I'll cook something up and post once I have it tested..

Brian

> Thanks,
> Patrick
> 
> On Mon, Jan 30, 2017 at 11:43 PM, Brian Foster <bfoster@xxxxxxxxxx> wrote:
> > On Mon, Jan 30, 2017 at 11:07:58PM +0800, Patrick Dung wrote:
> >> Hi Brian,
> >>
> >> Resent in plain text mode.
> >> The mailing list could not accept email in html format.
> >>
> >> For your information:
> >>
> >> 1) The cp command was issued at '2017-01-30 03:02:49'
> >> $ cp --sparse=always -rp 'source' 'destination'
> >> I was copying a 55GB folder including two vmare images from a ext4
> >> file system to a XFS file system
> >>
> >> $ stat disk1.vmdk
> >>   File: 'disk1.vmdk'
> >>   Size: 50465865728     Blocks: 97561480   IO Block: 262144 regular file
> >>
> >> $ stat disk2.vmdk
> >>   File: 'disk2.vmdk'
> >>   Size: 3825795072      Blocks: 7470568    IO Block: 262144 regular file
> >>
> >> By looking at the number of blocks reported by command stat, those
> >> files should be sparse files.
> >>
> >
> > Thanks. This should only happen once per-copy. Was this run and
> > reproduced multiple times across reboots?
> >
> > While sparse, it does look like those images are mostly allocated. Could
> > you provide the fiemap info for both (e.g., 'xfs_io -c "fiemap -v"
> > <file>')?
> >
> > Brian
> >
> >> 2) kernel log at:
> >> Jan 30 03:03:05 home kernel: [39331.104014] WARNING: CPU: 11 PID: 7966
> >> at fs/xfs/libxfs/xfs_bmap.c:5408 xfs_bmap_del_extent+0xdc8/0xe80 [xfs]
> >>
> >> 3) The mount options for XFS is:
> >> defaults,relatime,logbufs=8,logbsize=262144,largeio
> >>
> >> Thanks,
> >> Patrick
> >>
> >> On Mon, Jan 30, 2017 at 10:05 PM, Brian Foster <bfoster@xxxxxxxxxx> wrote:
> >> > On Mon, Jan 30, 2017 at 03:45:27AM +0800, Patrick Dung wrote:
> >> >> Hello
> >> >>
> >> >> I have encounter this warning message twice in recently.
> >> >> Do you know what is it about?
> >> >>
> >> >> [39331.103938] ------------[ cut here ]------------
> >> >> [39331.104014] WARNING: CPU: 11 PID: 7966 at
> >> >> fs/xfs/libxfs/xfs_bmap.c:5408 xfs_bmap_del_extent+0xdc8/0xe80 [xfs]
> >> >> [39331.104122] CPU: 11 PID: 7966 Comm: cp Tainted: G           OE
> >> >> 4.9.3-200.fc25.x86_64 #1
> >> >
> >> > This warning is related to the extra blocks that are stashed away with
> >> > delayed allocation extents to cover bmap btree insertion. When a
> >> > delalloc extent is created, a particularly sized block reservation is
> >> > stashed along with it to help cover bmapbt block allocation when the
> >> > extent is converted to real blocks and inserted to the on-disk btree.
> >> >
> >> > If the delalloc extent is modified before it is ultimately converted, if
> >> > a hole is punched (as the stack below shows) and it is split in two for
> >> > example, then the existing reservation must be shared across the two
> >> > extents. This warning fires when we encounter a situation where we're
> >> > left with a delalloc extent with zero reserved blocks.
> >> >
> >> > This is not a catastrophic error in and of itself as not every bmbt
> >> > insertion requires bmbt block allocation. It is not expected nor ideal
> >> > however. The warning exists so we have notification that there is still
> >> > an allocation pattern (and I have a suspicion from reviewing the code)
> >> > that leads to this risky state and we can try to address it. The stack
> >> > suggests a cp is freeing up space... can you describe what exactly you
> >> > are doing when this tends to occur? A quick look at coreutils source
> >> > suggests that cp calls fallocate() to punch a hole and explicitly work
> >> > around XFS preallocation when copying sparse files. Given that, it
> >> > wouldn't surprise me if copying a particular source file tends to
> >> > reproduce this more than others.
> >> >
> >> > Also note that this is a WARN_ON_ONCE(), which means once it fires
> >> > you'll have to reboot before it will reproduce.
> >> >
> >> > Brian
> >> >
> >> >> [39331.104127]  ffff9ddbb7ba3ab8 ffffffff843f3ddd 0000000000000000
> >> >> 0000000000000000
> >> >> [39331.104132]  ffff9ddbb7ba3af8 ffffffff840a202b 00001520b7ba3ca8
> >> >> ffff900c5a598400
> >> >> [39331.104136]  ffff9ddbb7ba3ca0 0000000000001cc0 0000000000000000
> >> >> 0000000000000000
> >> >> [39331.104140] Call Trace:
> >> >> [39331.104150]  [<ffffffff843f3ddd>] dump_stack+0x63/0x86
> >> >> [39331.104154]  [<ffffffff840a202b>] __warn+0xcb/0xf0
> >> >> [39331.104158]  [<ffffffff840a215d>] warn_slowpath_null+0x1d/0x20
> >> >> [39331.104198]  [<ffffffffc0ba9018>] xfs_bmap_del_extent+0xdc8/0xe80 [xfs]
> >> >> [39331.104237]  [<ffffffffc0bad3bd>] __xfs_bunmapi+0x5bd/0xb90 [xfs]
> >> >> [39331.104274]  [<ffffffffc0bad9bb>] xfs_bunmapi+0x2b/0x40 [xfs]
> >> >> [39331.104320]  [<ffffffffc0be3056>] xfs_free_file_space+0x256/0x300 [xfs]
> >> >> [39331.104366]  [<ffffffffc0bea79a>] xfs_file_fallocate+0x18a/0x3b0 [xfs]
> >> >> [39331.104370]  [<ffffffff84256077>] vfs_fallocate+0x157/0x220
> >> >> [39331.104373]  [<ffffffff84256e88>] SyS_fallocate+0x48/0x80
> >> >> [39331.104376]  [<ffffffff842591a7>] ? SyS_lseek+0x87/0xb0
> >> >> [39331.104383]  [<ffffffff8481bbf7>] entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath+0x1a/0xa9
> >> >> [39331.104386] ---[ end trace 964857cd95d3bbff ]---
> >> >>
> >> >> Thanks.
> >> >> Patrick
> >> >> --
> >> >> To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-xfs" in
> >> >> the body of a message to majordomo@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
> >> >> More majordomo info at  http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.html
> >> --
> >> To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-xfs" in
> >> the body of a message to majordomo@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
> >> More majordomo info at  http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.html

> # xfs_io -c "fiemap -v" disk1.vmdk
> dis1.vmdk:
>  EXT: FILE-OFFSET        BLOCK-RANGE              TOTAL FLAGS
>    0: [0..511]:          1050143864..1050144375     512   0x0
>    1: [512..2047]:       hole                      1536
>    2: [2048..7167]:      1053279976..1053285095    5120   0x0
>    3: [7168..8703]:      hole                      1536
>    4: [8704..9727]:      1053286632..1053287655    1024   0x0
>    5: [9728..21503]:     hole                     11776
>    6: [21504..59391]:    1053299432..1053337319   37888   0x0
>    7: [59392..62975]:    hole                      3584
>    8: [62976..93183]:    1053340904..1053371111   30208   0x0
>    9: [93184..94207]:    hole                      1024
>   10: [94208..95231]:    1053372136..1053373159    1024   0x0
>   11: [95232..95743]:    hole                       512
>   12: [95744..98815]:    1053373672..1053376743    3072   0x0
>   13: [98816..112127]:   hole                     13312
>   14: [112128..113151]:  1053376744..1053377767    1024   0x0
>   15: [113152..113663]:  hole                       512
>   16: [113664..118271]:  1053378280..1053382887    4608   0x0
>   17: [118272..118783]:  hole                       512
>   18: [118784..119807]:  1053383400..1053384423    1024   0x0
>   19: [119808..120831]:  hole                      1024
>   20: [120832..123903]:  1053385448..1053388519    3072   0x0
>   21: [123904..206335]:  hole                     82432
>   22: [206336..207359]:  1053388520..1053389543    1024   0x0
>   23: [207360..283135]:  hole                     75776
>   24: [283136..283647]:  1053389544..1053390055     512   0x0
>   25: [283648..615935]:  hole                    332288
>   26: [615936..1587711]: 1121183712..1122155487  971776   0x0
>   27: [1587712..1588223]: hole                       512
>   28: [1588224..1638911]: 1122156000..1122206687   50688   0x0
>   29: [1638912..1640959]: hole                      2048
>   30: [1640960..1641983]: 1122208736..1122209759    1024   0x0
>   31: [1641984..1642495]: hole                       512
>   32: [1642496..1915391]: 1122210272..1122483167  272896   0x0
>   33: [1915392..1916415]: hole                      1024
>   34: [1916416..2077695]: 1122484192..1122645471  161280   0x0
>   35: [2077696..2079743]: hole                      2048
>   36: [2079744..2180607]: 1122647520..1122748383  100864   0x0
>   37: [2180608..2181119]: hole                       512
>   38: [2181120..2705919]: 1122748896..1123273695  524800   0x0
>   39: [2705920..2708991]: hole                      3072
>   40: [2708992..2776063]: 1123276768..1123343839   67072   0x0
>   41: [2776064..2777599]: hole                      1536
>   42: [2777600..3314687]: 1123345376..1123882463  537088   0x0
>   43: [3314688..3315199]: hole                       512
>   44: [3315200..3315711]: 1123882976..1123883487     512   0x0
>   45: [3315712..3316223]: hole                       512
>   46: [3316224..3317759]: 1123884000..1123885535    1536   0x0
>   47: [3317760..3318271]: hole                       512
>   48: [3318272..3318783]: 1123886048..1123886559     512   0x0
>   49: [3318784..3319807]: hole                      1024
>   50: [3319808..3454975]: 1123887584..1124022751  135168   0x0
>   51: [3454976..3458047]: hole                      3072
>   52: [3458048..4977151]: 1124025824..1125544927 1519104   0x0
>   53: [4977152..4977663]: hole                       512
>   54: [4977664..4995071]: 1125545440..1125562847   17408   0x0
>   55: [4995072..4996607]: hole                      1536
>   56: [4996608..6269951]: 1125564384..1126837727 1273344   0x0
>   57: [6269952..6270463]: hole                       512
>   58: [6270464..6275583]: 1126838240..1126843359    5120   0x0
>   59: [6275584..6295039]: hole                     19456
>   60: [6295040..6426623]: 1126862816..1126994399  131584   0x0
>   61: [6426624..6429695]: hole                      3072
>   62: [6429696..6572031]: 1126997472..1127139807  142336   0x0
>   63: [6572032..6579199]: hole                      7168
>   64: [6579200..6580223]: 1127139808..1127140831    1024   0x0
>   65: [6580224..6581759]: hole                      1536
>   66: [6581760..7496191]: 1127142368..1128056799  914432   0x0
>   67: [7496192..7496703]: hole                       512
>   68: [7496704..8169471]: 1128057312..1128730079  672768   0x0
>   69: [8169472..8170495]: hole                      1024
>   70: [8170496..8521215]: 1128731104..1129081823  350720   0x0
>   71: [8521216..8522239]: hole                      1024
>   72: [8522240..8763391]: 1129082848..1129323999  241152   0x0
>   73: [8763392..8763903]: hole                       512
>   74: [8763904..9417727]: 1129324512..1129978335  653824   0x0
>   75: [9417728..9420799]: hole                      3072
>   76: [9420800..9446399]: 1129981408..1130007007   25600   0x0
>   77: [9446400..9447423]: hole                      1024
>   78: [9447424..11557887]: 1130008032..1132118495 2110464   0x0
>   79: [11557888..11558399]: hole                       512
>   80: [11558400..11603967]: 1132119008..1132164575   45568   0x0
>   81: [11603968..11604479]: hole                       512
>   82: [11604480..11607551]: 1132165088..1132168159    3072   0x0
>   83: [11607552..11609599]: hole                      2048
>   84: [11609600..13382655]: 1132170208..1133943263 1773056   0x0
>   85: [13382656..13383167]: hole                       512
>   86: [13383168..16280063]: 1133943776..1136840671 2896896   0x0
>   87: [16280064..16280575]: hole                       512
>   88: [16280576..16674815]: 1136841184..1137235423  394240   0x0
>   89: [16674816..16676351]: hole                      1536
>   90: [16676352..16965631]: 1137236960..1137526239  289280   0x0
>   91: [16965632..16966655]: hole                      1024
>   92: [16966656..16969215]: 1137527264..1137529823    2560   0x0
>   93: [16969216..16970239]: hole                      1024
>   94: [16970240..16971775]: 1137530848..1137532383    1536   0x0
>   95: [16971776..16973311]: hole                      1536
>   96: [16973312..16975871]: 1137533920..1137536479    2560   0x0
>   97: [16975872..16976895]: hole                      1024
>   98: [16976896..16979967]: 1137537504..1137540575    3072   0x0
>   99: [16979968..16980991]: hole                      1024
>  100: [16980992..17009663]: 1137541600..1137570271   28672   0x0
>  101: [17009664..17011199]: hole                      1536
>  102: [17011200..17017855]: 1137571808..1137578463    6656   0x0
>  103: [17017856..17019391]: hole                      1536
>  104: [17019392..17023487]: 1137580000..1137584095    4096   0x0
>  105: [17023488..17024511]: hole                      1024
>  106: [17024512..17056255]: 1137585120..1137616863   31744   0x0
>  107: [17056256..17057791]: hole                      1536
>  108: [17057792..17059839]: 1137618400..1137620447    2048   0x0
>  109: [17059840..17061375]: hole                      1536
>  110: [17061376..17062911]: 1137621984..1137623519    1536   0x0
>  111: [17062912..17064447]: hole                      1536
>  112: [17064448..17066495]: 1137625056..1137627103    2048   0x0
>  113: [17066496..17068031]: hole                      1536
>  114: [17068032..17070591]: 1137628640..1137631199    2560   0x0
>  115: [17070592..17072127]: hole                      1536
>  116: [17072128..17100799]: 1137632736..1137661407   28672   0x0
>  117: [17100800..17101823]: hole                      1024
>  118: [17101824..17108991]: 1137662432..1137669599    7168   0x0
>  119: [17108992..17110015]: hole                      1024
>  120: [17110016..17114111]: 1137670624..1137674719    4096   0x0
>  121: [17114112..17115647]: hole                      1536
>  122: [17115648..17930751]: 1137676256..1138491359  815104   0x0
>  123: [17930752..17931775]: hole                      1024
>  124: [17931776..17932799]: 1138492384..1138493407    1024   0x0
>  125: [17932800..17947647]: hole                     14848
>  126: [17947648..18446335]: 1138508256..1139006943  498688   0x0
>  127: [18446336..18446847]: hole                       512
>  128: [18446848..18448383]: 1139007456..1139008991    1536   0x0
>  129: [18448384..18448895]: hole                       512
>  130: [18448896..18775551]: 1139009504..1139336159  326656   0x0
>  131: [18775552..18776063]: hole                       512
>  132: [18776064..18786815]: 1139336672..1139347423   10752   0x0
>  133: [18786816..18787327]: hole                       512
>  134: [18787328..19220991]: 1139347936..1139781599  433664   0x0
>  135: [19220992..19221503]: hole                       512
>  136: [19221504..19317759]: 1139782112..1139878367   96256   0x0
>  137: [19317760..19321343]: hole                      3584
>  138: [19321344..19453439]: 1139881952..1140014047  132096   0x0
>  139: [19453440..19453951]: hole                       512
>  140: [19453952..19520511]: 1140014560..1140081119   66560   0x0
>  141: [19520512..19521023]: hole                       512
>  142: [19521024..19810303]: 1140081632..1140370911  289280   0x0
>  143: [19810304..19810815]: hole                       512
>  144: [19810816..19834879]: 1140371424..1140395487   24064   0x0
>  145: [19834880..19835391]: hole                       512
>  146: [19835392..19974655]: 1140396000..1140535263  139264   0x0
>  147: [19974656..19975167]: hole                       512
>  148: [19975168..20068351]: 1140535776..1140628959   93184   0x0
>  149: [20068352..20068863]: hole                       512
>  150: [20068864..20730367]: 1140629472..1141290975  661504   0x0
>  151: [20730368..20731391]: hole                      1024
>  152: [20731392..20950015]: 1141292000..1141510623  218624   0x0
>  153: [20950016..20950527]: hole                       512
>  154: [20950528..21046271]: 1141511136..1141606879   95744   0x0
>  155: [21046272..21046783]: hole                       512
>  156: [21046784..21412351]: 1141607392..1141972959  365568   0x0
>  157: [21412352..21412863]: hole                       512
>  158: [21412864..21487615]: 1141973472..1142048223   74752   0x0
>  159: [21487616..21488127]: hole                       512
>  160: [21488128..21499903]: 1142048736..1142060511   11776   0x0
>  161: [21499904..21500415]: hole                       512
>  162: [21500416..21576191]: 1142061024..1142136799   75776   0x0
>  163: [21576192..21576703]: hole                       512
>  164: [21576704..22129663]: 1142137312..1142690271  552960   0x0
>  165: [22129664..22130175]: hole                       512
>  166: [22130176..22726655]: 1142690784..1143287263  596480   0x0
>  167: [22726656..22727167]: hole                       512
>  168: [22727168..22737407]: 1143287776..1143298015   10240   0x0
>  169: [22737408..22737919]: hole                       512
>  170: [22737920..22889047]: 1143298528..1143449655  151128   0x0
>  171: [22889048..22889983]: hole                       936
>  172: [22889984..23717887]: 1143450592..1144278495  827904   0x0
>  173: [23717888..23718399]: hole                       512
>  174: [23718400..23718911]: 1144279008..1144279519     512   0x0
>  175: [23718912..23719423]: hole                       512
>  176: [23719424..23719935]: 1144280032..1144280543     512   0x0
>  177: [23719936..23720447]: hole                       512
>  178: [23720448..23720959]: 1144281056..1144281567     512   0x0
>  179: [23720960..23721471]: hole                       512
>  180: [23721472..23721983]: 1144282080..1144282591     512   0x0
>  181: [23721984..23722495]: hole                       512
>  182: [23722496..23723007]: 1144283104..1144283615     512   0x0
>  183: [23723008..23723519]: hole                       512
>  184: [23723520..23776255]: 1144284128..1144336863   52736   0x0
>  185: [23776256..23776767]: hole                       512
>  186: [23776768..23906303]: 1144337376..1144466911  129536   0x0
>  187: [23906304..23907839]: hole                      1536
>  188: [23907840..24909311]: 1144468448..1145469919 1001472   0x0
>  189: [24909312..24912895]: hole                      3584
>  190: [24912896..25517055]: 1145473504..1146077663  604160   0x0
>  191: [25517056..25517567]: hole                       512
>  192: [25517568..27249151]: 1146078176..1147809759 1731584   0x0
>  193: [27249152..27250687]: hole                      1536
>  194: [27250688..27976191]: 1255777168..1256502671  725504   0x0
>  195: [27976192..27976703]: hole                       512
>  196: [27976704..28846591]: 1256503184..1257373071  869888   0x0
>  197: [28846592..28847103]: hole                       512
>  198: [28847104..30213631]: 1257373584..1258740111 1366528   0x0
>  199: [30213632..30561791]: 1527971360..1528319519  348160   0x0
>  200: [30561792..30563327]: hole                      1536
>  201: [30563328..30646783]: 1528321056..1528404511   83456   0x0
>  202: [30646784..30648319]: hole                      1536
>  203: [30648320..30949887]: 1528406048..1528707615  301568   0x0
>  204: [30949888..30950911]: hole                      1024
>  205: [30950912..31876607]: 1536943712..1537869407  925696   0x0
>  206: [31876608..31877119]: hole                       512
>  207: [31877120..32035839]: 1537869920..1538028639  158720   0x0
>  208: [32035840..32036351]: hole                       512
>  209: [32036352..32038911]: 1538029152..1538031711    2560   0x0
>  210: [32038912..32051199]: hole                     12288
>  211: [32051200..33149439]: 1538044000..1539142239 1098240   0x0
>  212: [33149440..33149951]: hole                       512
>  213: [33149952..33152511]: 1539142752..1539145311    2560   0x0
>  214: [33152512..33153023]: hole                       512
>  215: [33153024..33574399]: 1539145824..1539567199  421376   0x0
>  216: [33574400..33574911]: hole                       512
>  217: [33574912..33880575]: 1539567712..1539873375  305664   0x0
>  218: [33880576..33881087]: hole                       512
>  219: [33881088..33881599]: 1539873888..1539874399     512   0x0
>  220: [33881600..33882111]: hole                       512
>  221: [33882112..35149311]: 1539874912..1541142111 1267200   0x0
>  222: [35149312..35150847]: hole                      1536
>  223: [35150848..35222015]: 1541143648..1541214815   71168   0x0
>  224: [35222016..35224575]: hole                      2560
>  225: [35224576..36104703]: 1541217376..1542097503  880128   0x0
>  226: [36104704..36105215]: hole                       512
>  227: [36105216..38680063]: 1542098016..1544672863 2574848   0x0
>  228: [38680064..38680575]: hole                       512
>  229: [38680576..39073791]: 1544673376..1545066591  393216   0x0
>  230: [39073792..39074815]: hole                      1024
>  231: [39074816..39279615]: 1545067616..1545272415  204800   0x0
>  232: [39279616..39281151]: hole                      1536
>  233: [39281152..39755263]: 1545273952..1545748063  474112   0x0
>  234: [39755264..39755775]: hole                       512
>  235: [39755776..39841791]: 1545748576..1545834591   86016   0x0
>  236: [39841792..39842303]: hole                       512
>  237: [39842304..39950847]: 1545835104..1545943647  108544   0x0
>  238: [39950848..39951359]: hole                       512
>  239: [39951360..40153599]: 1545944160..1546146399  202240   0x0
>  240: [40153600..40154111]: hole                       512
>  241: [40154112..40155647]: 1546146912..1546148447    1536   0x0
>  242: [40155648..40156159]: hole                       512
>  243: [40156160..40638975]: 1546148960..1546631775  482816   0x0
>  244: [40638976..40639487]: hole                       512
>  245: [40639488..42035199]: 1546632288..1548027999 1395712   0x0
>  246: [42035200..42267647]: hole                    232448
>  247: [42267648..42768895]: 1548260448..1548761695  501248   0x0
>  248: [42768896..42769407]: hole                       512
>  249: [42769408..43847679]: 1548762208..1549840479 1078272   0x0
>  250: [43847680..43848191]: hole                       512
>  251: [43848192..49161215]: 1555150336..1560463359 5313024   0x0
>  252: [49161216..49161727]: hole                       512
>  253: [49161728..50155519]: 1560463872..1561457663  993792   0x0
>  254: [50155520..50158079]: hole                      2560
>  255: [50158080..53785599]: 1561460224..1565087743 3627520   0x0
>  256: [53785600..53792767]: hole                      7168
>  257: [53792768..53894143]: 1647416720..1647518095  101376   0x0
>  258: [53894144..53894655]: hole                       512
>  259: [53894656..53927423]: 1647518608..1647551375   32768   0x0
>  260: [53927424..53931007]: hole                      3584
>  261: [53931008..54220799]: 1647554960..1647844751  289792   0x0
>  262: [54220800..54222335]: hole                      1536
>  263: [54222336..54240767]: 1647846288..1647864719   18432   0x0
>  264: [54240768..54242303]: hole                      1536
>  265: [54242304..56899583]: 1647866256..1650523535 2657280   0x0
>  266: [56899584..56901631]: hole                      2048
>  267: [56901632..57228799]: 1650525584..1650852751  327168   0x0
>  268: [57228800..57229311]: hole                       512
>  269: [57229312..57231359]: 1650853264..1650855311    2048   0x0
>  270: [57231360..57232383]: hole                      1024
>  271: [57232384..60652031]: 1650856336..1654275983 3419648   0x0
>  272: [60652032..60653567]: hole                      1536
>  273: [60653568..62283263]: 1654277520..1655907215 1629696   0x0
>  274: [62283264..62283775]: hole                       512
>  275: [62283776..62284287]: 1655907728..1655908239     512   0x0
>  276: [62284288..62284799]: hole                       512
>  277: [62284800..62285311]: 1655908752..1655909263     512   0x0
>  278: [62285312..62285823]: hole                       512
>  279: [62285824..62326271]: 1655909776..1655950223   40448   0x0
>  280: [62326272..62326783]: hole                       512
>  281: [62326784..62327295]: 1655950736..1655951247     512   0x0
>  282: [62327296..62327807]: hole                       512
>  283: [62327808..62328319]: 1655951760..1655952271     512   0x0
>  284: [62328320..62328831]: hole                       512
>  285: [62328832..62329855]: 1655952784..1655953807    1024   0x0
>  286: [62329856..62344191]: hole                     14336
>  287: [62344192..63342591]: 1655968144..1656966543  998400   0x0
>  288: [63342592..63343103]: hole                       512
>  289: [63343104..64867327]: 1656967056..1658491279 1524224   0x0
>  290: [64867328..64867839]: hole                       512
>  291: [64867840..65309695]: 1658491792..1658933647  441856   0x0
>  292: [65309696..65311231]: hole                      1536
>  293: [65311232..66819071]: 1658935184..1660443023 1507840   0x0
>  294: [66819072..66819583]: hole                       512
>  295: [66819584..70855679]: 1660443536..1664479631 4036096   0x0
>  296: [70855680..70857215]: hole                      1536
>  297: [70857216..71413759]: 1664481168..1665037711  556544   0x0
>  298: [71413760..71415295]: hole                      1536
>  299: [71415296..73234431]: 1665039248..1666858383 1819136   0x0
>  300: [73234432..73235967]: hole                      1536
>  301: [73235968..73295871]: 1666859920..1666919823   59904   0x0
>  302: [73295872..73297407]: hole                      1536
>  303: [73297408..76191743]: 1666921360..1669815695 2894336   0x0
>  304: [76191744..76200959]: hole                      9216
>  305: [76200960..82762239]: 1669824912..1676386191 6561280   0x0
>  306: [82762240..82763263]: hole                      1024
>  307: [82763264..82786303]: 1676387216..1676410255   23040   0x0
>  308: [82786304..82787839]: hole                      1536
>  309: [82787840..82791423]: 1676411792..1676415375    3584   0x0
>  310: [82791424..82792959]: hole                      1536
>  311: [82792960..82793983]: 1676416912..1676417935    1024   0x0
>  312: [82793984..82795519]: hole                      1536
>  313: [82795520..82796031]: 1676419472..1676419983     512   0x0
>  314: [82796032..82797567]: hole                      1536
>  315: [82797568..82804735]: 1676421520..1676428687    7168   0x0
>  316: [82804736..82807807]: hole                      3072
>  317: [82807808..82819583]: 1676431760..1676443535   11776   0x0
>  318: [82819584..82821119]: hole                      1536
>  319: [82821120..82829823]: 1676445072..1676453775    8704   0x0
>  320: [82829824..82831359]: hole                      1536
>  321: [82831360..82843647]: 1676455312..1676467599   12288   0x0
>  322: [82843648..82845183]: hole                      1536
>  323: [82845184..82845695]: 1676469136..1676469647     512   0x0
>  324: [82845696..82847231]: hole                      1536
>  325: [82847232..97640959]: 1676471184..1691264911 14793728   0x0
>  326: [97640960..97648639]: hole                      7680
>  327: [97648640..97786879]: 1691272592..1691410831  138240   0x0
>  328: [97786880..97787391]: hole                       512
>  329: [97787392..97944575]: 1691411344..1691568527  157184   0x0
>  330: [97944576..97946111]: hole                      1536
>  331: [97946112..98564095]: 1691570064..1692188047  617984   0x0
>  332: [98564096..98565631]: hole                      1536
>  333: [98565632..98566143]: 1692189584..1692190095     512   0x1
> 
> # xfs_io -c "fiemap -v" disk2.vmdk
> disk2.vmdk
>  EXT: FILE-OFFSET        BLOCK-RANGE              TOTAL FLAGS
>    0: [0..159]:          1050144384..1050144543     160   0x0
>    1: [160..167]:        hole                         8
>    2: [168..511]:        1050144552..1050144895     344   0x0
>    3: [512..527]:        hole                        16
>    4: [528..671]:        1050144912..1050145055     144   0x0
>    5: [672..679]:        hole                         8
>    6: [680..1023]:       1050145064..1050145407     344   0x0
>    7: [1024..1039]:      hole                        16
>    8: [1040..1047]:      1050145424..1050145431       8   0x0
>    9: [1048..1143]:      hole                        96
>   10: [1144..263167]:    1053390336..1053652359  262024   0x0
>   11: [263168..2679415]: 1147809792..1150226039 2416248   0x0
>   12: [2679416..2680439]: hole                      1024
>   13: [2680440..3880567]: 1150227064..1151427191 1200128   0x0
>   14: [3880568..3881079]: hole                       512
>   15: [3881080..7472247]: 1151427704..1155018871 3591168   0x1
>   16: [7472248..7472255]: hole                         8

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