Re: [PATCH 1/3] arm64: add EFI stub

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On Fri, 29 Nov 2013 17:05:10 -0500, Mark Salter <msalter@xxxxxxxxxx> wrote:
> This patch adds PE/COFF header fields to the start of the Image
> so that it appears as an EFI application to EFI firmware. An EFI
> stub is included to allow direct booting of the kernel Image. Due
> to EFI firmware limitations, only little endian kernels with 4K
> page sizes are supported at this time. Support in the COFF header
> for signed images was provided by Ard Biesheuvel.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Mark Salter <msalter@xxxxxxxxxx>
> Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@xxxxxxxxxx>

Reviewed-by: Grant Likely <grant.likely@xxxxxxxxxx>

I've already made comments on Roy's arm32 version of this code. I don't
like the duplication and it needs to be consolidated, but I would be
fine with consolidation being done as follow-on patches if that
expedites getting the code in.

g.

> CC: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@xxxxxxx>
> CC: Will Deacon <will.deacon@xxxxxxx>
> CC: linux-arm-kernel@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
> CC: matt.fleming@xxxxxxxxx
> CC: linux-efi@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
> CC: Leif Lindholm <leif.lindholm@xxxxxxxxxx>
> CC: roy.franz@xxxxxxxxxx
> ---
>  arch/arm64/Kconfig            |  10 ++
>  arch/arm64/kernel/Makefile    |   3 +
>  arch/arm64/kernel/efi-entry.S |  81 ++++++++++++
>  arch/arm64/kernel/efi-stub.c  | 280 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>  arch/arm64/kernel/head.S      | 112 +++++++++++++++++
>  5 files changed, 486 insertions(+)
>  create mode 100644 arch/arm64/kernel/efi-entry.S
>  create mode 100644 arch/arm64/kernel/efi-stub.c
> 
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/Kconfig b/arch/arm64/Kconfig
> index 809c1b8..10b0e93 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/Kconfig
> +++ b/arch/arm64/Kconfig
> @@ -250,6 +250,16 @@ config CMDLINE_FORCE
>  	  This is useful if you cannot or don't want to change the
>  	  command-line options your boot loader passes to the kernel.
>  
> +config EFI_STUB
> +	bool "EFI stub support"
> +	depends on !CPU_BIG_ENDIAN && !ARM64_64K_PAGES && OF
> +	select LIBFDT
> +	default y
> +	help
> +	  This kernel feature allows an Image to be loaded directly
> +	  by EFI firmware without the use of a bootloader.
> +	  See Documentation/efi-stub.txt for more information.
> +
>  endmenu
>  
>  menu "Userspace binary formats"
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/Makefile b/arch/arm64/kernel/Makefile
> index 5ba2fd4..1c52b84 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/kernel/Makefile
> +++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/Makefile
> @@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
>  
>  CPPFLAGS_vmlinux.lds	:= -DTEXT_OFFSET=$(TEXT_OFFSET)
>  AFLAGS_head.o		:= -DTEXT_OFFSET=$(TEXT_OFFSET)
> +CFLAGS_efi-stub.o 	:= -DTEXT_OFFSET=$(TEXT_OFFSET) \
> +			   -I$(src)/../../../scripts/dtc/libfdt
>  
>  # Object file lists.
>  arm64-obj-y		:= cputable.o debug-monitors.o entry.o irq.o fpsimd.o	\
> @@ -18,6 +20,7 @@ arm64-obj-$(CONFIG_SMP)			+= smp.o smp_spin_table.o
>  arm64-obj-$(CONFIG_HW_PERF_EVENTS)	+= perf_event.o
>  arm64-obj-$(CONFIG_HAVE_HW_BREAKPOINT)+= hw_breakpoint.o
>  arm64-obj-$(CONFIG_EARLY_PRINTK)	+= early_printk.o
> +arm64-obj-$(CONFIG_EFI_STUB)		+= efi-stub.o efi-entry.o
>  
>  obj-y					+= $(arm64-obj-y) vdso/
>  obj-m					+= $(arm64-obj-m)
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/efi-entry.S b/arch/arm64/kernel/efi-entry.S
> new file mode 100644
> index 0000000..5f6d179
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/efi-entry.S
> @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
> +/*
> + * EFI entry point.
> + *
> + * Copyright (C) 2013 Red Hat, Inc.
> + * Author: Mark Salter <msalter@xxxxxxxxxx>
> + *
> + * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
> + * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
> + * published by the Free Software Foundation.
> + *
> + */
> +#include <linux/linkage.h>
> +#include <linux/init.h>
> +
> +#include <asm/assembler.h>
> +
> +#define EFI_LOAD_ERROR 0x8000000000000001
> +
> +	__INIT
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * We arrive here from the EFI boot manager with:
> +	 *
> +	 *    * MMU on with identity-mapped RAM.
> +	 *    * Icache and Dcache on
> +	 *
> +	 * We will most likely be running from some place other than where
> +	 * we want to be. The kernel image wants to be placed at TEXT_OFFSET
> +	 * from start of RAM.
> +	 */
> +ENTRY(efi_stub_entry)
> +	stp	x29, x30, [sp, #-32]!
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * Call efi_entry to do the real work.
> +	 * x0 and x1 are already set up by firmware. Current runtime
> +	 * address of image is calculated and passed via *image_addr.
> +	 *
> +	 * unsigned long efi_entry(void *handle,
> +	 *                         efi_system_table_t *sys_table,
> +	 *                         unsigned long *image_addr) ;
> +	 */
> +	adrp	x8, _text
> +        add	x8, x8, #:lo12:_text
> +	add	x2, sp, 16
> +	str	x8, [x2]
> +	bl	efi_entry
> +	cmn	x0, #1
> +	b.eq	efi_load_fail
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * efi_entry() will have relocated the kernel image if necessary
> +	 * and we return here with device tree address in x0 and the kernel
> +	 * entry point stored at *image_addr. Save those values in registers
> +	 * which are preserved by __flush_dcache_all.
> +	 */
> +	ldr	x1, [sp, #16]
> +	mov	x20, x0
> +	mov	x21, x1
> +
> +	bl	__flush_dcache_all
> +	/* Turn off Dcache and MMU */
> +	mrs	x0, sctlr_el1
> +	bic	x0, x0, #1 << 0	// clear SCTLR.M
> +	bic	x0, x0, #1 << 2	// clear SCTLR.C
> +	msr	sctlr_el1, x0
> +	isb
> +
> +	/* Jump to real entry point */
> +	mov	x0, x20
> +	mov	x1, xzr
> +	mov	x2, xzr
> +	mov	x3, xzr
> +	br	x21
> +
> +efi_load_fail:
> +	mov	x0, EFI_LOAD_ERROR
> +	ldp	x29, x30, [sp], #32
> +	ret
> +
> +ENDPROC(efi_stub_entry)
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/efi-stub.c b/arch/arm64/kernel/efi-stub.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 0000000..f000b04
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/efi-stub.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
> +/*
> + * linux/arch/arm/boot/compressed/efi-stub.c
> + *
> + * Copyright (C) 2013 Linaro Ltd;  <roy.franz@xxxxxxxxxx>
> + *
> + * This file implements the EFI boot stub for the arm64 kernel.
> + * Adapted from ARM version by Mark Salter <msalter@xxxxxxxxxx>
> + *
> + * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
> + * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
> + * published by the Free Software Foundation.
> + *
> + */
> +#include <linux/efi.h>
> +#include <linux/libfdt.h>
> +#include <asm/sections.h>
> +#include <generated/compile.h>
> +#include <linux/uts.h>
> +#include <linux/utsname.h>
> +#include <generated/utsrelease.h>
> +#include <linux/version.h>
> +
> +/* error code which can't be mistaken for valid address */
> +#define EFI_ERROR	(~0UL)
> +
> +/*
> + * EFI function call wrappers. These are not required for arm64, but wrappers
> + * are required for X86 to convert between ABIs. These wrappers are provided
> + * to allow code sharing between X86 and other architectures. Since these
> + * wrappers directly invoke the EFI function pointer, the function pointer
> + * type must be properly defined, which is not the case for X86. One advantage
> + * of this is it allows for type checking of arguments, which is not possible
> + * with the X86 wrappers.
> + */
> +#define efi_call_phys0(f)			f()
> +#define efi_call_phys1(f, a1)			f(a1)
> +#define efi_call_phys2(f, a1, a2)		f(a1, a2)
> +#define efi_call_phys3(f, a1, a2, a3)		f(a1, a2, a3)
> +#define efi_call_phys4(f, a1, a2, a3, a4)	f(a1, a2, a3, a4)
> +#define efi_call_phys5(f, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5)	f(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5)
> +
> +/*
> + * AArch64 requires the DTB to be 8-byte aligned in the first 512MiB from
> + * start of kernel and may not cross a 2MiB boundary. We set alignment to
> + * equal max size so we know it won't cross a 2MiB boudary.
> + */
> +#define MAX_DTB_SIZE	0x40000
> +#define DTB_ALIGN	MAX_DTB_SIZE
> +#define MAX_DTB_OFFSET	0x20000000
> +
> +#define pr_efi(msg)     efi_printk(sys_table, "EFI stub: "msg)
> +#define pr_efi_err(msg) efi_printk(sys_table, "EFI stub: ERROR: "msg)
> +
> +struct fdt_region {
> +	u64 base;
> +	u64 size;
> +};
> +
> +/* Include shared EFI stub code */
> +#include "../../../drivers/firmware/efi/efi-stub-helper.c"
> +#include "../../../drivers/firmware/efi/fdt.c"
> +
> +static unsigned long __init get_dram_base(efi_system_table_t *sys_table)
> +{
> +	efi_status_t status;
> +	unsigned long map_size, desc_size;
> +	unsigned long membase = EFI_ERROR;
> +	efi_memory_desc_t *memory_map;
> +	int i;
> +
> +	status = efi_get_memory_map(sys_table, &memory_map, &map_size,
> +				    &desc_size, NULL, NULL);
> +	if (status == EFI_SUCCESS) {
> +		for (i = 0; i < (map_size / sizeof(efi_memory_desc_t)); i++) {
> +			efi_memory_desc_t *desc;
> +			unsigned long m = (unsigned long)memory_map;
> +
> +			desc = (efi_memory_desc_t *)(m + (i * desc_size));
> +
> +			if (desc->num_pages == 0)
> +				break;
> +
> +			if (desc->type == EFI_CONVENTIONAL_MEMORY) {
> +				unsigned long base = desc->phys_addr;
> +
> +				base &= ~((unsigned long)(TEXT_OFFSET - 1));
> +
> +				if (membase > base)
> +					membase = base;
> +			}
> +		}
> +	}
> +	return membase;
> +}
> +
> +unsigned long __init efi_entry(void *handle, efi_system_table_t *sys_table,
> +			       unsigned long *image_addr)
> +{
> +	efi_loaded_image_t *image;
> +	efi_status_t status;
> +	unsigned long image_size, image_memsize = 0;
> +	unsigned long dram_base;
> +	/* addr/point and size pairs for memory management*/
> +	u64 initrd_addr;
> +	u64 initrd_size = 0;
> +	u64 fdt_addr;  /* Original DTB */
> +	u64 fdt_size = 0;
> +	unsigned long new_fdt_size;
> +	char *cmdline_ptr;
> +	int cmdline_size = 0;
> +	unsigned long new_fdt_addr;
> +	unsigned long map_size, desc_size;
> +	unsigned long mmap_key;
> +	efi_memory_desc_t *memory_map;
> +	u32 desc_ver;
> +	efi_guid_t proto = LOADED_IMAGE_PROTOCOL_GUID;
> +
> +	/* Check if we were booted by the EFI firmware */
> +	if (sys_table->hdr.signature != EFI_SYSTEM_TABLE_SIGNATURE)
> +		goto fail;
> +
> +	pr_efi("Booting Linux Kernel...\n");
> +
> +	/* get the command line from EFI, using the LOADED_IMAGE protocol */
> +	status = efi_call_phys3(sys_table->boottime->handle_protocol,
> +				handle, &proto, (void *)&image);
> +	if (status != EFI_SUCCESS) {
> +		pr_efi_err("Failed to get handle for LOADED_IMAGE_PROTOCOL\n");
> +		goto fail;
> +	}
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * We are going to copy this into device tree, so we don't care where
> +	 * in memory it is.
> +	 */
> +	cmdline_ptr = efi_convert_cmdline_to_ascii(sys_table, image,
> +						   &cmdline_size);
> +	if (!cmdline_ptr) {
> +		pr_efi_err("Failed to convert command line to ascii\n");
> +		goto fail;
> +	}
> +
> +	status = handle_cmdline_files(sys_table, image, cmdline_ptr, "dtb=",
> +				      ~0UL, (unsigned long *)&fdt_addr,
> +				      (unsigned long *)&fdt_size);
> +	if (status != EFI_SUCCESS) {
> +		pr_efi_err("Failed to load device tree blob\n");
> +		goto fail_free_cmdline;
> +	}
> +
> +	if (fdt_check_header((void *)fdt_addr)) {
> +		pr_efi_err("Device Tree header not valid\n");
> +		goto fail_free_dtb;
> +	}
> +	if (fdt_totalsize((void *)fdt_addr) > fdt_size) {
> +		pr_efi_err("Incomplete device tree\n");
> +		goto fail_free_dtb;
> +	}
> +
> +	dram_base = get_dram_base(sys_table);
> +	if (dram_base == EFI_ERROR) {
> +		pr_efi_err("Failed to get DRAM base\n");
> +		goto fail_free_dtb;
> +	}
> +
> +	/* Relocate the image, if required. */
> +	image_size = image->image_size;
> +	if (*image_addr != (dram_base + TEXT_OFFSET)) {
> +		image_memsize = image_size + (_end - _edata);
> +		status = efi_relocate_kernel(sys_table, image_addr,
> +					     image_size, image_memsize,
> +					     dram_base + TEXT_OFFSET,
> +					     PAGE_SIZE);
> +		if (status != EFI_SUCCESS) {
> +			pr_efi_err("Failed to relocate kernel\n");
> +			goto fail_free_dtb;
> +		}
> +		if (*image_addr != (dram_base + TEXT_OFFSET)) {
> +			pr_efi_err("Failed to alloc kernel memory\n");
> +			goto fail_free_image;
> +		}
> +	}
> +
> +	status = handle_cmdline_files(sys_table, image, cmdline_ptr, "initrd=",
> +				      dram_base + 0x20000000,
> +				      (unsigned long *)&initrd_addr,
> +				      (unsigned long *)&initrd_size);
> +	if (status != EFI_SUCCESS)
> +		pr_efi("No initrd found\n");
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * Estimate size of new FDT, and allocate memory for it. We
> +	 * will allocate a bigger buffer if this ends up being too
> +	 * small, so a rough guess is OK here. We increment the size
> +	 * by PAGE_SIZE since the firmware allocates by pages anyway.
> +	 */
> +	new_fdt_size = fdt_size + EFI_PAGE_SIZE;
> +	while (1) {
> +		status = efi_high_alloc(sys_table, new_fdt_size, DTB_ALIGN,
> +					&new_fdt_addr,
> +					dram_base + MAX_DTB_OFFSET);
> +		if (status != EFI_SUCCESS) {
> +			pr_efi_err("No memory for new device tree\n");
> +			goto fail_free_initrd;
> +		}
> +
> +		/*
> +		 * Now that we have done our final memory allocation, we can
> +		 * get the memory map key needed for exit_boot_services().
> +		 */
> +		status = efi_get_memory_map(sys_table, &memory_map, &map_size,
> +					    &desc_size, &desc_ver, &mmap_key);
> +		if (status != EFI_SUCCESS)
> +			goto fail_free_new_fdt;
> +
> +		status = update_fdt(sys_table,
> +				    (void *)fdt_addr, (void *)new_fdt_addr,
> +				    new_fdt_size, cmdline_ptr,
> +				    initrd_addr, initrd_size,
> +				    memory_map, map_size, desc_size, desc_ver);
> +
> +		/* Succeeding the first time is the expected case. */
> +		if (status == EFI_SUCCESS)
> +			break;
> +
> +		if (status == EFI_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL) {
> +			/*
> +			 * We need to allocate more space for the new
> +			 * device tree, so free existing buffer that is
> +			 * too small.  Also free memory map, as we will need
> +			 * to get new one that reflects the free/alloc we do
> +			 * on the device tree buffer.
> +			 */
> +			efi_free(sys_table, new_fdt_size, new_fdt_addr);
> +			efi_call_phys1(sys_table->boottime->free_pool,
> +				       memory_map);
> +			new_fdt_size += EFI_PAGE_SIZE;
> +		} else {
> +			pr_efi_err("Unable to constuct new device tree\n");
> +			goto fail_free_mmap;
> +		}
> +	}
> +
> +	/* Now we are ready to exit_boot_services.*/
> +	status = efi_call_phys2(sys_table->boottime->exit_boot_services,
> +				handle, mmap_key);
> +
> +	if (status != EFI_SUCCESS) {
> +		pr_efi_err("Exit boot services failed\n");
> +		goto fail_free_mmap;
> +	}
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * Now we need to return the FDT address to the calling
> +	 * function so it can be used as part of normal boot.
> +	 */
> +	return new_fdt_addr;
> +
> +fail_free_mmap:
> +	efi_call_phys1(sys_table->boottime->free_pool, memory_map);
> +
> +fail_free_new_fdt:
> +	efi_free(sys_table, new_fdt_size, new_fdt_addr);
> +
> +fail_free_initrd:
> +	efi_free(sys_table, initrd_size, initrd_addr);
> +
> +fail_free_image:
> +	efi_free(sys_table, image_memsize, *image_addr);
> +
> +fail_free_dtb:
> +	if (fdt_addr)
> +		efi_free(sys_table, fdt_size, fdt_addr);
> +
> +fail_free_cmdline:
> +	efi_free(sys_table, cmdline_size, (u64)cmdline_ptr);
> +
> +fail:
> +	return EFI_ERROR;
> +}
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/head.S b/arch/arm64/kernel/head.S
> index 03adf8f..720429e 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/kernel/head.S
> +++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/head.S
> @@ -107,8 +107,18 @@
>  	/*
>  	 * DO NOT MODIFY. Image header expected by Linux boot-loaders.
>  	 */
> +#ifdef CONFIG_EFI_STUB
> +	/*
> +	 * Magic "MZ" signature for PE/COFF
> +	 * Little Endian:  add x13, x18, #0x16
> +	 */
> +efi_head:
> +	.long   0x91005a4d
> +	b	stext
> +#else
>  	b	stext				// branch to kernel start, magic
>  	.long	0				// reserved
> +#endif
>  	.quad	TEXT_OFFSET			// Image load offset from start of RAM
>  	.quad	0				// reserved
>  	.quad	0				// reserved
> @@ -119,7 +129,109 @@
>  	.byte	0x52
>  	.byte	0x4d
>  	.byte	0x64
> +#ifdef CONFIG_EFI_STUB
> +	.long	pe_header - efi_head		// Offset to the PE header.
> +#else
>  	.word	0				// reserved
> +#endif
> +
> +#ifdef CONFIG_EFI_STUB
> +	.align 3
> +pe_header:
> +	.ascii	"PE"
> +	.short 	0
> +coff_header:
> +	.short	0xaa64				// AArch64
> +	.short	2				// nr_sections
> +	.long	0 				// TimeDateStamp
> +	.long	0				// PointerToSymbolTable
> +	.long	1				// NumberOfSymbols
> +	.short	section_table - optional_header	// SizeOfOptionalHeader
> +	.short	0x206				// Characteristics.
> +						// IMAGE_FILE_DEBUG_STRIPPED |
> +						// IMAGE_FILE_EXECUTABLE_IMAGE |
> +						// IMAGE_FILE_LINE_NUMS_STRIPPED
> +optional_header:
> +	.short	0x20b				// PE32+ format
> +	.byte	0x02				// MajorLinkerVersion
> +	.byte	0x14				// MinorLinkerVersion
> +	.long	_edata - stext			// SizeOfCode
> +	.long	0				// SizeOfInitializedData
> +	.long	0				// SizeOfUninitializedData
> +	.long	efi_stub_entry - efi_head	// AddressOfEntryPoint
> +	.long	stext - efi_head		// BaseOfCode
> +
> +extra_header_fields:
> +	.quad	0				// ImageBase
> +	.long	0x20				// SectionAlignment
> +	.long	0x8				// FileAlignment
> +	.short	0				// MajorOperatingSystemVersion
> +	.short	0				// MinorOperatingSystemVersion
> +	.short	0				// MajorImageVersion
> +	.short	0				// MinorImageVersion
> +	.short	0				// MajorSubsystemVersion
> +	.short	0				// MinorSubsystemVersion
> +	.long	0				// Win32VersionValue
> +
> +	.long	_edata - efi_head		// SizeOfImage
> +
> +	// Everything before the kernel image is considered part of the header
> +	.long	stext - efi_head			// SizeOfHeaders
> +	.long	0				// CheckSum
> +	.short	0xa				// Subsystem (EFI application)
> +	.short	0				// DllCharacteristics
> +	.quad	0				// SizeOfStackReserve
> +	.quad	0				// SizeOfStackCommit
> +	.quad	0				// SizeOfHeapReserve
> +	.quad	0				// SizeOfHeapCommit
> +	.long	0				// LoaderFlags
> +	.long	0x6				// NumberOfRvaAndSizes
> +
> +	.quad	0				// ExportTable
> +	.quad	0				// ImportTable
> +	.quad	0				// ResourceTable
> +	.quad	0				// ExceptionTable
> +	.quad	0				// CertificationTable
> +	.quad	0				// BaseRelocationTable
> +
> +	// Section table
> +section_table:
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * The EFI application loader requires a relocation section
> +	 * because EFI applications must be relocatable.  This is a
> +	 * dummy section as far as we are concerned.
> +	 */
> +	.ascii	".reloc"
> +	.byte	0
> +	.byte	0			// end of 0 padding of section name
> +	.long	0
> +	.long	0
> +	.long	0			// SizeOfRawData
> +	.long	0			// PointerToRawData
> +	.long	0			// PointerToRelocations
> +	.long	0			// PointerToLineNumbers
> +	.short	0			// NumberOfRelocations
> +	.short	0			// NumberOfLineNumbers
> +	.long	0x42100040		// Characteristics (section flags)
> +
> +
> +	.ascii	".text"
> +	.byte	0
> +	.byte	0
> +	.byte	0        		// end of 0 padding of section name
> +	.long	_edata - stext		// VirtualSize
> +	.long	stext - efi_head	// VirtualAddress
> +	.long	_edata - stext		// SizeOfRawData
> +	.long	stext - efi_head	// PointerToRawData
> +
> +	.long	0		// PointerToRelocations (0 for executables)
> +	.long	0		// PointerToLineNumbers (0 for executables)
> +	.short	0		// NumberOfRelocations  (0 for executables)
> +	.short	0		// NumberOfLineNumbers  (0 for executables)
> +	.long	0xe0500020	// Characteristics (section flags)
> +	.align 5
> +#endif
>  
>  ENTRY(stext)
>  	mov	x21, x0				// x21=FDT
> -- 
> 1.8.3.1
> 
> --
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