Randy Bush wrote: > http://www.dwheeler.com/trusting-trust/ You can make application programs written in high level language on your computers *completely* secure if you can correctly perform the following: 1) you manufacture CPU and related key chips and intra and inter board wiring. 2) you code or check code, and hand assemble IPL 3) you code or check code, and hand assemble OS 4) you code or check code, and hand assemble an assembler 5) you code or check code, and hand compile an compiler into assembly language. 6) you code or check code, and use secure compiler for the applications. Thus, it is obvious that, though it is not perfect, open source helps a lot as it enables a lot of people check code. Though I do have some experiences on some of 1), all of 2), 3) and the first halves of 4), 5) and 6), it is very hard to do the rest. However, open source still helps a lot. Masataka Ohta