Hi John. I agree there are a number of specific cases where there is no simple/obvious way to handle. I'd be OK with something fairly simple as "unaffiliated" or "consultant" or something more nuanced. But I'd like to think those are edge cases (but could of course be wrong in how common they are). I was specifically thinking of much more obvious cases where I'm pretty sure that their main employers is sending them. One thing I've done at times is look at the attendance figures at meetings to try to identify some of the entities that send the most attendees to meetings (e.g.,, to track trends). As a result of that, I've noticed that the number of "no affiliation given" seems high to me, and I've seen obvious cases where I know the person and where they were working in the past, and then when I check later, it turns out they are still working at the same place (e.g. a Cisco, Google or Huawei). Maybe its just the case that the registration form makes it to easy to leave it blank. Just loooking at the list https://www.ietf.org/registration/ietf86/attendance.py?sortkey=3&login= I easily counted 20 names of folk I know that don't list an affiliation, where if any of them have changed employers, that number would likely be very small. Thomas