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Volume 6 Number 2
June 2008
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As
the story goes, Dr. Francis Crick walked into a pub one night in 1953.
"We have discovered the secret of life," he announced.
He
and Dr. James Watson had just mapped the structure of DNA, in one of the
fundamental scientific breakthroughs of the 20th Century. Among many other
applications, this discovery opened the door to astonishing advances in
medicine. It would be difficult to argue the profound benefits of these new
tools, which have given doctors and scientists the ability to detect,
diagnose, treat, and prevent disease before symptoms appear or adverse
effects make headway.
At
the same time, this progress has raised understandable concerns about the use
of genetic information in individually detrimental ways. In the arena of
work, the debate has centered on the use of tests for new hires to identify
genetic traits and susceptibility to hazardous substances in the workplace. A
2004 study by the American Management Association showed that nearly 63
percent of U.S.
companies require medical testing of current employees or new hires. In
addition, 15.1 percent conduct tests for susceptibility to workplace hazards,
3 percent for breast and colon cancer, and 2 percent for sickle-cell anemia;
3.2 percent collect information about family medical history. The American
Management Association survey, "2004 Medical Testing Survey," is
available through the association's archives page at http://www.amanet.org/research/archive.htm.
In
practice, such tests often forced individuals to make a difficult choice:
"Would you take a genetic test if you knew that the information about
your genetic makeup would be used against you -- to deny you employment or
health coverage?"
Sen.
Olympia Snowe (R-Maine) noted the dilemma in essentially those words last
year, when she introduced the bipartisan Genetic Information
Nondiscrimination Act (also called "GINA"). http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi?dbname=2007_record&page=S846&position=all
On May 21, 2008, the President signed the final bill into law. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/05/20080521-7.html
The long-awaited law, which has been under consideration in Congress for 13
years, was enacted to protect Americans against discrimination based on their
genetic information when it comes to health insurance and employment. The
history of GINA's passage is outlined on genome.gov, the National Human
Genome Research Institute's government web page http://www.genome.gov/24519851.
GINA's
passage provides a timely opportunity to consider the intersection of
genetics and occupational health, and the challenges that genetic science and
medicine pose for occupational health scientists and physicians.
While
GINA's passage is intended to be a critical step in preventing discrimination,
there are still important reasons for considering genetics in protecting
workers from occupational disease. Genetic factors contribute to the variable
responses of workers to occupational hazards—particularly chemical
hazards and some biological and physical agents. Although, increasingly,
workplace exposures are being controlled to lower concentrations, workers
with susceptible genetic profiles may still be at unacceptably high risk. A
broad range of published studies show that genetic variations can lead to
differential occupational disease risks in exposed workers. Clearly, genetic
technology has been useful in these studies of occupational disease and
chemical exposures.
The
greatest contributions thus far have involved understanding mechanisms and modes
of action. Detecting genetic variations can also lead to identifying
susceptible subgroups in exposed populations. This however, raises many
questions. If susceptible subgroups are identified, should government
agencies use the information, e.g., in risk assessments or in setting
standards? For example, how might the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration use genetic information when setting standards (to the extent
economically and technically feasible) that are intended to assure that “.
. . no employee will suffer material impairment of health and functional
capacity even if such employee has regular exposure to the hazard dealt with
by the standard for the period of his working life.” 29 U.S.C. §
655(b)(5). No good examples exist in which occupational exposure limits
(OELs) have been based on genetic characteristics or risk in a population
subgroup. Nor are there examples of one OEL for the general working
population and a different one for a specific genetic subgroup.
An
important area of continued research involves identifying genetically
high-risk groups with exposure to widely prevalent workplace chemicals.
Examples include exposure to substances such as benzene, ethylene oxide,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), beryllium, and silica. Including
genetic information in quantitative risk assessments could be on the horizon
in the future. The inclusion of genetic information in risk assessments does
not mean that workers will need genetic tests. Rather, it means that research
on genetic characteristics in some workers will be used in modeling risks and
determining safe levels of occupational exposure.
As
with any new legislation, questions of implementation, administration,
interpretation, and compliance are likely to follow. However, under GINA as
enacted by Congress and the President this past month, workers are provided
more protection against genetic discrimination. At the same time, the
occupational safety and health community will have to add another topic to its
basic skill set--understanding the new world of occupational genetics. At
NIOSH, we intend to devote ongoing attention to the challenge of occupational
genetics--a challenge that is on the frontiers of science and ethics.
I want to thank Dr. Paul Schulte,
Director of the NIOSH Education and Information Division, for his
contribution to this month's column and for his ongoing work in the field of
occupational genetics. I look forward to revisiting this topic with you in
the future.
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High Fatality
Rates, Persistent Risk Disparity for Hispanic Workers Found in Study
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Work-related fatality rates for
Hispanic workers in the U.S.
exceeded those for all workers during 1992-2006, and that the disparity of
risk was persistent over time, NIOSH scientists and outside colleagues found
in a new study published in the June 6 issue of the U.S. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention's (CDC) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
The article examines important aspects of the data and recommends
interventions to prevent fatal injuries among this growing segment of the U.S. work
force. The article is on line at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5722a1.htm.
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2008 Fire/EMS
Safety, Health and Survival Week
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 NIOSH is partnering with the
International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC) and the International
Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) to promote 2008 Fire/EMS Safety, Health
and Survival Week, June 22-28, 2008. The goal is to institute a strong
culture of health and safety within the fire/EMS service. More information
about this important activity can be found at http://www.iafc.org/safetyweek or
by contacting Tim Merinar at TMerinar@xxxxxxx.
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Director?s
Desk Follow-Up: NIOSH Posts Draft Control Banding Document for Public Comment
and Review
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 On May 13, NIOSH posted a draft
document about Control Banding for public review and comment. This draft
document, Qualitative
Risk Characterization and Management of Occupational Hazards (Control Banding
[CB]): A Literature Review and Critical Analysis, describes
the evolution and concepts of control banding, a qualitative approach for
assessing and managing hazards associated primarily with chemical exposures
in the workplace. The public review and comment period is open until July 11,
2008. The draft document is available for viewing at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/review/public/138.
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Special Issue
of the Journal
of Agricultural Safety and Health
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 The Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health
(2008 Volume 14, Number 2) released a special issue featuring articles from
the September 2006 Western
Center for Agricultural
Health and Safety Conference “Health and Safety in Western Agriculture:
Research to Practice.” The Western
Center for Agricultural Health and
Safety, located at the University of
California, Davis
is one of ten NIOSH-funded Ag Centers across the U.S., http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/agctrhom.html.
Abstracts of the seven articles are available at http://asae.frymulti.com/toc_journals.asp?volume=14&issue=2&conf=j&orgconf=j2008.
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Addressing the
Hazards to Reproductive Organs from Occupational Cycling
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Researchers from the Division of
Applied Research and Technology, culminated eight years of studies on the
health effects of occupational cycling with the publication entitled “Cutting
Off the Nose to Save the Penis.” The paper will be in the August 2008
issue of the Journal
of Sexual Medicine and is currently available as an
“online early” article (http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00867.x
). The paper describes an intervention study to assess the effectiveness of
no-nose (noseless) saddles in alleviating the pressure on the groin and
health effects caused by the traditional (nosed) bicycle saddle. No-nose
saddles were demonstrated to be an effective intervention for bicycling
police officers. These results indicate that no-nose saddles may alleviate
discomfort and maintain sexual health for men who ride bicycles as part of
their job as well as for the 5 million recreational cyclists. Next:
communicating the findings of the research and translating them into
practice.
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The
following NIOSH Dockets have been updated with the latest public comments.
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Save the Date: NIOSH
To Host DREAM Workshop in November
NIOSH
will host the “DREAM (Direct Reading Exposure Assessment Methods)
Workshop” on November 13 – 14, 2008, in Arlington, VA.
The workshop will bring together stakeholders from academia, labor, management,
method development and research, government and manufacturing to discuss
research needs in the area of direct reading methods for assessing
occupational exposures. Input from the workshop will be used to set research
priorities for the methods. Information on the workshop will be available on
the NIOSH Web page, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/drm.
 Nominations Being
Accepted for First “Safe in Sound” Award
NIOSH and the National Hearing
Conservation Association (NHCA) have established a new award to be given each
year to companies or organizations that exemplify Excellence in Hearing Loss
Prevention. The first “Safe in Sound” award will be presented at
the NHCA annual conference in February 2009 and will recognize organizations
that document measurable achievements in hearing loss prevention programs,
obtain information on their real-world successes, and widely disseminate
information on how others can use these successful strategies or benchmark their
own programs. Additional information and submission details can be found at http://www.safeinsound.us. Nominations
will be accepted until September 1, 2008.
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Be
sure to check out and comment on the latest NIOSH Science Blog topics.
- The May 12, 2008 posting by Robert Randolph of
the NIOSH Pittsburgh Research Laboratory asks “Are your ears
really protected?” and describes a NIOSH-developed online tool,
QuickFitWeb, for checking hearing protection in a minute or less. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/blog/nsb051208_quickfit.html.
- Posted on May 20, 2008,
“Nanotechnology: Should carbon nanotubes be handled in the
workplace like asbestos?” follows two recent international reports
which continue the debate comparing nanotube and asbestos fibers. The
Blog was posted by Dr. Vladimir Murashov, Special Assistant for
Nanotechnology to the NIOSH Director. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/blog/nsb052008_nano.html.
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 NIOSH Technical Assistance on Silicosis Prevention
Highlighted
The April 2008 issue of the International Occupational Hygiene
Association (IOHA) Newsletter highlights silicosis
prevention in a series of short articles. The articles describe activities
and leadership by NIOSH, national, and international experts to control
silica exposures. Articles presented approaches suitable to stone cutters,
ceramics workers, and to construction workers in the U.S. and in
other countries. Training is another focus of the newsletter, with articles
about the status of development and review of International Occupational
Hygiene Training Modules intended for quality teaching globally, the World
Health Organization document on prevention and control of dust, and the
Fogarty and Work and Health in Southern Africa (WAHSA) programs in South Africa.
The article is available online at http://www.ioha.net/images//iohanewsletterapril08.pdf.
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 NORA Early
Registration Ending Soon
Early
registration will be open through June 15 for the NORA Symposium 2008: Public Market for Ideas and
Partnerships, July 29 in Denver, Colorado.
Regular registration will be open through July 20. For more information or to
register, click on "registration" in the right-hand menu on http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nora/symp08.
NORA Liaison
Committee Meeting
NORA Liaison Committee meetings
have afforded an opportunity for representatives of organizations with a
national scope (employers, unions, professional associations and others) to
learn about the progress of NORA and identify possible partnerships with each
other or NIOSH to further enhance the success of NORA. The next public
meeting,‘‘Partnerships to Advance the National Occupational
Research Agenda," will be held on June 19, and includes an option for
online participation so more organizations may participate without having to
travel to Washington, DC. For more information on the meeting,
go to http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2008/E8-10753.htm.
To attend the meeting, please pre-register by emailing the NORA Coordinator noracoordinator@xxxxxxx.
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Safety Advisory:
Aerial Ladder Truck Waterways
On
May 8, 2008, the NIOSH Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention
Program posted a Safety Advisory urging fire departments to take immediate
steps to ensure that procedures for setting-up waterways on aerial ladder
trucks are consistent with manufacturer recommendations, that fire fighters
are thoroughly trained on these procedures, and that correct set-up is
verified before the waterways are used. This Safety Advisory was prompted by
an ongoing NIOSH investigation of an April 8, 2008 fire fighter fatality and
is available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/fire/SafetyAdvisory05052008.html.
On May 12, 2008, the manufacturer of the aerial ladder involved in the April
8 incident mailed a notice to all of its customers alerting them of this
incident and referencing the NIOSH Safety Advisory and recommendations to
prevent similar incidents. Contact Tim Merinar at TMerinar@xxxxxxx for additional information.
NIOSH Information
Provided to Professional Piercers
Informational
post cards from the NIOSH Body Art occupational health and safety project
were distributed at a national conference last month hosted by the
Association of Professional Piercers (APP). NIOSH staff worked with the
Regional Resource Coordinator from the US Department of Health and Human
Services National HIV Testing Mobilization Campaign to supply copies of the
"Good, Clean Art" and "Look Sharp" post cards for the
conference. More information is available on the NIOSH Body Art topic page, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/bbp/bodyart,
or by contacting Everett
(Chip) Lehman at ELehman@xxxxxxx or Amy
Mobley at AMobley@xxxxxxx.
Presentations
Presentations on NIOSH Nanotechnology Research
Several
representatives from the NIOSH Nanotechnology Research
Center made technical presentations
and conducted a hands-on measurement workshop for the Central Ohio American
Industrial Hygiene Association in Columbus,
OH, on April 25. They provided
an overview of the NIOSH nanotechnology research projects and demonstrated
the Nanoparticle Emission Assessment Technique (NEAT) for close to 70
participants. For more information about the NIOSH nanotechnology research
program, please visit http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/nanotech.
NIOSH Hispanic Worker Outreach Efforts
Michael
Flynn of the NIOSH Education and Information Division described recent NIOSH
efforts to reach Hispanic workers at the 54th Information Seminar
for the Ventanillas de Salud (Health Windows) program sponsored by the
Institute for Mexicans Abroad and the Mexican Ministry of Health. The
presentation focused on a pilot study by NIOSH and the Institute for Mexicans
Abroad to develop and disseminate occupational safety and health information
on priority topics at select consulates with the Ventanillas de Salud (Health
Windows) program. If successful, this pilot project will lay the foundation
for establishing occupational safety and health as an integral part of the
Mexican consular network’s health promotion programs and could be used
as a model for collaborating with the Ventanillas de Salud on a national
level regarding other health topics as well.
Hazards to Outdoor Workers
NIOSH
representatives presented a workshop, "Hazards to Outdoor Workers,"
at the 24th Annual Kentucky Governor's Safety and Health Conference and
Exposition in Louisville.
Workshop sessions included an overview of outdoor worker hazards, a review
and update on vector-borne diseases, and dermal hazards with a focus on
contact dermatitis. EID has an ongoing informational effort addressing
outdoor worker hazards including the development of Web pages with
recommendations for protecting outdoor workers from physical and biological
hazards. The NIOSH topic page for hazards to outdoor workers was recently
posted at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor.
New Appointments and
Awards
Congratulations
to:
- Dr. Naomi Swanson, named to the position of
Chief, Organizational Science and Human Factors Branch. Since joining
NIOSH in 1987, Dr. Swanson has been a leader in collaborative studies in
the areas of job stress and office ergonomics.
- Dr. Kathleen Kreiss, recipient of the Edward
J. Baier Technical Achievement Award from the American Industrial
Hygiene Association. The award is presented is recognition of the most
significant contribution to industrial hygiene in recent years. Dr.
Kreiss was recognized for her research on occupational exposures to
beryllium and butter flavoring chemicals.
- Several NIOSH Commissioned Corps Officers who
were recognized for their outstanding achievements or service to public
health on May 15 at the 56th Annual Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention/Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry Honor Awards
ceremony. The Meritorious Service Medal was presented to Captain Mark A.
Toraason. Outstanding Service Medal recipients include: Captain Mary E.
Birch, Lieutenant Commander Lauralynn T. McKernan, Lieutenant Commander
Bruce R. Newton, Captain Gregory M. Piacitelli, and Captain Laurie A.
Piacitelli.
- Rick Davis and Mary Ann Butler who received a
FY 2008 funding award for Public Health Genomics Research from the
National Office of Public Health Genomics. The award supports research
that will contribute to integrating genomics into public health
research, policy, and programs. The project, entitled "Genetic
Modulation of Worker Susceptibility to Noise-Induced Hearing Loss,"
proposes to identify and characterize genetic variants that may increase
susceptibility to noise induced hearing loss.
- James Kesner, Research Biologist, on receiving
the 2008 Dr. Marvin Mills Award for Workplace Diversity presented by the
NIOSH Cincinnati Equal Employment Opportunity Advisory Council. Since
1996, Dr. Kesner has mentored 11 separate interns selected from the
Project: IMHOTEP for African American undergraduate students and from
the Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities (HACU) Internship
Program. He has worked closely with Dr. Mills and others through the
years to coordinate these minority student programs.
- Dr. Bon-Ki Ku who received the 2008 CDC
Engineer of the Year Award in recognition of his outstanding research
that has contributed to the advancement of aerosol instrument design,
development of more accurate monitoring methods, and characterizing the
physical properties of engineered nanoparticles.
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State-based
Occupational Health updates
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States Develop
Strategies to Combat an Old Occupational Disease
NIOSH, organizations involved in
the NIOSH-funded Occupational Health Indicators Project, and partners,
together with OSHA’s New Jersey Silica Outreach and Research Alliance
(SOAR) have developed a dust-suppression engineering control for jackhammers
and are currently promoting its use through an outreach campaign.
Additionally, the New Jersey Departments of Treasury and Transportation have
incorporated silica health and safety language into their contract bidding
process. These contract specifications require dust control methods,
respiratory protection, a silica health and safety program which includes
employee training, and an on-site competent person. For information about New Jersey’s
activities to prevent silicosis, contact the New Jersey Occupational Health
Surveillance Program at surveillance@xxxxxxxxxxxx.us
or visit http://www.nj.gov/health/ohs/contact_surv.shtml.
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OSHA Teen Summer Job
Safety Campaign Launched on TODAY Show
On
April 21, Secretary of Labor Elaine L. Chao launched OSHA’s 2008 Teen
Summer Job Safety Campaign on NBC’s “Today” show. The
campaign is part of OSHA’s Young Worker Initiative, which provides
information and resources to teenagers, parents, educators and employers to
ensure safe and rewarding work experiences for these summer employees. More
information about workplace safety for teens is available at http://www.osha.gov/teens.
Agriculture Partners
Reveal Updated Web site
Be
sure to check out the newly revised joint website of the North Carolina
Agromedicine Institute and the Southern Coastal Agromedicine Center (SCAC), http://www.ncagromedicine.org. The
SCAC is one of ten NIOSH funded Agricultural Centers.
National Safety
Council’s June webinars
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 “Explosion
Hazards from Methane Emissions Related to Geologic Features in Coal
Mines” DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 2008-123.
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/pubs/pubreference/outputid2936.htm.
Spanish version of
this NIOSH publication and Web pages are now available
“NIOSH
sobre entrenamiento en espirometria” (“NIOSH Spirometry Training
Guide”) DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 2004-154c. http://www.cdc.gov/spanish/niosh/docs/2004-154c_sp
Health Hazard
Evaluation Report now available
Manufacturing Sector - Evaluation
of potential ergonomic hazards. The NIOSH health
hazard evaluation program responded to a union request at a piston and
cylinder liner plant. The request concerned potential musculoskeletal hazards
resulting from job tasks. The most common complaints were pain or discomfort
in the low back and shoulders resulting from heavy lifting and awkward
postures. NIOSH recommended that managers add adjustable lifts and tables to
reduce bending and reaching and that they train workers to be aware of unsafe
work practices. Investigators recommended that employees take the time to
work safely and lift properly, as well as promptly report any injuries or
unsafe work conditions to their supervisors. The final report is available at
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/2007-0124-3060.pdf.
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Look for Us
“International Association of
Fire Chiefs Fire Rescue International 2008”
August 14 – 16, 2008, Denver, CO. Booth #1372.
“Association of Occupational
Health Professionals”
September 17 – 20, 2008, Denver, CO
“National Safety Council
Expo”
September 22 – 24, 2008, Anaheim, CA
Call for Abstracts
“Fire Department Instructors
Conference (FDIC) 2009”
April 20 – 25, 2009, Indianapolis, IN. Deadline is June 27, 2008.
http://downloads.pennnet.com/fe/fdic2008/2009indycallforpapers.doc
“14th International
Society for Respiratory Protection”
September 14 – 18, 2008, Dublin, Ireland. Deadline is June 30, 2008.
http://www.isrp.com/dublin/
“National Safety
Council’s Annual Texas Safety Conference and Expo”
March 2 – 3, 2009, The Woodlands, TX. Deadline is July 11, 2008. https://www.nsctexexpo.com/abstract_submit.cfm
ASSE Professional Development
Conference and Exposition “SAFETY 2009”
June 23 – July 1, 2009, San Antonio, TX. Deadline is July 18, 2008.
http://www.asse.org
“29th Triennial
Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH
2009)”
March 22 – 27, 2009, Cape Town, South Africa. Deadline is July 31,
2008.
http://www.icoh2009.co.za
“Association of periOperative
Registered Nurses Congress 2009”
March 15 – 19, 2008, Chicago, IL. Deadline is October 1, 2008.
http://www.aorn.org/Education/EducationEvents/CallForProposals
Upcoming Conferences
American Society of Safety Engineers
“SAFETY 2008” Professional Development Conference and Exposition
June 9 – 12, 2008, Las Vegas, NV. http://www.asse.org/speakerpage08
“12th US/North
American Mine Ventilation Symposium”
June 11 – 18, 2008, Reno, NV. http://www.unr.edu/ventsymp2008
“National Institute for Farm
Safety”
June 23 – 26, 2008, Lancaster, PA. http://www.eventsmeetingsandmore.com
“2008 Johnson Conference:
Critical Issues in Monitoring Asbestos”
July 14 – 18, 2008, Burlington, VT. http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/filtrexx40.cgi?U+mystore+rnme8276+-P+MAINCOMM+D22+-P+EVENT_ID+1126+-P+MEETING_ID+32970+/usr6/htdocs/newpilot.com/MEETINGS/sympotherinfo.frm
“International Association of
Fire Chiefs Fire Rescue International 2008”
August 14 – 16, 2008, Denver, CO. http://www.iafc.org
“International Society for
Respiratory Protection (ISRP) 14th Conference”
September 14 – 18, 2008, Dublin, Ireland. http://www.isrp.com.au/
“2008 National Occupational
Injury Research Symposium (NOIRS)”
October 21 – 23, 2008, Pittsburgh, PA. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/noirs/2008
“PCIH 2008”
November 8 – 11, 2008, Tampa, FL. http://www.aiha.org/pcih08/
“8th Conference of
the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology”
November 12 – 14, 2008, Valencia, Spain. http://www.ea-ohp.org
“International Association of
Emergency Managers (IAEM) 2008 Annual Conference”
November 15 – 20, 2008, Overland Park, KS. http://www.iaem.com
“International Roofing
Expo”
February 3 – 5, 2009, Las Vegas, NV. http://www.theroofingexpo.com
“2009 SME Annual Meeting”
and “CMA 111th Annual National Western Mining
Conference”
February 22 – 25, 2009, Denver, CO. http://sme2009.abstractcentral.com
“19th
International Symposium on Shiftwork and Working Time”
August 2 – 6, 2009, Venezia, Italy. http://www.shiftwork2009.it
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Direct-reading methods (DRM):
Techniques that allow real-time or near real-time assessment of workplace
exposures, including gases, vapors, aerosols, surface contamination,
musculoskeletal disorders, noise and radiation. By applying DRM, health and
safety professionals can quickly determine the potential for exposures and
make more improved decisions on the type of environmental controls or
personal protective technology needed to mitigate those exposures.
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NIOSH eNews on the Web:
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