6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6 From: "Marlow, JoAnna" <MarlowJ@xxxxxx> Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 22-28 January 2025 Sally Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx) Zac Hastings - contributor (zhastings@xxxxxxxx) JoAnna Marlow - contributor (jmarlow@xxxxxxxx) URL: https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D81x4cVqQ$> New Activity/Unrest: Ahyi, United States | Ibu, Indonesia | Kilauea, United States | Purace, Colombia | Whakaari/White Island, New Zealand Ongoing Activity: Aira, Japan | Dukono, Indonesia | El Misti, Peru | Fuego, Guatemala | Great Sitkin, United States | Kanlaon, Philippines | Karymsky, Russia | Lewotobi, Indonesia | Marapi, Indonesia | Merapi, Indonesia | Poas, Costa Rica | Reventador, Ecuador | Sabancaya, Peru | Sangay, Ecuador | Santa Maria, Guatemala | Semeru, Indonesia | Sheveluch, Russia | Suwanosejima, Japan | Ubinas, Peru The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest Ahyi | United States | 20.42°N, 145.03°E | Summit elev. -75 m Unrest at Ahyi Seamount continued through 24 January. Satellite images showed a plume of discolored water in the vicinity of the seamount on 18 January, indicating possible submarine activity. No signals coming from the direction of Ahyi were identified in data from underwater pressure sensors near Wake Island (about 2,270 km E of Ahyi). The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale). Geologic Summary. Ahyi seamount is a large conical submarine volcano that rises to within 75 m of the ocean surface ~18 km SE of the island of Farallon de Pajaros in the northern Marianas. Water discoloration has been observed there, and in 1979 the crew of a fishing boat felt shocks over the summit area, followed by upwelling of sulfur-bearing water. On 24-25 April 2001 an explosive eruption was detected seismically by a station on Rangiroa Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago. The event was well constrained (+/- 15 km) at a location near the southern base of Ahyi. An eruption in April-May 2014 was detected by NOAA divers, hydroacoustic sensors, and seismic stations. Source: US Geological Survey https://www.usgs.gov/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.usgs.gov/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D8JjT51Jw$> Ibu | Indonesia | 1.488°N, 127.63°E | Summit elev. 1325 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 22-28 January, with a decrease in eruptive activity resulting in the Alert Level being lowered from Level 4 to Level 3 (on a scale of 1 to 4) at 1700 on 28 January. Additionally, the recommended exclusion zone was adjusted in response to the new Alert Level status, with the public now advised to maintain a distance of at least 4 km from the eruption center, except in the N sector, where the distance extends to 5 km from the N crater wall opening. Eruptive events were recorded daily, generating gray and white-to-gray ash plumes that rose at least 1.2 km above the summit and drifted multiple directions. Webcam images posted with the eruption reports showed incandescence at the summit and occasionally incandescent material being ejected above the summit during explosions. In a special report, PVMBG noted that the lava dome growing in the crater had exceeded the crater wall height, resulting in small collapse avalanches onto the N and NW flanks. Deformation monitoring data (Electronic Distance Measurement surveys) showed a deflationary trend between 1 and 27 January. Geologic Summary. The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, has contained several small crater lakes. The 1.2-km-wide outer crater is breached on the N, creating a steep-walled valley. A large cone grew ENE of the summit, and a smaller one to the WSW has fed a lava flow down the W flank. A group of maars is located below the N and W flanks. The first observed and recorded eruption was a small explosion from the summit crater in 1911. Eruptive activity began again in December 1998, producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the floor of the inner summit crater along with ongoing explosive ash emissions. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D_pe1cDWQ$> Kilauea | United States | 19.421°N, 155.287°W | Summit elev. 1222 m The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) reported that the eruption within Kilaueaâ??s Kaluapele summit caldera continued during 22-28 January from vents along the SW margin of Halemaâ??umaâ??u Crater. Sulfur dioxide emissions were last recorded on 19 January, after the end of a lava-fountaining episode, and averaged around 800 tonnes per day; sulfur dioxide emissions likely continued at similar levels during 20-21 January. Incandescence was strong at the N vent during 21-22 January, and weak, intermittent spatter from the N vent was visible early on 22 January. Sustained spattering began at about 1457 on 22 January around the time seismic tremor increased, deflation was detected near the vent, and a sulfur dioxide gas discharge was estimated at more than 10,000 tonnes per day. Lava flows were established by 1459, followed at 1551 by domed fountains rising 5-10 m. The activity continued overnight during 22-23 January with lava fountains rising 30-50 m. Peleâ??s hair fell at the Steaming Bluff parking area and lava flows covered about half of the crater floor. Eruptive activity at the N vent paused at 0430 on 23 January. Intense incandescence from the N vent and spots of orange glow from the crater floor were visible overnight during 23-24 January. Small, sporadic spattering at the N vent began at around 1800 on 24 January, strengthening into sustained lava fountains by 2315, and then lava flows advancing onto the crater floor at 2328. Lava fountains were rising as high as 45 m by midnight, and a second flow had developed. Fountain heights began to decrease at 0200 on 25 January and by 0300 they were 15-30 m high, and the second lava flow was no longer active. Nearly half of the crater floor had been covered by lava. Lava fountain activity gradually declined throughout the morning and lava flows from the N vent stopped at 1236. A large area of erupted lava overturned around 1358 during a period when lava was draining back into the N vent, and the lava surface at the center of the crater floor dropped about 0.5 m. Spots of orange glow on the crater floor were visible as the lava cooled. Strong incandescence at the N vent was visible. Around 1330 on 27 January small, sporadic spatter fountains began again and continued to intensify into sustained fountaining by 1841. At 1940 fountains from the N vent were 30-40 m high and fed multiple lava flows. A small fountain at the S vent fed a small flow from the S side of its cone. By 0740 on 28 January the fountains at the N vent were about 40-45 m high and at the S vent were about 30 m high. Then at 1043 the S vent stopped erupting followed by the N vent at 1047. Lava flows covered more than half of the crater floor. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Kilauea overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna Loa shield volcano in the island of Hawaii. Eruptions are prominent in Polynesian legends; written documentation since 1820 records frequent summit and flank lava flow eruptions interspersed with periods of long-term lava lake activity at Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera until 1924. The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1,500 years ago and during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy East and Southwest rift zones, which extend to the ocean in both directions. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the surface is younger than 600 years. The long-term eruption from the East rift zone between 1983 and 2018 produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2, destroyed hundreds of houses, and added new coastline. Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D-qT-fdlQ$> Purace | Colombia | 2.32°N, 76.4°W | Summit elev. 4650 m The Servicio Geologico Colombiano (SGC) reported that the amplitude of seismic tremor at Puracé increased during the afternoon of 21 January and remained elevated through 23 January. Satellite images captured on 23 January showed a system of cracks and cavities formed during the ash emission on 20 January. Gas-and-steam emissions rose from previously existing fumarolic vents at the Puracé cone and from the two new vents that had opened days before at the Curiquinga cone, located immediately SE of Puracé. Significant levels of sulfur dioxide emissions continued to be detected by instruments at the Puracé summit. Strong sulfur dioxide odors were reported in the communities of Paletará (16 km SW), Puracé (11 km NW), and Popayán (Cauca, 30 km NW). The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Puracé is an active andesitic volcano with a 600-m-diameter summit crater at the NW end of the Los Coconucos Volcanic Chain. This volcanic complex includes nine composite and five monogenetic volcanoes, extending from the Puracé crater more than 6 km SE to the summit of Pan de Azúcar stratovolcano. The dacitic massif which the complex is built on extends about 13 km NW-SE and 10 km NE-SW. Frequent small to moderate explosive eruptions reported since 1816 CE have modified the morphology of the summit crater, with the largest eruptions in 1849, 1869, and 1885. Source: Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC) https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D_caCIv-A$> Whakaari/White Island | New Zealand | 37.52°S, 177.18°E | Summit elev. 294 m On 28 January GeoNet reported that emissions from Whakaari/White Island during the previous few weeks were characterized as weak-to-moderate gas-and-steam plumes that frequently contained minor amounts of ash. The plumes were visible in images from satellite and webcams (at Whakatane and Te Kaha), and during clearer weather conditions a larger plume was occasionally visible from the Bay of Plenty. The New Zealand Met Service also detected ash in the plumes using satellite images on some of the days. Ash was not visible in emissions during a midday observation overflight on 14 January, but during an overflight to measure volcanic gases later that afternoon, ash was visible in the emissions; sulfur dioxide gas flux was higher compared to periods of lower volcanic activity. A minor event where ash was visible in the plume was recorded in webcam images at 0710 on 27 January. The activity was consistent with moderate-to-heightened levels of unrest, therefore the Volcanic Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5). The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) due to the presence of ash in the emissions. GeoNet stated that the Alert Levels were reflective of the current level of activity, but there was uncertainty due to the current lack of consistent, usable, real-time monitoring data; GeoNet relies on remote cameras and satellite images to monitor Whakaari. Geologic Summary. The uninhabited Whakaari/White Island is the 2 x 2.4 km emergent summit of a 16 x 18 km submarine volcano in the Bay of Plenty about 50 km offshore of North Island. The island consists of two overlapping andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcanoes. The SE side of the crater is open at sea level, with the recent activity centered about 1 km from the shore close to the rear crater wall. Volckner Rocks, sea stacks that are remnants of a lava dome, lie 5 km NW. Descriptions of volcanism since 1826 have included intermittent moderate phreatic, phreatomagmatic, and Strombolian eruptions; activity there also forms a prominent part of Maori legends. The formation of many new vents during the 19th and 20th centuries caused rapid changes in crater floor topography. Collapse of the crater wall in 1914 produced a debris avalanche that buried buildings and workers at a sulfur-mining project. Explosive activity in December 2019 took place while tourists were present, resulting in many fatalities. The official government name Whakaari/White Island is a combination of the full Maori name of Te Puia o Whakaari ("The Dramatic Volcano") and White Island (referencing the constant steam plume) given by Captain James Cook in 1769. Source: GeoNet http://www.geonet.org.nz/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D8MvSDeyw$> Ongoing Activity Aira | Japan | 31.5772°N, 130.6589°E | Summit elev. 1117 m The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) during 20-27 January. Nightly crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. On 20 January sulfur dioxide emissions were extremely high, averaging 3,200 tons per day. Explosions at 1220 on 21 January, 1709 and 2246 on 22 January, 0243 on 23 January, and 1626 on 25 January produced ash plumes that rose 800-2,500 m above the crater rim and drifted E, SE, S, and SW. Some explosions ejected large blocks 900-1,300 m from the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters. Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim and built an island that was joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minamidake. Frequent eruptions since the 8th century have deposited ash on the city of Kagoshima, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest recorded eruption took place during 1471-76. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D9sACFBrA$> Dukono | Indonesia | 1.6992°N, 127.8783°E | Summit elev. 1273 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that explosive activity continued at Dukono during 22-28 January. Emissions were observed daily; white-and-gray emissions rose as high as 800 m above the summit. Seismicity included 189-340 daily explosion events and episodes of continuous tremor. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1 to 4), and the public was warned to stay outside of the 4-km exclusion zone. Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have occurred since 1933. During a major eruption in 1550 CE, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the N-flank Gunung Mamuya cone. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been active during historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D_pe1cDWQ$> El Misti | Peru | 16.294°S, 71.409°W | Summit elev. 5822 m The Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) reported that a lahar descended the SE flank of El Misti at 1054 on 27 January. The public was warned to stay away from drainages and roads on that flank. The Alert Level remained at Green (the lowest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. El Misti is a symmetrical andesitic stratovolcano with nested summit craters that towers above the city of Arequipa, Peru. The modern symmetrical cone, constructed within a small 1.5 x 2 km wide summit caldera that formed between about 13,700 and 11,300 years ago, caps older Pleistocene volcanoes that underwent caldera collapse about 50,000 years ago. A large scoria cone has grown with the 830-m-wide outer summit crater. At least 20 tephra-fall deposits and numerous pyroclastic-flow deposits have been documented during the past 50,000 years, including a pyroclastic flow that traveled 12 km to the south about 2000 years ago. The most recent activity has been dominantly pyroclastic, and strong winds have formed a parabolic dune field of volcanic ash extending up to 20 km downwind. An eruption in the 15th century affected nearby Inca inhabitants. Some reports of historical eruptions may represent increased fumarolic activity. Source: Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) http://www.igp.gob.pe/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igp.gob.pe/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D_EV-MkZg$> Fuego | Guatemala | 14.473°N, 90.88°W | Summit elev. 3763 m The Instituto Nacional de SismologÃa, VulcanologÃa, MeteorologÃa e HidrologÃa (INSIVUMEH) reported that low-level eruptive activity continued at Fuego during 22-28 January. Conditions for observation were often unfavorable. Weak explosions were reported on 23 and 26 January, and weak rumbling sounds were heard on 24 January. At night and early morning on 24 and 28 January crater incandescence was observed. Almost daily gas-and-steam emissions were reported rising as high as 750 m above the summit and drifted S, SW, and W. Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active volcanoes, is also one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice, Meseta, lies between Fuego and Acatenango to the north. Construction of Meseta dates back to about 230,000 years and continued until the late Pleistocene or early Holocene. Collapse of Meseta may have produced the massive Escuintla debris-avalanche deposit, which extends about 50 km onto the Pacific coastal plain. Growth of the modern Fuego volcano followed, continuing the southward migration of volcanism that began at the mostly andesitic Acatenango. Eruptions at Fuego have become more mafic with time, and most historical activity has produced basaltic rocks. Frequent vigorous historical eruptions have been recorded since the onset of the Spanish era in 1524, and have produced major ashfalls, along with occasional pyroclastic flows and lava flows. Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D8du_XjIg$> Great Sitkin | United States | 52.076°N, 176.13°W | Summit elev. 1740 m The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick lava flow in Great Sitkinâ??s summit crater during 21-28 January. The local seismic network did not detect any small earthquakes on most or all days during the week. Cloudy satellite and webcam images prevented clear observations. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side of Great Sitkin Island. A younger volcano capped by a small, 0.8 x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure that truncated an older edifice and produced a submarine debris avalanche. Deposits from this and an even older debris avalanche from a source to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano. The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp. Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano. Eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://avo.alaska.edu/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D93h_ofog$> Kanlaon | Philippines | 10.4096°N, 123.13°E | Summit elev. 2422 m The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing eruptive activity at Kanlaon during 22-28 January. The seismic network recorded 8-35 daily volcanic earthquakes. Volcanic tremor was recorded during 25-27 January with 3-11 periods lasting 4-38 minutes at a time. Average daily sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 1,691 to 4,222 tonnes per day. Continuous moderate to voluminous gas-and-steam emissions with occasional ash content rose 100-900 m above the summit and drifted SW and W. During 23-27 January there were 1-14 periods of ash emission lasting 2-65 minutes. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 0-5); the public was warned to stay 6 km away from the summit and pilots were warned not to fly close to the volcano. Geologic Summary. Kanlaon volcano (also spelled Canlaon) forms the highest point on the Philippine island of Negros. The massive andesitic stratovolcano is covered with fissure-controlled pyroclastic cones and craters, many of which are filled by lakes. The largest debris avalanche known in the Philippines traveled 33 km SW from Kanlaon. The summit contains a 2-km-wide, elongated northern caldera with a crater lake and a smaller but higher active vent, Lugud crater, to the south. Eruptions recorded since 1866 have typically consisted of phreatic explosions of small-to-moderate size that produce minor local ashfall. Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D_CYlov5Q$> Karymsky | Russia | 54.049°N, 159.443°E | Summit elev. 1513 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 16-23 January. A weak thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700 radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D8LmfEmSA$> Lewotobi | Indonesia | 8.542°S, 122.775°E | Summit elev. 1703 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Lewotobi Laki-laki during 22-28 January. Explosive events were recorded on 22-23 and 25-27 January, generating gray or white-to-gray ash plumes that rose at least 1.6 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions, though daily emissions were also observed in the absence of eruptions. Webcam images posted with the reports showed daily incandescence at the summit and incandescent material being ejected above the summit of the inner active cone during explosions. Faint rumbling was heard at the Lewotobi Laki-laki Observation Post (7 km WNW) on 28 January. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 5 km away from the center of Laki-laki and 6 km in a semicircle counterclockwise from the NE to the SW. Geologic Summary. The Lewotobi edifice in eastern Flores Island is composed of the two adjacent Lewotobi Laki-laki and Lewotobi Perempuan stratovolcanoes (the "husband and wife"). Their summits are less than 2 km apart along a NW-SE line. The conical Laki-laki to the NW has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Perempuan has had observed eruptions in 1921 and 1935. Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in both of the summit craters, which are open to the north. A prominent cone, Iliwokar, occurs on the E flank of Perampuan. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D_pe1cDWQ$> Marapi | Indonesia | 0.38°S, 100.474°E | Summit elev. 2885 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Marapi (on Sumatra) was ongoing during 22-28 January. White and gray gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 750 m above the summit on 22, 26, and 28 January. White gas-and-steam emissions rose as high as 200 m above the summit on 25 and 27 January; no emissions were observed during 23-24 January. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the active crater. Geologic Summary. Gunung Marapi, not to be confused with the better-known Merapi volcano on Java, is Sumatra's most active volcano. This massive complex stratovolcano rises 2,000 m above the Bukittinggi Plain in the Padang Highlands. A broad summit contains multiple partially overlapping summit craters constructed within the small 1.4-km-wide Bancah caldera. The summit craters are located along an ENE-WSW line, with volcanism migrating to the west. More than 50 eruptions, typically consisting of small-to-moderate explosive activity, have been recorded since the end of the 18th century; no lava flows outside the summit craters have been reported in historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D_pe1cDWQ$> Merapi | Indonesia | 7.54°S, 110.446°E | Summit elev. 2910 m The Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 17-23 January. Seismicity was less intense than the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 28 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 2 km SW down the Bebeng drainage, 19 that traveled as far as 1.7 km SW down the Krasak drainage, and 19 that traveled as far as 1.6 km SW down the Sat/Putih drainage. Morphological changes at the SW dome were caused by continuing effusion and collapses of material. No significant morphological changes at the summit dome were visible. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location. Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities. Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D8CJE9xkQ$> Poas | Costa Rica | 10.2°N, 84.233°W | Summit elev. 2697 m The Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported an explosive eruption at Poás at 0602 on 23 January, but due to weather conditions no visual observations were made. A VONA issued late on 24 January with no supporting details about the activity was retracted the next day by OVSICORI-UNA, noting that there had been no eruption. Volcanic tremor was high but fluctuated throughout the week. High SO2 flux was reported at 400 tons per day (t/d) on 24 January. An increase in uplift deformation was reported on 24 and 27 January. Geologic Summary. The broad vegetated edifice of Poás, one of the most active volcanoes of Costa Rica, contains three craters along a N-S line. The frequently visited multi-hued summit crater lakes of the basaltic-to-dacitic volcano are easily accessible by vehicle from the nearby capital city of San José. A N-S-trending fissure cutting the complex stratovolcano extends to the lower N flank, where it has produced the Congo stratovolcano and several lake-filled maars. The southernmost of the two summit crater lakes, Botos, last erupted about 7,500 years ago. The more prominent geothermally heated northern lake, Laguna Caliente, is one of the world's most acidic natural lakes, with a pH of near zero. It has been the site of frequent phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions since an eruption was reported in 1828. Eruptions often include geyser-like ejections of crater-lake water. Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D_GqOLNxg$> Reventador | Ecuador | 0.077°S, 77.656°W | Summit elev. 3562 m The Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) reported that eruptive activity continued at Reventador during 22-28 January. Seismicity was not reported on 22-23 January and only partly recorded on the morning of 24 January, with 22 explosions, due to data transmission issues with the seismic monitoring equipment. From the afternoon of 24 January to the morning of 28 January, seismicity included 63-79 daily explosions, long-period earthquakes, harmonic tremor, and tremor associated with emissions. Weather conditions occasionally obscured views of summit activity; however, when the weather permitted, ash-and-gas plumes were observed in webcam and/or satellite images rising 300-1,300 m above the crater and drifting W, WNW, and NW. The Washington VAAC also issued alerts for ash and gas emissions. The surveillance camera network recorded multiple instances of incandescent material descending as far as 800 m below the crater rim overnight 24-27 January. SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos maintained the Alert Level at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Volcán El Reventador is the most frequently active of a chain of Ecuadorian volcanoes in the Cordillera Real, well east of the principal volcanic axis. The forested, dominantly andesitic stratovolcano has 4-km-wide avalanche scarp open to the E formed by edifice collapse. A young, unvegetated, cone rises from the amphitheater floor to a height comparable to the rim. It has been the source of numerous lava flows as well as explosive eruptions visible from Quito, about 90 km ESE. Frequent lahars in this region of heavy rainfall have left extensive deposits on the scarp slope. The largest recorded eruption took place in 2002, producing a 17-km-high eruption column, pyroclastic flows that traveled up to 8 km, and lava flows from summit and flank vents. Source: Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) http://www.igepn.edu.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D-fdASgKQ$> Sabancaya | Peru | 15.787°S, 71.857°W | Summit elev. 5960 m The Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) reported that the eruption at Sabancaya continued during 20-26 January with a daily average of three explosions. Gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 500 m above the summit and drifted less than 10 km W and SW. Thermal anomalies over the lava dome in the summit crater were identified in satellite data. Sulfur dioxide emissions were at moderate levels, averaging 814 tons per day. No thermal anomalies or significant deformation were detected. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay outside of a 12 km radius from the summit. Geologic Summary. Sabancaya, located in the saddle NE of Ampato and SE of Hualca Hualca volcanoes, is the youngest of these volcanic centers and the only one to have erupted in historical time. The oldest of the three, Nevado Hualca Hualca, is of probable late-Pliocene to early Pleistocene age. The name Sabancaya (meaning "tongue of fire" in the Quechua language) first appeared in records in 1595 CE, suggesting activity prior to that date. Holocene activity has consisted of Plinian eruptions followed by emission of voluminous andesitic and dacitic lava flows, which form an extensive apron around the volcano on all sides but the south. Records of observed eruptions date back to 1750 CE. Source: Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) http://www.igp.gob.pe/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igp.gob.pe/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D_EV-MkZg$> Sangay | Ecuador | 2.005°S, 78.341°W | Summit elev. 5286 m The Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) reported that eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 22-28 January. The seismic network recorded 52-165 daily explosions. During 22-24 and 27 January, gas-and-ash emissions observed in webcam and/or satellite images rose as high as 1.8 km above the summit and drifted multiple directions. The Washington VAAC also issued alerts for ash and gas emissions on those dates. Weather clouds obscured views of summit activity on 25-26 and 28 January. The surveillance camera network recorded multiple instances of incandescence in the crater area during the nights of 22 and 23 January. SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The isolated Sangay volcano, located east of the Andean crest, is the southernmost of Ecuador's volcanoes and its most active. The steep-sided, glacier-covered, dominantly andesitic volcano grew within the open calderas of two previous edifices which were destroyed by collapse to the east, producing large debris avalanches that reached the Amazonian lowlands. The modern edifice dates back to at least 14,000 years ago. It towers above the tropical jungle on the east side; on the other sides flat plains of ash have been eroded by heavy rains into steep-walled canyons up to 600 m deep. The earliest report of an eruption was in 1628. Almost continuous eruptions were reported from 1728 until 1916, and again from 1934 to the present. The almost constant activity has caused frequent changes to the morphology of the summit crater complex. Source: Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) http://www.igepn.edu.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D-fdASgKQ$> Santa Maria | Guatemala | 14.757°N, 91.552°W | Summit elev. 3745 m The Instituto Nacional de SismologÃa, VulcanologÃa, MeteorologÃa e HidrologÃa (INSIVUMEH) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Santa Mariaâ??s Santiaguito dome complex during 22-28 January with continuing lava extrusion at Caliente dome. Daily explosions, as many as 6 per hour when reported, generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 1.2 km above the dome and drifted SW, W, and NW. Effusion of blocky lava and collapses of material produced block avalanches that descended the flanks in multiple directions almost daily; the avalanches could sometimes be heard in areas several kilometers away. Collapsed material produced short pyroclastic flows on 26 and 27 January. Incandescence at the crater was sometimes visible during dark hours. On 28 January ashfall was reported in Las MarÃas (9.5 km S), Finca El Patrocinio (8 km SW), San Marcos (10 km SW), Loma Linda Palajunoj (7 km SW), and other nearby communities, and forecasted for areas downwind on most days. Geologic Summary. Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa MarÃa volcano is part of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rise above the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. The sharp-topped, conical profile is cut on the SW flank by a 1.5-km-wide crater. The oval-shaped crater extends from just below the summit to the lower flank, and was formed during a catastrophic eruption in 1902. The renowned Plinian eruption of 1902 that devastated much of SW Guatemala followed a long repose period after construction of the large basaltic-andesite stratovolcano. The massive dacitic Santiaguito lava-dome complex has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since 1922. Compound dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred episodically from four vents, with activity progressing E towards the most recent, Caliente. Dome growth has been accompanied by almost continuous minor explosions, with periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic flows, and lahars. Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D8du_XjIg$> Semeru | Indonesia | 8.108°S, 112.922°E | Summit elev. 3657 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 22-28 January with several daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Gray or white-and-gray ash plumes rose 400-1,200 m above the summit and drifted in several directions. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards. Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru (Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas. A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that have reached the lower flanks of the volcano. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D_pe1cDWQ$> Sheveluch | Russia | 56.653°N, 161.36°E | Summit elev. 3283 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that lava extrusion may have continued at Sheveluchâ??s â??300 years of RASâ?? dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the Young Sheveluch dome during 16-23 January. Daily thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images. Gas-and-steam plumes with variable amounts of ash drifted 60 km NE during 20-21 January, and plumes of resuspended ash drifted 300 km SE during 21-23 January. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D8LmfEmSA$> Suwanosejima | Japan | 29.638°N, 129.714°E | Summit elev. 796 m The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 20-27 January. Incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. Discrete eruption events were recorded at 1217 and 1407 on 22 January and at 0754 on 23 January. Eruptions produced ash plumes that reached 1.2-1.5 km above the crater rim, and ash drifted to the N and SW. One explosive event, detected by infrasound monitoring equipment at 1527 on 25 January, produced ash emissions that reached 800 m above the crater rim and drifted SW. Ballistic projectiles were ejected as far as 300 m from the center of the crater. Tremor accompanied the eruption events and ashfall was reported by the Suwanosejima Branch of the Toshima Village Office (3.5 km SSW). The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second level on a five-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long island of Suwanosejima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the E flank that was formed by edifice collapse. One of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, it was in a state of intermittent Strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, between 1949 and 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest recorded eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits covered residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed, forming a large debris avalanche and creating an open collapse scarp extending to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D9sACFBrA$> Ubinas | Peru | 16.345°S, 70.8972°W | Summit elev. 5608 m The Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) reported that a lahar descended the Volcánmayo drainage on the SE flank of Ubinas at 1930 on 25 January. The public was warned to stay away from the drainage and to avoid driving on the Querapi-Ubinas-Huarina highway. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The truncated appearance of Ubinas, Perú's most active volcano, is a result of a 1.4-km-wide crater at the summit. It is the northernmost of three young volcanoes located along a regional structural lineament about 50 km behind the main volcanic front. The growth and destruction of Ubinas I was followed by construction of Ubinas II beginning in the mid-Pleistocene. The upper slopes of the andesitic-to-rhyolitic Ubinas II stratovolcano are composed primarily of andesitic and trachyandesitic lava flows and steepen to nearly 45°. The steep-walled, 150-m-deep summit crater contains an ash cone with a 500-m-wide funnel-shaped vent that is 200 m deep. Debris-avalanche deposits from the collapse of the SE flank about 3,700 years ago extend 10 km from the volcano. Widespread Plinian pumice-fall deposits include one from about 1,000 years ago. Holocene lava flows are visible on the flanks, but activity documented since the 16th century has consisted of intermittent minor-to-moderate explosive eruptions. Source: Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) http://www.igp.gob.pe/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igp.gob.pe/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dkTv1uOIMJUyel1gz3GciP0ry24WuoLVh3OHSUbYWLQrlrNrlKIbg2MJlk7QlqH7je7ZCt2ZpoU5sh-m5D_EV-MkZg$> 6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6 ============================================================== Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University (ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). 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