9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9 From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx> Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 13-19 November 2024 Sally Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx) URL: https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9pSWNiB6Q$> New Activity/Unrest: Ahyi, United States | Iya, Indonesia | Kanlaon, Philippines | Karangetang, Indonesia | Lewotobi, Indonesia | Lokon-Empung, Indonesia | Marapi, Indonesia | Sheveluch, Russia Ongoing Activity: Aira, Japan | Dukono, Indonesia | Great Sitkin, United States | Ibu, Indonesia | Karymsky, Russia | Katmai, United States | Manam, Papua New Guinea | Popocatepetl, Mexico | Reventador, Ecuador | Sabancaya, Peru | Sangay, Ecuador | Santa Maria, Guatemala | Semeru, Indonesia | Suwanosejima, Japan The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest Ahyi | United States | 20.42°N, 145.03°E | Summit elev. -75 m On 20 November the Aviation Color Code for Ahyi Seamount was raised to Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the Volcano Alert Level was raised to Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale) due to an ongoing submarine eruption. Plumes of discolored water were observed extending as far as several hundred meters away from the volcano in satellite images on 1, 10, and 19 November. Retrospective analysis of older satellite data revealed minor activity extending back to 5 August. Possible pumice floating on the ocean surface was identified in the most recent image. No volcanic activity was identified in data from underwater pressure sensors near Wake Island (about 2,270 km E of Ahyi), though submarine plumes had been observed in the past without clear hydroacoustic signals. Geologic Summary. Ahyi seamount is a large conical submarine volcano that rises to within 75 m of the ocean surface ~18 km SE of the island of Farallon de Pajaros in the northern Marianas. Water discoloration has been observed there, and in 1979 the crew of a fishing boat felt shocks over the summit area, followed by upwelling of sulfur-bearing water. On 24-25 April 2001 an explosive eruption was detected seismically by a station on Rangiroa Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago. The event was well constrained (+/- 15 km) at a location near the southern base of Ahyi. An eruption in April-May 2014 was detected by NOAA divers, hydroacoustic sensors, and seismic stations. Source: US Geological Survey https://www.usgs.gov/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.usgs.gov/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9qfBo3D2g$> Iya | Indonesia | 8.891°S, 121.641°E | Summit elev. 618 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that white-and-gray emissions at Iya rose as high as 300 m above the crater rim and drifted NE, N, W, and SW during 13-14 November. White plumes rose 100-300 m above the crater rim and drifted in multiple directions during the rest of the week. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the active crater area in all directions and 5 km away to the south. Geologic Summary. Gunung Iya is the southernmost of a group of three volcanoes comprising a small peninsula south of the city of Ende on central Flores Island. The cones to the north, Rooja and Pui, appear to be slightly older and have not shown historical activity, although Pui has a youthful profile (a reported 1671 eruption of Pui was considered to have originated from Iya volcano). Iya, whose truncated southern side drops steeply to the sea, has had numerous moderate explosive eruptions during historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9o_QgaSzg$> Kanlaon | Philippines | 10.4096°N, 123.13°E | Summit elev. 2422 m The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing unrest at Kanlaon during 13-19 November. The seismic network recorded 3-13 daily volcanic earthquakes, and sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 4,246 to 7,818 tonnes per day. Daily moderate-to-voluminous gas emissions with intermittent ash rose as high as 1 km above the summit and drifted several directions. During 15-17 and 19 November there were 4-6 daily ash emission events, each lasting as short as 2 minutes and as long as one hour and 43 minutes. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5) and PHIVOLCS reminded the public to remain outside of the 4-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone and warned pilots not to fly close to the volcano. Geologic Summary. Kanlaon volcano (also spelled Canlaon) forms the highest point on the Philippine island of Negros. The massive andesitic stratovolcano is covered with fissure-controlled pyroclastic cones and craters, many of which are filled by lakes. The largest debris avalanche known in the Philippines traveled 33 km SW from Kanlaon. The summit contains a 2-km-wide, elongated northern caldera with a crater lake and a smaller but higher active vent, Lugud crater, to the south. Eruptions recorded since 1866 have typically consisted of phreatic explosions of small-to-moderate size that produce minor local ashfall. Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9o-d5h3SQ$> Karangetang | Indonesia | 2.781°N, 125.407°E | Summit elev. 1797 m Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that white emissions that were sometimes dense rose 50-400 m above Karangetangâ??s summit during 13-19 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was advised to stay 2.5 km away from Kawah Dua (North Crater) and the Main Crater (South Crater) with an extension to 3.5 km along the W, SW, S, and SE flanks. Geologic Summary. Karangetang (Api Siau) volcano lies at the northern end of the island of Siau, about 125 km NNE of the NE-most point of Sulawesi. The stratovolcano contains five summit craters along a N-S line. It is one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, with more than 40 eruptions recorded since 1675 and many additional small eruptions that were not documented (Neumann van Padang, 1951). Twentieth-century eruptions have included frequent explosive activity sometimes accompanied by pyroclastic flows and lahars. Lava dome growth has occurred in the summit craters; collapse of lava flow fronts have produced pyroclastic flows. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9o_QgaSzg$> Lewotobi | Indonesia | 8.542°S, 122.775°E | Summit elev. 1703 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Lewotobi Laki-laki remained at a high-level during 13-19 November, producing ash plumes, lava fountaining, and an advancing lava flow on the W flank, and continued to impact residents and transportation. Daily white-and-gray ash plumes rose as high as 2.5 km above the summit and drifted SW, W, and NW. According to the Darwin VAAC ash plumes rose 2.4-4.6 km (8,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. during 13-16 November, or with maximum above-summit heights of 2.9 km on 13 November and 2.6 km during 14-16 November. Webcam images captured during dark hours throughout the week often showed summit incandescence. A webcam image from 0013 on 15 November captured either tall lava fountaining or the explosion of incandescent material high above the summit, and incandescent material descending the upper flanks. A webcam image from 0018 on 17 November showed areas of incandescence on the distal part of the W flank lava flow. The flow advance towards Klatanlo Village (3 km NW) based on a drone overflight later that day. According to a news article BNPB stated that residents from Klatanlo Village will not be permitted to return to their homes due to unsafe conditions and will be relocated. The village will also be prone to potential lahars. Residents were prohibited within a radius of 7 km from the center of Laki-laki, though on 18 November the extended zone on the SW, W, and NW flanks was reduced to 8 km. Loud rumbling was reported on 19 November. News articles noted that multiple domestic and international flights in and out of Lombok Airport were cancelled or rerouted on 13 November mainly due to ash from the 9-km-high ash plume produced on 12 November. The Komodo International Airport (313 km W), Frans Xavier Seda Airport (252 km W), H. Hasan Aroeboesman Airport (126 km WSW), and the Soa Airport (190 km W) remained closed, and tourists and residents continued to be moved to other islands by boat. On 14 November the Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport (840 km W) cancelled 41 domestic and international flights. As of 2000 on 15 November a total of 6,388 evacuees remained in evacuation shelters across six locations. By 18 November almost all airports had returned to normal operations; the Frans Xavier Seda Airport remained closed. Geologic Summary. The Lewotobi edifice in eastern Flores Island is composed of the two adjacent Lewotobi Laki-laki and Lewotobi Perempuan stratovolcanoes (the "husband and wife"). Their summits are less than 2 km apart along a NW-SE line. The conical Laki-laki to the NW has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Perempuan has had observed eruptions in 1921 and 1935. Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in both of the summit craters, which are open to the north. A prominent cone, Iliwokar, occurs on the E flank of Perampuan. Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9o_QgaSzg$> ; Antara News https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4475105/bnpb-nyatakan-penduduk-desa-klatanlo-flores-timur-harus-dipindahkan <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4475105/bnpb-nyatakan-penduduk-desa-klatanlo-flores-timur-harus-dipindahkan__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9o966yVog$> ; Antara News https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4463977/bandara-bali-90-penerbangan-batal-dalam-sehari-dampak-erupsi <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4463977/bandara-bali-90-penerbangan-batal-dalam-sehari-dampak-erupsi__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9qF42W3zA$> ; Antara News https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4464537/wisatawan-batal-ke-ntb-dampak-letusan-gunung-lewotobi-laki-laki <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4464537/wisatawan-batal-ke-ntb-dampak-letusan-gunung-lewotobi-laki-laki__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9riLQlyPw$> ; Antara News https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4464825/kemenhub-73-kapal-bantu-angkut-1668-korban-terdampak-erupsi-lewotobi <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4464825/kemenhub-73-kapal-bantu-angkut-1668-korban-terdampak-erupsi-lewotobi__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9qxxU4lQQ$> ; Antara News https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4465353/penerbangan-di-bandara-lombok-kembali-normal <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4465353/penerbangan-di-bandara-lombok-kembali-normal__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9pKU3OfEw$> ; Antara News https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4466374/bmkg-deteksi-abu-vulkanik-mengarah-ke-barat-daya-barat-lewotobi <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4466374/bmkg-deteksi-abu-vulkanik-mengarah-ke-barat-daya-barat-lewotobi__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9rmGxUCXQ$> ; Antara News https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4471505/polri-bangun-dapur-umum-bagi-pengungsi-erupsi-gunung-lewotobi <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4471505/polri-bangun-dapur-umum-bagi-pengungsi-erupsi-gunung-lewotobi__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9rHFPwYQA$> ; Antara News https://m.antaranews.com/amp/berita/4480273/mensos-stok-logistik-korban-erupsi-lewotobi-cukup-hingga-dua-pekan <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://m.antaranews.com/amp/berita/4480273/mensos-stok-logistik-korban-erupsi-lewotobi-cukup-hingga-dua-pekan__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9pGlrUIAg$> Lokon-Empung | Indonesia | 1.358°N, 124.792°E | Summit elev. 1580 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported continuing unrest at Lokon-Empung during 13-19 November. Daily white emissions rose as high as 20 m above the summit and drifted multiple directions. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The Lokong-Empung volcanic complex, rising above the plain of Tondano in North Sulawesi, includes four peaks and an active crater. Lokon, the highest peak, has a flat craterless top. The morphologically younger Empung cone 2 km NE has a 400-m-wide, 150-m-deep crater that erupted last in the 18th century. A ridge extending 3 km WNW from Lokon includes the Tatawiran and Tetempangan peaks. All eruptions since 1829 have originated from Tompaluan, a 150 x 250 m crater in the saddle between Lokon and Empung. These eruptions have primarily produced small-to-moderate ash plumes that sometimes damaged croplands and houses, but lava-dome growth and pyroclastic flows have also occurred. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9o_QgaSzg$> Marapi | Indonesia | 0.38°S, 100.474°E | Summit elev. 2885 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that unrest at Marapi (on Sumatra) was ongoing during 13-19 November. No emissions were observed during 13-15 November possibly due to weather clouds obscuring views. White emissions were observed rising 100-300 m above the crater rim and drifting in multiple directions during 16-17 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 4.5 km away from the active crater. Geologic Summary. Gunung Marapi, not to be confused with the better-known Merapi volcano on Java, is Sumatra's most active volcano. This massive complex stratovolcano rises 2,000 m above the Bukittinggi Plain in the Padang Highlands. A broad summit contains multiple partially overlapping summit craters constructed within the small 1.4-km-wide Bancah caldera. The summit craters are located along an ENE-WSW line, with volcanism migrating to the west. More than 50 eruptions, typically consisting of small-to-moderate explosive activity, have been recorded since the end of the 18th century; no lava flows outside the summit craters have been reported in historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9o_QgaSzg$> Sheveluch | Russia | 56.653°N, 161.36°E | Summit elev. 3283 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that lava extrusion continued at Sheveluchâ??s â??300 years of RASâ?? (Karan) dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the dome at Young Sheveluch through 14 November. Ash plumes generated from a strong explosive eruption during 7-8 November and continuing activity at the lava domes during 9-10 November drifted as far as 1,200 km E and SE. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9pC-U3oyg$> Ongoing Activity Aira | Japan | 31.5772°N, 130.6589°E | Summit elev. 1117 m The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) during 4-11 November. Nightly crater incandescence was visible in webcam images and very small eruptive events were periodically recorded. An explosion at 0422 on 18 November generated an ash plume that rose 700 m above the crater rim and drifted SE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters. Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim and built an island that was joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minamidake. Frequent eruptions since the 8th century have deposited ash on the city of Kagoshima, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest recorded eruption took place during 1471-76. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9oysK1-sg$> Dukono | Indonesia | 1.6992°N, 127.8783°E | Summit elev. 1273 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 13-19 November. Gray-and-white ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 100-700 m above the summit; the plumes drifted NW, W, and SW during 13-15 and 18 November. Emissions were not observed during 16-17 November. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 3-km exclusion zone. Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have occurred since 1933. During a major eruption in 1550 CE, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the N-flank Gunung Mamuya cone. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been active during historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9o_QgaSzg$> Great Sitkin | United States | 52.076°N, 176.13°W | Summit elev. 1740 m The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick lava flow in Great Sitkinâ??s summit crater during 13-19 November. The lava flow had filled most of the summit crater with minor advancement in the N part of the E lobe. The local seismic network continued to detect small earthquakes associated with the ongoing eruption. The last radar image, acquired on 14 November, confirmed ongoing effusion. Weather clouds obscured webcam and satellite views of the summit most of the week, though during 17-18 November elevated surface temperatures over the summit and diffuse steam plumes were identified in satellite images. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side of Great Sitkin Island. A younger volcano capped by a small, 0.8 x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure that truncated an older edifice and produced a submarine debris avalanche. Deposits from this and an even older debris avalanche from a source to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano. The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp. Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano. Eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://avo.alaska.edu/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9q7kPft5w$> Ibu | Indonesia | 1.488°N, 127.63°E | Summit elev. 1325 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that activity at Ibu continued during 13-19 November. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were often dense rose as high as 3 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Some webcam images posted with the reports showed incandescence visible above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening. Geologic Summary. The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, has contained several small crater lakes. The 1.2-km-wide outer crater is breached on the N, creating a steep-walled valley. A large cone grew ENE of the summit, and a smaller one to the WSW has fed a lava flow down the W flank. A group of maars is located below the N and W flanks. The first observed and recorded eruption was a small explosion from the summit crater in 1911. Eruptive activity began again in December 1998, producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the floor of the inner summit crater along with ongoing explosive ash emissions. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9o_QgaSzg$> Karymsky | Russia | 54.049°N, 159.443°E | Summit elev. 1513 m The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 8-14 November. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images during the week and ash plumes drifted E and SE on 8 and 12 November. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700 radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9pC-U3oyg$> Katmai | United States | 58.279°N, 154.9533°W | Summit elev. 2047 m The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that on 17 November strong winds in the vicinity of Katmai and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes dispersed unconsolidated ash up to 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. to the SE. The ash was originally deposited during the Novarupta-Katmai eruption in 1912. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Normal (the lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Green (the lowest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Katmai was initially considered to be the source of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes ash flow in 1912. However, the 3 x 4 km caldera of 1912 is now known to have formed as a result of the voluminous eruption at nearby Novarupta volcano. The edifice had four NE-SW-trending summits, most of which were truncated by the 1912 collapse. Two or more large explosive eruptions took place during the late Pleistocene. Most of the two overlapping pre-1912 Katmai volcanoes are Pleistocene, but Holocene lava flows from a flank vent descend the SE flank of the SW edifice into the Katmai River canyon. The steep walled young caldera has a jagged rim that rises 500-1,000 m above the caldera floor and contains a deep lake. Lake waters have covered a small post-collapse lava dome (Horseshoe Island) that was seen on the caldera floor at the time of the initial ascent to the caldera rim in 1916. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://avo.alaska.edu/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9q7kPft5w$> Manam | Papua New Guinea | 4.08°S, 145.037°E | Summit elev. 1807 m The Darwin VAAC reported that at 0900 on 15 November an ash plume from Manam was identified in satellite images rising to 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting NW. The plume had dissipated by 1100 on 16 November. A period of continuous ash emissions was identified in satellite images during 0430-1730 on 17 November. Weather clouds and darkness obscured views through the night but by 0920 on 18 November the ash plumes were no longer visible and had dissipated. Geologic Summary. The 10-km-wide island of Manam, lying 13 km off the northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea, is one of the country's most active volcanoes. Four large radial valleys extend from the unvegetated summit of the conical basaltic-andesitic stratovolcano to its lower flanks. These valleys channel lava flows and pyroclastic avalanches that have sometimes reached the coast. Five small satellitic centers are located near the island's shoreline on the northern, southern, and western sides. Two summit craters are present; both are active, although most observed eruptions have originated from the southern crater, concentrating eruptive products during much of the past century into the SE valley. Frequent eruptions, typically of mild-to-moderate scale, have been recorded since 1616. Occasional larger eruptions have produced pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached flat-lying coastal areas and entered the sea, sometimes impacting populated areas. Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9pJacrWyg$> Popocatepetl | Mexico | 19.023°N, 98.622°W | Summit elev. 5393 m Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (CENAPRED) reported that eruptive activity continued at Popocatépetl during 12-19 November. The seismic network recorded 11-52 long-period events per day that were accompanied by steam-and-gas emissions sometimes containing minor amounts of ash. The seismic network also recorded daily tremor, characterized at high-frequency and low-to-moderate amplitude, with periods lasting four hours and 54 minutes to as long as eight hours and five minutes. According to the Washington VAAC ash plumes were visible in webcam and satellite images during 13-16 November rising 5.8-7 km (19,000-23,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting mostly SW, W, and NW and occasionally N and NNE. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, Phase Two (the middle level on a three-color scale) and the public was warned to stay 12 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. Volcán Popocatépetl, whose name is the Aztec word for smoking mountain, rises 70 km SE of Mexico City to form North America's 2nd-highest volcano. The glacier-clad stratovolcano contains a steep-walled, 400 x 600 m wide crater. The generally symmetrical volcano is modified by the sharp-peaked Ventorrillo on the NW, a remnant of an earlier volcano. At least three previous major cones were destroyed by gravitational failure during the Pleistocene, producing massive debris-avalanche deposits covering broad areas to the south. The modern volcano was constructed south of the late-Pleistocene to Holocene El Fraile cone. Three major Plinian eruptions, the most recent of which took place about 800 CE, have occurred since the mid-Holocene, accompanied by pyroclastic flows and voluminous lahars that swept basins below the volcano. Frequent historical eruptions, first recorded in Aztec codices, have occurred since Pre-Columbian time. Sources: Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres (CENAPRED) https://www.gob.mx/cenapred <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.gob.mx/cenapred__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9q3HNZp5Q$> ; Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9p_WFy-OQ$> Reventador | Ecuador | 0.077°S, 77.656°W | Summit elev. 3562 m Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) reported that an eruption at Reventador was ongoing during 12-19 November. Seismicity was characterized by 66-101 daily explosions, long-period earthquakes, harmonic tremor, and tremor associated with emissions. Daily or near-daily ash-and-gas plumes were observed in webcam images and/or satellite images rising 200-1,200 m above the crater and drifted in different directions. Incandescent material was observed nightly descending the flanks as far as 1 km below the crater rim. Weather conditions sometimes obscured views, especially on 16 November. SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos maintained the Alert Level at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Volcán El Reventador is the most frequently active of a chain of Ecuadorian volcanoes in the Cordillera Real, well east of the principal volcanic axis. The forested, dominantly andesitic stratovolcano has 4-km-wide avalanche scarp open to the E formed by edifice collapse. A young, unvegetated, cone rises from the amphitheater floor to a height comparable to the rim. It has been the source of numerous lava flows as well as explosive eruptions visible from Quito, about 90 km ESE. Frequent lahars in this region of heavy rainfall have left extensive deposits on the scarp slope. The largest recorded eruption took place in 2002, producing a 17-km-high eruption column, pyroclastic flows that traveled up to 8 km, and lava flows from summit and flank vents. Sources: Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) http://www.igepn.edu.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9rQ_OE7lQ$> ; SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9q6gwf6Bg$> Sabancaya | Peru | 15.787°S, 71.857°W | Summit elev. 5960 m Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) reported that the eruption at Sabancaya continued during 11-17 November with a daily average of nine explosions. Gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 1.4 km above the summit and drifted less than 10 km NW, W, and SW. Thermal anomalies over the lava dome in the summit crater were identified in satellite data. Slight inflation was detected N of Hualca Hualca (7 km N). Sulfur dioxide emissions were at moderate levels, averaging 551 tons per day. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay outside of a 12 km radius from the summit. Geologic Summary. Sabancaya, located in the saddle NE of Ampato and SE of Hualca Hualca volcanoes, is the youngest of these volcanic centers and the only one to have erupted in historical time. The oldest of the three, Nevado Hualca Hualca, is of probable late-Pliocene to early Pleistocene age. The name Sabancaya (meaning "tongue of fire" in the Quechua language) first appeared in records in 1595 CE, suggesting activity prior to that date. Holocene activity has consisted of Plinian eruptions followed by emission of voluminous andesitic and dacitic lava flows, which form an extensive apron around the volcano on all sides but the south. Records of observed eruptions date back to 1750 CE. Source: Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) http://www.igp.gob.pe/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igp.gob.pe/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9q6MAnaBw$> Sangay | Ecuador | 2.005°S, 78.341°W | Summit elev. 5286 m Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) reported that eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 12-19 November. The seismic network recorded 12-41 daily explosions; during 13-14 November there were 376 explosions detected. Gas-and-ash plumes visible in webcam and/or satellite images rose 400-1,200 m above the summit and drifted E, SW, and W during 12-15 November. Weather clouds often obscured views of the volcano. SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The isolated Sangay volcano, located east of the Andean crest, is the southernmost of Ecuador's volcanoes and its most active. The steep-sided, glacier-covered, dominantly andesitic volcano grew within the open calderas of two previous edifices which were destroyed by collapse to the east, producing large debris avalanches that reached the Amazonian lowlands. The modern edifice dates back to at least 14,000 years ago. It towers above the tropical jungle on the east side; on the other sides flat plains of ash have been eroded by heavy rains into steep-walled canyons up to 600 m deep. The earliest report of an eruption was in 1628. Almost continuous eruptions were reported from 1728 until 1916, and again from 1934 to the present. The almost constant activity has caused frequent changes to the morphology of the summit crater complex. Sources: Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) http://www.igepn.edu.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9rQ_OE7lQ$> ; SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9q6gwf6Bg$> Santa Maria | Guatemala | 14.757°N, 91.552°W | Summit elev. 3745 m Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Santa Mariaâ??s Santiaguito dome complex during 12-19 November with continuing lava extrusion at Caliente dome. Daily explosions (a few per hour) generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 900 m above the dome and drifted in several directions; cloudy weather during 17-18 November prevented visual observations, though explosions and avalanches were heard. Effusion of blocky lava and collapses of material produced block avalanches that descended the SE, S, and SW flanks. Collapsed material produced short pyroclastic flows during 14-16 November. Incandescence was sometimes visible during dark hours from avalanches of material at the dome as well as explosions. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind during 15-16 November including San Marcos (8 km SW), Lome Linda Palajunoj (7 km SW), Las MarÃas (10 km S), Calaguaché (9 km S), and Belén (10 km S). On 19 November ashfall was reported in Santa MarÃa de Jesús (5 km SE), La Muralla (8 km ENE), Zunil (10 km NE), and surrounding areas. Geologic Summary. Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa MarÃa volcano is part of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rise above the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. The sharp-topped, conical profile is cut on the SW flank by a 1.5-km-wide crater. The oval-shaped crater extends from just below the summit to the lower flank, and was formed during a catastrophic eruption in 1902. The renowned Plinian eruption of 1902 that devastated much of SW Guatemala followed a long repose period after construction of the large basaltic-andesite stratovolcano. The massive dacitic Santiaguito lava-dome complex has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since 1922. Compound dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred episodically from four vents, with activity progressing E towards the most recent, Caliente. Dome growth has been accompanied by almost continuous minor explosions, with periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic flows, and lahars. Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9okxdTDjQ$> Semeru | Indonesia | 8.108°S, 112.922°E | Summit elev. 3657 m The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 13-19 November with several daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Daily white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 300-700 m above the summit and drifted S and SW. Weather conditions sometimes prevented views of the summit. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards. Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru (Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas. A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that have reached the lower flanks of the volcano. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9o_QgaSzg$> Suwanosejima | Japan | 29.638°N, 129.714°E | Summit elev. 796 m The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 11-18 November. Crater incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. A period of continuous ash emissions during 0107-0200 on 16 November produced ash plumes that rose as high as 1.5 km above the crater rim. An explosion was recorded at 1127 and produced ash emissions that rose 300 m above the crater rim and entered weather clouds. Ash emissions continued, rising as high as 1.1 km above the cater rim, and ceased at 1344. An eruptive event at 1542 on 16 November generated an ash plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim and drifted W. An explosion at 1619 generated an ash plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater rim and drifted W. No emissions were described from and explosion at 1920. Ashfall was occasionally observed within a 1.5-km-radius according to the Suwanosejima Branch of the Toshima Village Office (3.5 km SSW). The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long island of Suwanosejima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the E flank that was formed by edifice collapse. One of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, it was in a state of intermittent Strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, between 1949 and 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest recorded eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits covered residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed, forming a large debris avalanche and creating an open collapse scarp extending to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eSDgPUNr5TCeiRqoBPJCeb9l5NNNasMKSJWbZn4HVgucgZZwfbzrNaE2EqWhlGdNMS1KVHPYl7ju1xw6z9oysK1-sg$> 9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9 ============================================================== Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University (ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). 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