1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1 From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx> Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 14-20 August 2024 Sally Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx) URL: https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIjTCcQ0Uw$> New Activity/Unrest: Etna, Sicily (Italy) | Sheveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Whakaari/White Island, North Island (New Zealand) Ongoing Activity: Aira, Kyushu (Japan) | Alaid, Kuril Islands (Russia) | Dukono, Halmahera | Ebeko, Paramushir Island (Russia) | Fuego, South-Central Guatemala | Great Sitkin, Andreanof Islands (USA) | Ibu, Halmahera | Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | Lewotobi, Flores Island | Merapi, Central Java | Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia | Popocatepetl, Mexico | Reventador, Ecuador | Sangay, Ecuador | Santa Maria, Southwestern Guatemala | Semeru, Eastern Java | Stromboli, Aeolian Islands (Italy) | Suwanosejima, Ryukyu Islands (Japan) The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest Etna | Sicily (Italy) | 37.748°N, 14.999°E | Summit elev. 3357 m INGV reported that activity at Etnaâ??s summit craters continued during 12-18 August. Strombolian activity at Voragine Crater during 12-13 August ejected lava fragments that fell on the coneâ??s flanks. The seismic network recorded significant increases in tremor levels during 1700-2000 on 14 August and webcam images showed that Strombolian activity at Voragine Crater intensified. The Strombolian activity become lava fountaining by 0030 on 15 August and lava overflowed the W crater rim at Bocca Nuova Crater. Ash plumes at the peak of the activity rose as high as 9.5 km a.s.l. (about 6.2 km above the summit) and drifted SSW and ESE. Tephra fell in several areas including Belpasso, Pedara, Nicolosi, Ragalna, Mascalucia, Tremestieri Etneo, Gravina di Catania, Catania, Viagrande, Milo, Zafferana, Santa Tecla, Giarre, Santa Venerina Aci Bonaccorso, and Syracuse. According to a news article the Aeroporto de Catania (also called the Catania-Fontanarossa Airport) closed due to ashfall on the runways, with flights either being canceled, rescheduled, or diverted to other airports. The lava fountaining began to decrease at around 0230 and ceased at 0320. A two-minute-long explosion was recorded at 0328 and was followed by moderate level of Strombolian activity that gradually decreased. During a field inspection on 15 August scientists observed the new lava flows and noted that they overlapped the 4 August flows and descended farther SW. Lava from the fountaining event continued to fill in Bocca Nuova Crater and partially filled in NE Crater. Two explosion sequences at Bocca Nuova Crater were recorded at 0430 and 0459 on 18 August and lasted four and six minutes, respectively. The explosions produced eruptive clouds that drifted ENE and rapidly dissipated. The explosions may have reopened the N vent because a thermal anomaly and almost continuous gas emissions from Bocca Nuova followed the events. Strombolian activity at Voragine Crater was also observed on 18 August. Geologic Summary. Mount Etna, towering above Catania on the island of Sicily, has one of the world's longest documented records of volcanism, dating back to 1500 BCE. Historical lava flows of basaltic composition cover much of the surface of this massive volcano, whose edifice is the highest and most voluminous in Italy. The Mongibello stratovolcano, truncated by several small calderas, was constructed during the late Pleistocene and Holocene over an older shield volcano. The most prominent morphological feature of Etna is the Valle del Bove, a 5 x 10 km caldera open to the east. Two styles of eruptive activity typically occur, sometimes simultaneously. Persistent explosive eruptions, sometimes with minor lava emissions, take place from one or more summit craters. Flank vents, typically with higher effusion rates, are less frequently active and originate from fissures that open progressively downward from near the summit (usually accompanied by Strombolian eruptions at the upper end). Cinder cones are commonly constructed over the vents of lower-flank lava flows. Lava flows extend to the foot of the volcano on all sides and have reached the sea over a broad area on the SE flank. Sources: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) http://www.ct.ingv.it/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIhnRPzwvQ$> ; Euronews https://www.euronews.com/travel/2024/08/15/mount-etna-volcanic-eruption-closes-catania-international-airport <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.euronews.com/travel/2024/08/15/mount-etna-volcanic-eruption-closes-catania-international-airport__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIiCq_rbOg$> Sheveluch | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 56.653°N, 161.36°E | Summit elev. 3283 m KVERT reported that thermal anomalies at Sheveluch, over both the â??300 years of RASâ?? dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and the lava dome in the crater of Young Sheveluch, were identified in satellite images during 8-15 August. An explosive eruption at the â??300 years of RASâ?? dome began at 1145 on 17 August and generated ash plumes that rose as high as 9 km (30,000 ft) a.s.l. by 1200, about 5.7 km above the summit. Both the Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (IVS FEB RAS) and the Kamchatka Volcanological Station reported that two vents on the W flank were active and producing ash plumes. Lightning strikes occurred within the ash plumes. Ashfall was reported in Ust'-Kamchatsk (100 km SE) and by 1550 the plumes had drifted 492 km SE. KVERT raised the Aviation Color Code to Red (the highest level on a four-color scale) at 2040. Incandescence from the vents was visible at night. Explosive activity persisted, producing ash plumes to lower altitudes, or as high as 5 km (16,400 ft) a.s.l., at least through 0553 on 18 August. The plumes drifted SE and ESE and had drifted as far as 1,520 km. By 1920 the leading edge of a 1,900-km-long ash cloud was 2,400 km from the volcano. At 2033 the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Orange. KVERT noted that although the explosive phase had likely ended, extrusion from two vents near the â??300 years of RASâ?? dome was ongoing; one of the vents was likely new. Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIj7gpZnzA$> ; Kamchatka Volcanological Station http://volkstat.ru/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://volkstat.ru/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIi8JdLJKA$> ; Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (IVS) of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIgCWDHrOA$> Whakaari/White Island | North Island (New Zealand) | 37.52°S, 177.18°E | Summit elev. 294 m On 16 August GeoNet reported that a modest increase in ash content of emissions at Whakaari/White Island began on 9 August, based on satellite data. The gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 2 km above the vent and drifted tens of kilometers from the island. Higher concentrations of volcanic gas emissions were detected during a 14 August gas observation overflight compared to the last overflight on 18 July. The emissions rose from a new vent that was 10-15 m in diameter and contained minor amounts of ash. Analysis of an ash sample collected during the overflight indicated a shallow magma source; the recent data confirmed that eruptive activity had changed around the beginning of August. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 0-5) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The uninhabited Whakaari/White Island is the 2 x 2.4 km emergent summit of a 16 x 18 km submarine volcano in the Bay of Plenty about 50 km offshore of North Island. The island consists of two overlapping andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcanoes. The SE side of the crater is open at sea level, with the recent activity centered about 1 km from the shore close to the rear crater wall. Volckner Rocks, sea stacks that are remnants of a lava dome, lie 5 km NW. Descriptions of volcanism since 1826 have included intermittent moderate phreatic, phreatomagmatic, and Strombolian eruptions; activity there also forms a prominent part of Maori legends. The formation of many new vents during the 19th and 20th centuries caused rapid changes in crater floor topography. Collapse of the crater wall in 1914 produced a debris avalanche that buried buildings and workers at a sulfur-mining project. Explosive activity in December 2019 took place while tourists were present, resulting in many fatalities. The official government name Whakaari/White Island is a combination of the full Maori name of Te Puia o Whakaari ("The Dramatic Volcano") and White Island (referencing the constant steam plume) given by Captain James Cook in 1769. Source: GeoNet http://www.geonet.org.nz/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIiRMJhCbA$> Ongoing Activity Aira | Kyushu (Japan) | 31.5772°N, 130.6589°E | Summit elev. 1117 m JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) during 12-19 August. Nighttime crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. An eruptive event at 0541 on 12 August produced an ash plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater rim. Sulfur dioxide emissions were somewhat high, averaging 1,500 tons per day (t/d) on 14 August. An ash plume from an eruptive event at 1831 on 18 August rose 1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted NW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters. Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim and built an island that was joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minamidake. Frequent eruptions since the 8th century have deposited ash on the city of Kagoshima, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest recorded eruption took place during 1471-76. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIgBQ8Ud2A$> Alaid | Kuril Islands (Russia) | 50.861°N, 155.565°E | Summit elev. 2285 m Although Alaid was not erupting, KVERT issued a Volcano Observatory Notice for Aviation (VONA) at 0307 on 16 August raising the Aviation Color Code to Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) to warn pilots of ash. Satellite images showed a plume of ash, that had been resuspend from the S flank, drifting 45 km SSE at altitudes of 2.5-3 km (8,200-10,000 ft) a.s.l. The Aviation Color Code was lowered back to Green at 0545 that same day. Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The highest and northernmost volcano of the Kuril Islands, Alaid is a symmetrical stratovolcano when viewed from the north, but has a 1.5-km-wide summit crater that is breached open to the south. This basaltic to basaltic-andesite volcano is the northernmost of a chain constructed west of the main Kuril archipelago. Numerous pyroclastic cones are present the lower flanks, particularly on the NW and SE sides, including an offshore cone formed during the 1933-34 eruption. Strong explosive eruptions have occurred from the summit crater beginning in the 18th century. Reports of eruptions in 1770, 1789, 1821, 1829, 1843, 1848, and 1858 were considered incorrect by Gorshkov (1970). Explosive eruptions in 1790 and 1981 were among the largest reported in the Kuril Islands. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIj7gpZnzA$> Dukono | Halmahera | 1.6992°N, 127.8783°E | Summit elev. 1273 m PVMBG reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 14-20 August. Gray-and-white ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 100-1,000 m above the summit and drifted SW and W on most days; white plumes rose 200-400 m above the summit and drifted W on 15 August, and no emissions were observed on 20 August. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 3-km exclusion zone. Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have occurred since 1933. During a major eruption in 1550 CE, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the N-flank Gunung Mamuya cone. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been active during historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIjxj9k4jw$> Ebeko | Paramushir Island (Russia) | 50.686°N, 156.014°E | Summit elev. 1103 m KVERT reported that moderate explosive activity was ongoing at Ebeko during 8-15 August. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E), explosions during 14-15 August generated ash plumes that rose as high as 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE. On other days either no activity was observed in satellite images or weather conditions prevented views. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The flat-topped summit of the central cone of Ebeko volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands, occupies the northern end of Paramushir Island. Three summit craters located along a SSW-NNE line form Ebeko volcano proper, at the northern end of a complex of five volcanic cones. Blocky lava flows extend west from Ebeko and SE from the neighboring Nezametnyi cone. The eastern part of the southern crater contains strong solfataras and a large boiling spring. The central crater is filled by a lake about 20 m deep whose shores are lined with steaming solfataras; the northern crater lies across a narrow, low barrier from the central crater and contains a small, cold crescentic lake. Historical activity, recorded since the late-18th century, has been restricted to small-to-moderate explosive eruptions from the summit craters. Intense fumarolic activity occurs in the summit craters, on the outer flanks of the cone, and in lateral explosion craters. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIj7gpZnzA$> Fuego | South-Central Guatemala | 14.473°N, 90.88°W | Summit elev. 3763 m INSIVUMEH reported that eruptive activity continued at Fuego during 13-20 August. Daily explosions were recorded by the seismic network, averaging 3-11 per hour. The explosions generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted as far as 30 km NW, W, and SW. The explosions ejected incandescent material 50-300 m above the summit on most days and produced avalanches of material that descended the flanks, sometimes reaching vegetated areas. Weak rumbling sounds were reported on most days. Ashfall was reported on a few of the days in areas downwind including Panimaché I and II (8 km SW) Finca Palo Verde (10 km SW), El Porvenir (10 km S), Santa Sofia (12 km SW), Sangre de Cristo (10 km SW), Morelia (10 km SW), Los Yucales (12 km SW), Yepocápa (8 km NW), and other nearby communities. Ashfall was forecast for areas downwind on some of the other days. During the afternoon of 18 August lahars descended the Seca, Mineral, Ceniza, and Zarco drainages, carrying tree branches, trunks, and blocks as large as 1.5 m in diameter. Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active volcanoes, is also one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice, Meseta, lies between Fuego and Acatenango to the north. Construction of Meseta dates back to about 230,000 years and continued until the late Pleistocene or early Holocene. Collapse of Meseta may have produced the massive Escuintla debris-avalanche deposit, which extends about 50 km onto the Pacific coastal plain. Growth of the modern Fuego volcano followed, continuing the southward migration of volcanism that began at the mostly andesitic Acatenango. Eruptions at Fuego have become more mafic with time, and most historical activity has produced basaltic rocks. Frequent vigorous historical eruptions have been recorded since the onset of the Spanish era in 1524, and have produced major ashfalls, along with occasional pyroclastic flows and lava flows. Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIiVuE1RoA$> Great Sitkin | Andreanof Islands (USA) | 52.076°N, 176.13°W | Summit elev. 1740 m AVO reported that slow lava effusion in Great Sitkinâ??s summit crater continued during 13-20 August. Seismicity was low with few small daily earthquakes. Slightly elevated surface temperatures were identified in partly cloudy satellite views during 18-19 August. Weather clouds often obscured satellite and webcam views. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side of Great Sitkin Island. A younger volcano capped by a small, 0.8 x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure that truncated an older edifice and produced a submarine debris avalanche. Deposits from this and an even older debris avalanche from a source to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano. The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp. Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano. Eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://avo.alaska.edu/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIgC-_7KNQ$> Ibu | Halmahera | 1.488°N, 127.63°E | Summit elev. 1325 m PVMBG reported that activity at Ibu continued during 14-20 August with multiple eruptive events recorded daily. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose as high as 1.5 km above the summit and drifted N, NW, W, and SW. Some webcam images posted with the reports showed incandescence emanating above the crater rim, possibly reflected in the emissions. At 0252 an ash plume rose as high as 5 km above the crater rim and drifted W. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening. Geologic Summary. The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, has contained several small crater lakes. The 1.2-km-wide outer crater is breached on the N, creating a steep-walled valley. A large cone grew ENE of the summit, and a smaller one to the WSW has fed a lava flow down the W flank. A group of maars is located below the N and W flanks. The first observed and recorded eruption was a small explosion from the summit crater in 1911. Eruptive activity began again in December 1998, producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the floor of the inner summit crater along with ongoing explosive ash emissions. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIjxj9k4jw$> Karymsky | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 54.049°N, 159.443°E | Summit elev. 1513 m KVERT reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 8-15 August. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images during 10-11 and 13-14 August; weather clouds obscured views on the other days during the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700 radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIj7gpZnzA$> Lewotobi | Flores Island | 8.542°S, 122.775°E | Summit elev. 1703 m PVMBG reported that eruptive activity at Lewotobiâ??s Laki-laki volcano continued during 14-20 August. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose as high as 1.5 km above the summit and drifted mainly SW, W, and NW. Incandescence near the summit crater was visible in a 14 August webcam image. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay outside of the exclusion zone, defined as a 3-km radius around both Laki-laki and Perempuan craters, 4 km to the NNW and SSE of Laki-laki. Geologic Summary. The Lewotobi edifice in eastern Flores Island is composed of the two adjacent Lewotobi Laki-laki and Lewotobi Perempuan stratovolcanoes (the "husband and wife"). Their summits are less than 2 km apart along a NW-SE line. The conical Laki-laki to the NW has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Perempuan has had observed eruptions in 1921 and 1935. Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in both of the summit craters, which are open to the north. A prominent cone, Iliwokar, occurs on the E flank of Perampuan. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIjxj9k4jw$> Merapi | Central Java | 7.54°S, 110.446°E | Summit elev. 2910 m BPPTKG reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 9-15 August. Earthquakes were around the same intensity compared to the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 289 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 1.9 km SW down the upper part of the Bebeng drainage, one that traveled 1 km S down the Boyong drainage, and one that traveled 1.5 km W down the Batang drainage. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome were due to continuing effusion and collapses of material. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location. Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities. Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIigLL_lEg$> Nevado del Ruiz | Colombia | 4.892°N, 75.324°W | Summit elev. 5279 m Servicio Geológico Colombianoâ??s (SGC) Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Manizales reported that eruptive activity at Nevado del Ruiz continued during 13-19 August. The number of seismic events associated with fluid movement increased in both magnitude and number compared to the previous week but were variable throughout the week. Through webcams several ash emissions associated with these events were confirmed along with the occasional ejection of hotter material. Ashfall was reported in the municipalities of VillamarÃa (28 km NW) and Manizales (28 km NW), especially during 17-18 August. Seismicity associated with rock fracturing decreased in both the number of events and their magnitudes compared to the previous week; these earthquakes, with depths ranging from less than 1 km down to 8 km below the summit, were primarily located beneath the NW, ESE, and SE flanks of Arenas Crater and within 8 km N and NE of the crater. The largest event was an M 1 which was detected at 1747 on 13 August and located about 8 km ESE and 5 km deep. Sulfur dioxide emissions were variable, and gas plumes rose as high as 1.2 km above the crater rim and drifted NW, W, and WSW. Thermal anomalies on the crater floor were identified in satellite data, though weather conditions often obscured views. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-level scale), and the public was warned to stay out of the restricted areas around Arenas Crater, not to spend long periods of time on the Murillo-Cerro Gualà Road, and to avoid drainages in the high-threat zones. Geologic Summary. Nevado del Ruiz is a broad, glacier-covered volcano in central Colombia that covers more than 200 km2. Three major edifices, composed of andesitic and dacitic lavas and andesitic pyroclastics, have been constructed since the beginning of the Pleistocene. The modern cone consists of a broad cluster of lava domes built within the caldera of an older edifice. The 1-km-wide, 240-m-deep Arenas crater occupies the summit. The prominent La Olleta pyroclastic cone located on the SW flank may also have been active in historical time. Steep headwalls of massive landslides cut the flanks. Melting of its summit icecap during historical eruptions, which date back to the 16th century, has resulted in devastating lahars, including one in 1985 that was South America's deadliest eruption. Source: Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC) https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIipdS23Ag$> Popocatepetl | Mexico | 19.023°N, 98.622°W | Summit elev. 5393 m CENAPRED reported that eruptive activity continued at Popocatépetl during 13-20 August. The seismic network recorded 25-105 long-period events per day that were accompanied by steam-and-gas emissions which sometimes contained minor amounts of ash. The seismic network also recorded daily periods of tremor as short as nine and a half minutes to as long almost two hours. During 13-15 and 18-19 August there were a few periods, 32-59 minutes long, of continuous emissions. Three volcano-tectonic earthquakes were recorded during 16-17 August. According to the Washington VAAC gas plumes with mostly low ash content were identified in both webcam and satellite images during 13-15 and 17 August and rose to 6.1-6.7 km (20,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. (or as high as 1.3 km above the crater rim) and drifted N, NW, W, and SW. A thermal anaonly was identified in a satellite at 0951 on 14 August. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, Phase Two (the middle level on a three-color scale) and the public was warned to stay 12 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. Volcán Popocatépetl, whose name is the Aztec word for smoking mountain, rises 70 km SE of Mexico City to form North America's 2nd-highest volcano. The glacier-clad stratovolcano contains a steep-walled, 400 x 600 m wide crater. The generally symmetrical volcano is modified by the sharp-peaked Ventorrillo on the NW, a remnant of an earlier volcano. At least three previous major cones were destroyed by gravitational failure during the Pleistocene, producing massive debris-avalanche deposits covering broad areas to the south. The modern volcano was constructed south of the late-Pleistocene to Holocene El Fraile cone. Three major Plinian eruptions, the most recent of which took place about 800 CE, have occurred since the mid-Holocene, accompanied by pyroclastic flows and voluminous lahars that swept basins below the volcano. Frequent historical eruptions, first recorded in Aztec codices, have occurred since Pre-Columbian time. Sources: Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres (CENAPRED) https://www.gob.mx/cenapred <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.gob.mx/cenapred__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIiily-OWQ$> ; Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIgteTnyag$> Reventador | Ecuador | 0.077°S, 77.656°W | Summit elev. 3562 m IG-EPN reported that an eruption at Reventador was ongoing during 13-20 August. Seismicity was characterized by 43-100 daily explosions on most days, along with long-period earthquakes, harmonic tremor, and tremor associated with emissions during the beginning of the week; data transmissions from the seismic station were occasionally interrupted. Several ash-and-gas plumes were observed on most days rising 300-800 m above the crater rim and drifting N, WNW, and W. Weather conditions occasionally prevented visual observations, particularly on 16 August. Thermal anomalies in the crater were identified in satellite images on most days. SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos maintained the Alert Level at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Volcán El Reventador is the most frequently active of a chain of Ecuadorian volcanoes in the Cordillera Real, well east of the principal volcanic axis. The forested, dominantly andesitic stratovolcano has 4-km-wide avalanche scarp open to the E formed by edifice collapse. A young, unvegetated, cone rises from the amphitheater floor to a height comparable to the rim. It has been the source of numerous lava flows as well as explosive eruptions visible from Quito, about 90 km ESE. Frequent lahars in this region of heavy rainfall have left extensive deposits on the scarp slope. The largest recorded eruption took place in 2002, producing a 17-km-high eruption column, pyroclastic flows that traveled up to 8 km, and lava flows from summit and flank vents. Sources: Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) http://www.igepn.edu.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIjCH5VdyA$> ; SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIhKGvQB_g$> Sangay | Ecuador | 2.005°S, 78.341°W | Summit elev. 5286 m IG-EPN reported that high levels of eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 13-20 August and the seismic network recorded 189-273 daily explosions. Daily gas-and-ash plumes were visible in webcam and/or satellite images and rose 500-2,000 m above the summit and drifted mainly WNW, W, WSW, and SW. Weather conditions sometimes obscured views. Incandescent material at the summit crater was periodically visible at dark hours during most of week. During 17-19 August there were several episodes of incandescent material being ejected 1 km above the summit and descending the SE drainage as far as 500 m. SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The isolated Sangay volcano, located east of the Andean crest, is the southernmost of Ecuador's volcanoes and its most active. The steep-sided, glacier-covered, dominantly andesitic volcano grew within the open calderas of two previous edifices which were destroyed by collapse to the east, producing large debris avalanches that reached the Amazonian lowlands. The modern edifice dates back to at least 14,000 years ago. It towers above the tropical jungle on the east side; on the other sides flat plains of ash have been eroded by heavy rains into steep-walled canyons up to 600 m deep. The earliest report of an eruption was in 1628. Almost continuous eruptions were reported from 1728 until 1916, and again from 1934 to the present. The almost constant activity has caused frequent changes to the morphology of the summit crater complex. Sources: Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) http://www.igepn.edu.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIjCH5VdyA$> ; SecretarÃa de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIhKGvQB_g$> Santa Maria | Southwestern Guatemala | 14.757°N, 91.552°W | Summit elev. 3745 m Instituto Nacional de SismologÃa, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia e HidrologÃa (INSIVUMEH) reported that high-level eruptive activity continued at Santa Mariaâ??s Santiaguito lava-dome complex during 13-20 August with lava extrusion, block collapses, and avalanches at the Caliente dome complex. The continuous effusion of blocky lava produced block avalanches on the domeâ??s flanks and occasional short-range pyroclastic flows that descended multiple flanks. Accumulated material formed a promontory upslope of the 2022 lava flows in the Zanjón Seco (SW) and San Isidro (W) drainages. During most nights and early mornings incandescence was visible around Caliente dome. Daily explosions generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose 700-900 m above the summit and drifted mainly NW, W, and SW. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind includinh Monte Claro (S) during 14-15 August and in San Marcos (8 km SW) and Loma Linda Palajunoj (7 km SW) during 18-19 August. On 18 August a lahar descended the Tambor river in the SSW sector of the volcano carrying sediment, tree trunks, branches, and volcanic blocks up to 1 m in diameter. The lahar was hot and had a sulfur odor. Geologic Summary. Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa MarÃa volcano is part of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rise above the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. The sharp-topped, conical profile is cut on the SW flank by a 1.5-km-wide crater. The oval-shaped crater extends from just below the summit to the lower flank, and was formed during a catastrophic eruption in 1902. The renowned Plinian eruption of 1902 that devastated much of SW Guatemala followed a long repose period after construction of the large basaltic-andesite stratovolcano. The massive dacitic Santiaguito lava-dome complex has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since 1922. Compound dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred episodically from four vents, with activity progressing E towards the most recent, Caliente. Dome growth has been accompanied by almost continuous minor explosions, with periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic flows, and lahars. Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIiVuE1RoA$> Semeru | Eastern Java | 8.108°S, 112.922°E | Summit elev. 3657 m PVMBG reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 14-20 August with multiple daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. White-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 300-800 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions on most days; weather conditions sometimes prevented visual confirmation of the eruptive events, especially on 17 and 21 August. Incandescence at the summit was sometimes visible in webcam images posted with the daily reports. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards. Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru (Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas. A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that have reached the lower flanks of the volcano. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIjxj9k4jw$> Stromboli | Aeolian Islands (Italy) | 38.789°N, 15.213°E | Summit elev. 924 m INGV reported that eruptive activity continued at Stromboli during 12-18 August. Webcam images showed Strombolian activity at three vents in Area N within the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco, and from one vent at S2 in Area C-S (South-Central Crater) on the crater terrace. The variable-intensity explosive activity ejected coarse material (bombs and lapilli) at a low rate. Spattering occurred at the southernmost vent in Area N. Coincident with a peak in spattering activity at Area N at 1845 on 15 August lava began to overflow the crater and rapidly descended the Sciara del Fuoco. The lava flow was active for about three hours and followed a drainage formed during activity in July, reaching around 450 m elevation. The flow was no longer active at 2210 and began to cool. Geologic Summary. Spectacular incandescent nighttime explosions at Stromboli have long attracted visitors to the "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean" in the NE Aeolian Islands. This volcano has lent its name to the frequent mild explosive activity that has characterized its eruptions throughout much of historical time. The small island is the emergent summit of a volcano that grew in two main eruptive cycles, the last of which formed the western portion of the island. The Neostromboli eruptive period took place between about 13,000 and 5,000 years ago. The active summit vents are located at the head of the Sciara del Fuoco, a prominent scarp that formed about 5,000 years ago due to a series of slope failures which extends to below sea level. The modern volcano has been constructed within this scarp, which funnels pyroclastic ejecta and lava flows to the NW. Essentially continuous mild Strombolian explosions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have been recorded for more than a millennium. Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) http://www.ct.ingv.it/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIhnRPzwvQ$> Suwanosejima | Ryukyu Islands (Japan) | 29.638°N, 129.714°E | Summit elev. 796 m JMA reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 12-19 August. Crater incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. Explosions at 0054 and 0207 on 12 August generated ash plumes that rose 400-600 m above the crater rim and drifted SE. Eruptive events were recorded at 2345 on 12 August, at 0432 on 13 August, at 1559, 1825, 1844, 2018, 2040, 2043, 2337, and 2356 on 15 August, at 0124, 0719, 1351, 1718, 1808, 2037, and 2336 on 16 August, and at 0147 on 17 August. Ash plumes from the events rose 1-1.6 km above the crater rim, sometimes drifting NE, N, NW, and W. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long island of Suwanosejima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the E flank that was formed by edifice collapse. One of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, it was in a state of intermittent Strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, between 1949 and 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest recorded eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits covered residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed, forming a large debris avalanche and creating an open collapse scarp extending to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!bjxzD6fPVwMiiEI8LvVnwZsxuKwXFPoCtPOUYFNNkKiG0-qs1g96-Gwe-RTHqg6p5_MBfuB-BJE2_qlYhIgBQ8Ud2A$> 1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1 ============================================================== Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University (ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). 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