5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5 From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx> Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 3-9 July 2024 Sally Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx) URL: https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbvSRyurLw$> New Activity/Unrest: Cleveland, Chuginadak Island (USA) | Etna, Sicily (Italy) | Home Reef, Tonga Ridge | Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | Stromboli, Aeolian Islands (Italy) Ongoing Activity: Aira, Kyushu (Japan) | Dukono, Halmahera | Ebeko, Paramushir Island (Russia) | Great Sitkin, Andreanof Islands (USA) | Ibu, Halmahera | Lewotobi, Flores Island | Lewotolok, Lembata Island | Marapi, Central Sumatra | Merapi, Central Java | Nyamulagira, DR Congo | Nyiragongo, DR Congo | Purace, Colombia | Rincon de la Vieja, Costa Rica | Sabancaya, Peru | Semeru, Eastern Java | Sheveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Suwanosejima, Ryukyu Islands (Japan) The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest Cleveland | Chuginadak Island (USA) | 52.825°N, 169.944°W | Summit elev. 1730 m AVO reported that sulfur dioxide emissions were detected by local gas monitoring sensors at Cleveland starting on 21 June. The emission rate increased during 24-30 June and then declined to background levels on 1 July. Although sulfur dioxide emissions had declined, vigorous steaming and moderately elevated surface temperatures at the summit were detected in satellite images the following days. On 5 July the Volcano Alert Level was raised to Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code was raised to Yellow (the second lowest color on a four-color scale). During 6-8 July a few small earthquakes were detected, steaming from the summit was observed, and elevated surface temperatures were characterized as weak. On 8 July the Volcano Alert Level was lowered to Normal and the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Green. Geologic Summary. The beautifully symmetrical Mount Cleveland stratovolcano is situated at the western end of the uninhabited Chuginadak Island. It lies SE across Carlisle Pass strait from Carlisle volcano and NE across Chuginadak Pass strait from Herbert volcano. Joined to the rest of Chuginadak Island by a low isthmus, Cleveland is the highest of the Islands of the Four Mountains group and is one of the most active of the Aleutian Islands. The native name, Chuginadak, refers to the Aleut goddess of fire, who was thought to reside on the volcano. Numerous large lava flows descend the steep-sided flanks. It is possible that some 18th-to-19th century eruptions attributed to Carlisle should be ascribed to Cleveland (Miller et al., 1998). In 1944 it produced the only known fatality from an Aleutian eruption. Recent eruptions have been characterized by short-lived explosive ash emissions, at times accompanied by lava fountaining and lava flows down the flanks. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://avo.alaska.edu/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbvh8rkd8w$> Etna | Sicily (Italy) | 37.748°N, 14.999°E | Summit elev. 3357 m Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) reported that an eruption at Etna continued during 3-9 July, with activity intensifying on 4 July and producing substantial ashfall in areas downwind during 4-7 July. Strombolian activity at Voragine Crater intensified during 2-3 July and lava continued to flow into Bocca Nuova Crater. During the evening of 3 July Dipartimento della Protezione Civile raised the Alert Level to Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-level scale). Strombolian activity at Voragine notably intensified during the morning of 4 July and tremor amplitude further increased around 1420. Two lava flows from two vents located on the SE and NW sides of the growing scoria cone continued to flow into the Bocca Nuova. Bombs and scoria were ejected hundreds of meters high. The Strombolian activity changed to tall lava fountaining at 1815 and produced ash-and-gas plumes that rose to about 4.5 km a.s.l., or over 1.1 km above the summit, and drifted SE. Notable ashfall was reported in several areas downwind as far as Catania (29 km SSE). The lava fountaining gradually decreased through the night and ceased at around 0350 on 5 July; about an hour of Strombolian activity followed. Ash-and-gas emissions continued to rise to the same height as the previous day and drifted SE. Significant ashfall was reported in areas downwind and beyond Syracuse, 60-80 km SSE. According to a news article the airport in Catania closed due to ash on the runways; operations resumed by 1500, though some flight restrictions were in place. The amplitude of volcanic tremor fluctuated between medium and high levels. Strombolian activity resumed during the afternoon on 6 July. The activity intensified at around 0000 on 7 July and changed to lava fountaining by around 0400. Ash emissions rose about 9 km a.s.l. (about 5 km above the summit) and drifted ESE, causing significant ashfall to the E, especially in the area between Zafferana Etnea (10 km SE) and Giarre (17 km ESE). At around 0850 lava overflowed the NW rim of Bocca Nuova Crater and traveled just over 500 m, stopping at around 3,000 m elevation. Sporadic ash emissions at Southeast Crater were observed. The lava fountaining gradually weakened and ceased at around 1000 and was followed by Strombolian activity that also gradually weakened and then ceased after about an hour. A more notable ash emission from Southeast Crater occurred at 1141 and rapidly dissipated. By 1228 minor ash emissions continued to occur and lava continued to flow from the summit craters. Geologic Summary. Mount Etna, towering above Catania on the island of Sicily, has one of the world's longest documented records of volcanism, dating back to 1500 BCE. Historical lava flows of basaltic composition cover much of the surface of this massive volcano, whose edifice is the highest and most voluminous in Italy. The Mongibello stratovolcano, truncated by several small calderas, was constructed during the late Pleistocene and Holocene over an older shield volcano. The most prominent morphological feature of Etna is the Valle del Bove, a 5 x 10 km caldera open to the east. Two styles of eruptive activity typically occur, sometimes simultaneously. Persistent explosive eruptions, sometimes with minor lava emissions, take place from one or more summit craters. Flank vents, typically with higher effusion rates, are less frequently active and originate from fissures that open progressively downward from near the summit (usually accompanied by Strombolian eruptions at the upper end). Cinder cones are commonly constructed over the vents of lower-flank lava flows. Lava flows extend to the foot of the volcano on all sides and have reached the sea over a broad area on the SE flank. Sources: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) http://www.ct.ingv.it/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbsU3ZufrQ$> ; Dipartimento della Protezione Civile https://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/it/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbsMm6gurQ$> ; Reuters https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/world/italys-etna-and-stromboli-volcanoes-erupt-catania-airport-closed/ar-BB1pu5Sq?ocid=BingNewsSerp <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/world/italys-etna-and-stromboli-volcanoes-erupt-catania-airport-closed/ar-BB1pu5Sq?ocid=BingNewsSerp__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbvzUwIwTw$> ; Euronews https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/07/06/catania-airport-closed-because-of-ashfall-on-runway-from-mount-etna-eruption <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/07/06/catania-airport-closed-because-of-ashfall-on-runway-from-mount-etna-eruption__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbstMnQ1GQ$> Home Reef | Tonga Ridge | 18.992°S, 174.775°W | Summit elev. -10 m The Tonga Geological Services reported that an eruption at Home Reef was ongoing during 3-9 July based on the detection of thermal anomalies. Daily thermal anomalies were identified in infrared satellite images, though the number and intensity of the anomalies were variable. A satellite image acquired at 0720 on 4 July showed a small ash cloud drifting N at 2 km a.s.l. A plume of discolored water originating along the central part of the E coast, at the N end of the new lava flow, was visible in a 5 July satellite image drifting SE. The Maritime Alert Level remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) and mariners were advised to stay 4 km away from the island, the Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest color on a four-color scale), and the Alert level for residents of Vavaâ??u and Haâ??apai remained at Green (the lowest color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Home Reef, a submarine volcano midway between Metis Shoal and Late Island in the central Tonga islands, was first reported active in the mid-19th century, when an ephemeral island formed. An eruption in 1984 produced a 12-km-high eruption plume, large amounts of floating pumice, and an ephemeral 500 x 1,500 m island, with cliffs 30-50 m high that enclosed a water-filled crater. In 2006 an island-forming eruption produced widespread dacitic pumice rafts that drifted as far as Australia. Another island was built during a September-October 2022 eruption. Source: Tonga Geological Services, Government of Tonga https://www.facebook.com/tongageologicalservice <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.facebook.com/tongageologicalservice__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbsGai9_og$> Karymsky | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 54.049°N, 159.443°E | Summit elev. 1513 m KVERT reported that explosive activity at Karymsky that started on 20 June possibly continued through 4 July; weather clouds obscured views during the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700 radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbuJetzcvg$> Stromboli | Aeolian Islands (Italy) | 38.789°N, 15.213°E | Summit elev. 924 m INGV reported a period of intense activity at Stromboli that included spattering, lava overflows from a series of vents along the Sciara del Fuoco, pyroclastic flows, and debris avalanches. During 1-3 July low- to medium-intensity explosive activity at two vents in Area N (one at N1 and one at N2) and in sector S2 (Area C-S) ejected coarse material (bombs and lapilli) less than 150 m above the vents. Explosive activity at S2 decreased and then stopped on 3 July. A gradual increase in the amplitude of seismic tremor from medium to high levels began at around 1730 on 3 July. A sudden increase in amplitude to very high levels occurred at about 1820 and the amplitude peaked 20 minutes later, concurrent with stronger spattering in Area N at 1835. A series of about 20 collapses at the cone began at around 1845, producing avalanches of incandescent material that rapidly descended the Sciara del Fuoco, reached the coastline, and spread out over the sea. The activity produced ash clouds that drifted over the S and E parts of the island. Spattering and explosive activity followed, and at 1902 lava overflowed Area N, descended the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco, and produced block avalanches that rolled down the flank. At about 1905 tremor amplitude rapidly decreased but remained at high levels. Lava flows continued to be fed through the night, reaching 550-600 m elevation, but ceased in the morning and cooled. A period of almost continuous landslides occurred at N2 during the early afternoon of 4 July. At around 1410 on 4 July a lava flow from a new vent at 700 m elevation in Area N descended the Sciara del Fuoco along with a pyroclastic flow. At 1714 the lava branched at around 600-650 m elevation and traveled parallel to the first, reaching the coastline at 1747. At 1818 a new vent with a high lava effusion rate opened at around 510 m elevation. Both the lava flow and a simultaneously generated pyroclastic flow rapidly descended the Sciara del Fuoco to the coastline, where the pyroclastic flow spread over the sea for several hundred meters. An ash plume rose 2 km a.s.l. Numerous additional pyroclastic flows descended the Sciara del Fuoco; the most notable one occurred at 2010 and again spread several hundred meters over the water. At 2000 the Dipartimento della Protezione Civile raised the Alert Level to Red (the highest level on a four-level scale). Lava flowed down to the coast on 5 July and produced steam-and-ash plumes where it contacted the sea. Tremor amplitude fluctuated between high and very high values and then decreased to average values by 0600. A sequence of pyroclastic flows at 1219, 1227, 1230, and 1233 quickly descended the flank and reached the sea; another descended the Sciara del Fuoco at 1431. By 1536 fresh lava supply to the flow had decreased, and material breaking from the flow front was rolling down the flank. Effusive activity increased at around 2055 based on field observations and a lava flow descended the flank, stopping a few tens of meters from the coastline; effusion again stopped. Lava effusion restarted by 1321 on 6 July from a vent at 485 m elevation and produced a lava flow that traveled about 285 m. Blocks detached from the flow front and rolled down the flank to the sea. Effusive activity intensified during 6-7 July. Lava from vents at 510 m and 485 m elevation converged and flowed down the flank to the coast, creating a small lava delta and producing ash-and-steam plumes. Incandescent lava blocks rolled down the flanks and caused small phreatic explosions when they reached the sea. Geologic Summary. Spectacular incandescent nighttime explosions at Stromboli have long attracted visitors to the "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean" in the NE Aeolian Islands. This volcano has lent its name to the frequent mild explosive activity that has characterized its eruptions throughout much of historical time. The small island is the emergent summit of a volcano that grew in two main eruptive cycles, the last of which formed the western portion of the island. The Neostromboli eruptive period took place between about 13,000 and 5,000 years ago. The active summit vents are located at the head of the Sciara del Fuoco, a prominent scarp that formed about 5,000 years ago due to a series of slope failures which extends to below sea level. The modern volcano has been constructed within this scarp, which funnels pyroclastic ejecta and lava flows to the NW. Essentially continuous mild Strombolian explosions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have been recorded for more than a millennium. Sources: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) http://www.ct.ingv.it/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbsU3ZufrQ$> ; Dipartimento della Protezione Civile https://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/it/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbsMm6gurQ$> Ongoing Activity Aira | Kyushu (Japan) | 31.5772°N, 130.6589°E | Summit elev. 1117 m JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) during 1-8 July. Nighttime crater incandescence was visible. An explosion at 2151 on 2 July produced an ash plume that rose 1.7 km above the crater rim and drifted NE, and also ejected large blocks 800-1,100 m from the vent. An explosion at 2208 on 4 July produced an ash plume that rose 900 m above the crater rim and drifted NE, with large blocks ejected 500-700 m from the vent. An eruptive event at 0513 on 8 July produced an ash plume that rose 2.3 km above the crater rim and drifted NE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters. Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim and built an island that was joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minamidake. Frequent eruptions since the 8th century have deposited ash on the city of Kagoshima, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest recorded eruption took place during 1471-76. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbvnBcDidw$> Dukono | Halmahera | 1.6992°N, 127.8783°E | Summit elev. 1273 m PVMBG reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 3-10 July. Daily gray-and-white ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 100-1,200 m above the summit and drifted W, NE, and E. The ash plumes were white, gray, and black on 9 July. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 3-km exclusion zone. Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have occurred since 1933. During a major eruption in 1550 CE, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the N-flank Gunung Mamuya cone. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been active during historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbv7jcbKCw$> Ebeko | Paramushir Island (Russia) | 50.686°N, 156.014°E | Summit elev. 1103 m KVERT reported that moderate explosive activity was ongoing at Ebeko during 27 June-4 July. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E), explosions during 28-30 June and 4 July generated ash plumes that rose as high as 4 km (13,100 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, and SE. Thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images during 28-29 June; on other days either no activity was observed or weather conditions prevented views. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The flat-topped summit of the central cone of Ebeko volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands, occupies the northern end of Paramushir Island. Three summit craters located along a SSW-NNE line form Ebeko volcano proper, at the northern end of a complex of five volcanic cones. Blocky lava flows extend west from Ebeko and SE from the neighboring Nezametnyi cone. The eastern part of the southern crater contains strong solfataras and a large boiling spring. The central crater is filled by a lake about 20 m deep whose shores are lined with steaming solfataras; the northern crater lies across a narrow, low barrier from the central crater and contains a small, cold crescentic lake. Historical activity, recorded since the late-18th century, has been restricted to small-to-moderate explosive eruptions from the summit craters. Intense fumarolic activity occurs in the summit craters, on the outer flanks of the cone, and in lateral explosion craters. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbuJetzcvg$> Great Sitkin | Andreanof Islands (USA) | 52.076°N, 176.13°W | Summit elev. 1740 m AVO reported that slow lava effusion in Great Sitkinâ??s summit crater was last confirmed in a 7 July radar image; effusion likely continued during 8-9 July. Seismicity was low during 3-9 July with few daily small earthquakes recorded by the seismic network. Weather clouds mostly obscured satellite and webcam views during most of the week. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side of Great Sitkin Island. A younger volcano capped by a small, 0.8 x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure that truncated an older edifice and produced a submarine debris avalanche. Deposits from this and an even older debris avalanche from a source to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano. The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp. Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano. Eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://avo.alaska.edu/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbvh8rkd8w$> Ibu | Halmahera | 1.488°N, 127.63°E | Summit elev. 1325 m PVMBG reported that activity at Ibu continued during 3-9 July. Daily white-and-gray or white, gray, and black ash plumes rose as high as 5 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. The ash plumes rose 3-4 km above the summit during 3-5 July and as high as 1.2 km during 6-9 July. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening. Geologic Summary. The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, has contained several small crater lakes. The 1.2-km-wide outer crater is breached on the N, creating a steep-walled valley. A large cone grew ENE of the summit, and a smaller one to the WSW has fed a lava flow down the W flank. A group of maars is located below the N and W flanks. The first observed and recorded eruption was a small explosion from the summit crater in 1911. Eruptive activity began again in December 1998, producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the floor of the inner summit crater along with ongoing explosive ash emissions. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbv7jcbKCw$> Lewotobi | Flores Island | 8.542°S, 122.775°E | Summit elev. 1703 m PVMBG reported that eruptive activity at Lewotobiâ??s Laki-laki volcano continued during 3-9 July. Multiple daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 50-1,000 m above the summit and drifted SW, W, and NW. According to a news article a series of three black-to-gray ash plumes with increasing intensity occurred on 3 July; the first two plumes rose 700 m and 800 m, and the third, recorded at 1356, rose 3 km. The plumes drifted E, NW, W, and SW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay outside of the exclusion zone, defined as a 3-km radius around both Laki-laki and Perempuan craters, 4 km to the NNW and SSE of Laki-laki. Geologic Summary. The Lewotobi edifice in eastern Flores Island is composed of the two adjacent Lewotobi Laki-laki and Lewotobi Perempuan stratovolcanoes (the "husband and wife"). Their summits are less than 2 km apart along a NW-SE line. The conical Laki-laki to the NW has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Perempuan has had observed eruptions in 1921 and 1935. Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in both of the summit craters, which are open to the north. A prominent cone, Iliwokar, occurs on the E flank of Perampuan. Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbv7jcbKCw$> ; Antara News https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4179543/gunung-lewotobi-laki-laki-tiga-kali-erupsi-pada-rabu-siang <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4179543/gunung-lewotobi-laki-laki-tiga-kali-erupsi-pada-rabu-siang__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbuZ8RXvvA$> Lewotolok | Lembata Island | 8.274°S, 123.508°E | Summit elev. 1431 m PVMBG reported that the eruption at Lewotolok continued during 3-9 July. White-and-gray ash plumes rose as high as 300 m above the summit and drifted W and NW during 3-4 July. Daily white steam-and-gas emissions rose as high as 400 m above the summit and drifted NW and W on the other days during the week. Summit incandescence was visible in webcam images during the week; incandescent material being ejected above the summit was visible in a 6 July image. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the vent and 2.5 km away from the vent on the S, SE, and W flanks. Geologic Summary. The Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) stratovolcano occupies the eastern end of an elongated peninsula extending north into the Flores Sea, connected to Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island by a narrow isthmus. It is symmetrical when viewed from the north and east. A small cone with a 130-m-wide crater constructed at the SE side of a larger crater forms the volcano's high point. Many lava flows have reached the coastline. Eruptions recorded since 1660 have consisted of explosive activity from the summit crater. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbv7jcbKCw$> Marapi | Central Sumatra | 0.38°S, 100.474°E | Summit elev. 2885 m PVMBG reported that eruptive activity at Marapi (on Sumatra) was ongoing during 3-9 July. White gas-and-steam plumes rose 200-800 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions during 4-5 and 8 July. Emissions were not observed on the other days. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the active crater. Geologic Summary. Gunung Marapi, not to be confused with the better-known Merapi volcano on Java, is Sumatra's most active volcano. This massive complex stratovolcano rises 2,000 m above the Bukittinggi Plain in the Padang Highlands. A broad summit contains multiple partially overlapping summit craters constructed within the small 1.4-km-wide Bancah caldera. The summit craters are located along an ENE-WSW line, with volcanism migrating to the west. More than 50 eruptions, typically consisting of small-to-moderate explosive activity, have been recorded since the end of the 18th century; no lava flows outside the summit craters have been reported in historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbv7jcbKCw$> Merapi | Central Java | 7.54°S, 110.446°E | Summit elev. 2910 m BPPTKG reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 28 June-4 July. Seismicity had increased compared to the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 94 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 1.8 km down the upper part of the Bebeng drainage on the SW flank. One pyroclastic flow descended the SW flank as far as 1 km. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome were due to continuing effusion and collapses of material. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location. Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities. Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbvACyfcJg$> Nyamulagira | DR Congo | 1.408°S, 29.2°E | Summit elev. 3058 m A 5 July satellite image showed an irregularly shaped thermal anomaly on the NE-central part of Nyamuragiraâ??s crater floor. Weather clouds obscured parts of the crater. Geologic Summary. Africa's most active volcano, Nyamulagira (also known as Nyamuragira), is a massive high-potassium basaltic shield about 25 km N of Lake Kivu and 13 km NNW of the steep-sided Nyiragongo volcano. The summit is truncated by a small 2 x 2.3 km caldera that has walls up to about 100 m high. Documented eruptions have occurred within the summit caldera, as well as from the numerous flank fissures and cinder cones. A lava lake in the summit crater, active since at least 1921, drained in 1938, at the time of a major flank eruption. Recent lava flows extend down the flanks more than 30 km from the summit as far as Lake Kivu; extensive lava flows from this volcano have covered 1,500 km2 of the western branch of the East African Rift. Source: Copernicus https://www.copernicus.eu/en <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.copernicus.eu/en__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbv0AMTaMg$> Nyiragongo | DR Congo | 1.52°S, 29.25°E | Summit elev. 3470 m A 5 July satellite image showed a dark elliptical area of lava on Nyiragongoâ??s crater floor. Gas-and-steam plumes appeared to be rising from two central vents. Thermal anomalies identified in SWIR images corresponded to the location of the lava area along with a small brighter area at the center. Geologic Summary. The Nyiragongo stratovolcano contained a lava lake in its deep summit crater that was active for half a century before draining catastrophically through its outer flanks in 1977. The steep slopes contrast to the low profile of its neighboring shield volcano, Nyamuragira. Benches in the steep-walled, 1.2-km-wide summit crater mark levels of former lava lakes, which have been observed since the late-19th century. Two older stratovolcanoes, Baruta and Shaheru, are partially overlapped by Nyiragongo on the north and south. About 100 cones are located primarily along radial fissures south of Shaheru, east of the summit, and along a NE-SW zone extending as far as Lake Kivu. Many cones are buried by voluminous lava flows that extend long distances down the flanks, which is characterized by the eruption of foiditic rocks. The extremely fluid 1977 lava flows caused many fatalities, as did lava flows that inundated portions of the major city of Goma in January 2002. Source: Copernicus https://www.copernicus.eu/en <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.copernicus.eu/en__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbv0AMTaMg$> Purace | Colombia | 2.32°N, 76.4°W | Summit elev. 4650 m Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Popayán, Servicio Geologico Colombiano (SGC) lowered the Alert Level for Puracé to Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) on 5 July noting that activity had declined and stabilized. Seismicity had increased around 24 April, peaked during 30 May-6 June with the highest daily number of earthquakes recorded since instrumental monitoring began, and then declined to pre-unrest levels during the past few weeks. The magnitudes of the earthquakes decreased to less than M1. Sulfur dioxide emissions also decreased during the previous few weeks and deformation rates were similar to those detected before the period of unrest. Geologic Summary. Puracé in Colombia consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with a 500-m-wide summit crater constructed over a dacitic shield volcano. It lies at the NW end of a volcanic massif opposite Pan de Azúcar stratovolcano, 6 km SE. A NW-SE-trending group of seven cones and craters, Los Coconucos, lies between the two larger edifices. Frequent explosive eruptions in the 19th and 20th centuries have modified the morphology of the summit crater. The largest eruptions occurred in 1849, 1869, and 1885. Source: Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC) https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbv4HJ1Tvw$> Rincon de la Vieja | Costa Rica | 10.83°N, 85.324°W | Summit elev. 1916 m OVSICORI-UNA reported that small phreatic eruptions at Rincón de la Vieja were recorded at 1140 and 1824 on 9 July. The second event produced a steam-and-gas plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim. A significant increase in tremor amplitude was detected in the afternoon of 9 July and remained high and continuous at least through the morning of 10 July. Geologic Summary. Rincón de la Vieja, the largest volcano in NW Costa Rica, is a remote volcanic complex in the Guanacaste Range. The volcano consists of an elongated, arcuate NW-SE-trending ridge constructed within the 15-km-wide early Pleistocene GuachipelÃn caldera, whose rim is exposed on the south side. Sometimes known as the "Colossus of Guanacaste," it has an estimated volume of 130 km3 and contains at least nine major eruptive centers. Activity has migrated to the SE, where the youngest-looking craters are located. The twin cone of Santa MarÃa volcano, the highest peak of the complex, is located at the eastern end of a smaller, 5-km-wide caldera and has a 500-m-wide crater. A Plinian eruption producing the 0.25 km3 RÃo Blanca tephra about 3,500 years ago was the last major magmatic eruption. All subsequent eruptions, including numerous historical eruptions possibly dating back to the 16th century, have been from the prominent active crater containing a 500-m-wide acid lake located ENE of Von Seebach crater. Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbsGDcWUpQ$> Sabancaya | Peru | 15.787°S, 71.857°W | Summit elev. 5960 m Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) reported that the eruption at Sabancaya continued at moderate levels during 1-7 July with a daily average of 40 explosions. Gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 2.9 km above the summit and drifted less than 10 km E and SE. Thermal anomalies over the lava dome in the summit crater were identified in satellite data. Slight inflation was detected near the Hualca Hualca sector (4 km N). Sulfur dioxide emissions were at moderate levels, averaging 497 tons per day. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay outside of a 12 km radius. Geologic Summary. Sabancaya, located in the saddle NE of Ampato and SE of Hualca Hualca volcanoes, is the youngest of these volcanic centers and the only one to have erupted in historical time. The oldest of the three, Nevado Hualca Hualca, is of probable late-Pliocene to early Pleistocene age. The name Sabancaya (meaning "tongue of fire" in the Quechua language) first appeared in records in 1595 CE, suggesting activity prior to that date. Holocene activity has consisted of Plinian eruptions followed by emission of voluminous andesitic and dacitic lava flows, which form an extensive apron around the volcano on all sides but the south. Records of observed eruptions date back to 1750 CE. Source: Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (IGP) http://www.igp.gob.pe/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igp.gob.pe/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbveCQ7WDg$> Semeru | Eastern Java | 8.108°S, 112.922°E | Summit elev. 3657 m PVMBG reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 3-9 July. White-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 300-1,000 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Daily eruptive events, sometimes several per day, were recorded by the seismic network, though plumes were not always visually confirmed; emissions were not observed during 4-5 July. Incandescence at the summit and incandescent avalanches on the SE flank were occasionally observed in webcam images. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the third highest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards. Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru (Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas. A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that have reached the lower flanks of the volcano. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbv7jcbKCw$> Sheveluch | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 56.653°N, 161.36°E | Summit elev. 3283 m KVERT reported that thermal anomalies over both the â??300 years of RASâ?? dome and the older lava dome at Sheveluch were identified in satellite images during 28 June and 3-4 July. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbuJetzcvg$> Suwanosejima | Ryukyu Islands (Japan) | 29.638°N, 129.714°E | Summit elev. 796 m JMA reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 1-8 July and produced volcanic plumes that rose as high as 500 m above the crater rim. Crater incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. No explosions were recorded. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long island of Suwanosejima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the E flank that was formed by edifice collapse. One of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, it was in a state of intermittent Strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, between 1949 and 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest recorded eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits covered residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed, forming a large debris avalanche and creating an open collapse scarp extending to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!am8mJmdPq0Ix3Amvx8s5mwdaDvDC00tO8ppBkTxzg6503gUzqVM4mdJd0_t8KcCFL-Nw1WJArUYXxtDORbvnBcDidw$> 5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5 ============================================================== Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University (ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). 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