2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2 From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx> Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 19-25 June 2024 Sally Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx) URL: https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvoeTcFd7Ag$> New Activity/Unrest: Etna, Sicily (Italy) | Home Reef, Tonga Ridge | Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | Lewotobi, Flores Island | Reykjanes, Reykjanes Peninsula | Stromboli, Aeolian Islands (Italy) | Taal, Luzon (Philippines) Ongoing Activity: Aira, Kyushu (Japan) | Dukono, Halmahera | Ebeko, Paramushir Island (Russia) | Great Sitkin, Andreanof Islands (USA) | Ibu, Halmahera | Lewotolok, Lembata Island | Marapi, Central Sumatra | Merapi, Central Java | Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia | Nyamulagira, DR Congo | Nyiragongo, DR Congo | Semeru, Eastern Java | Sheveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Suwanosejima, Ryukyu Islands (Japan) | Villarrica, Central Chile The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest Etna | Sicily (Italy) | 37.748°N, 14.999°E | Summit elev. 3357 m INGV reported that Etnaâ??s Voragine Crater began erupting on 14 June, after more than three years of quiescence, and continued to eject lava through at least 23 June. The activity gradually increased from spattering lava at a new vent to more vigorous with jets of incandescent lava that rose several tens of meters above the crater rim. A new scoria cone grew inside the crater. Geologic Summary. Mount Etna, towering above Catania on the island of Sicily, has one of the world's longest documented records of volcanism, dating back to 1500 BCE. Historical lava flows of basaltic composition cover much of the surface of this massive volcano, whose edifice is the highest and most voluminous in Italy. The Mongibello stratovolcano, truncated by several small calderas, was constructed during the late Pleistocene and Holocene over an older shield volcano. The most prominent morphological feature of Etna is the Valle del Bove, a 5 x 10 km caldera open to the east. Two styles of eruptive activity typically occur, sometimes simultaneously. Persistent explosive eruptions, sometimes with minor lava emissions, take place from one or more summit craters. Flank vents, typically with higher effusion rates, are less frequently active and originate from fissures that open progressively downward from near the summit (usually accompanied by Strombolian eruptions at the upper end). Cinder cones are commonly constructed over the vents of lower-flank lava flows. Lava flows extend to the foot of the volcano on all sides and have reached the sea over a broad area on the SE flank. Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) http://www.ct.ingv.it/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvoft_49I8A$> Home Reef | Tonga Ridge | 18.992°S, 174.775°W | Summit elev. -10 m The Tonga Geological Services reported that an eruption at Home Reef was ongoing during 18-25 June. Daily thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images, though the number and intensity of the anomalies were variable. At around 0130 on 21 June an ash-and-gas plume was identified in satellite images drifting SE. Lava continued to expand the SE coastline of the island. The Maritime Alert Level remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) and mariners were advised to stay 4 km away from the island, the Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest color on a four-color scale), and the Alert level for residents of Vavaâ??u and Haâ??apai remained at Green (the lowest color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Home Reef, a submarine volcano midway between Metis Shoal and Late Island in the central Tonga islands, was first reported active in the mid-19th century, when an ephemeral island formed. An eruption in 1984 produced a 12-km-high eruption plume, large amounts of floating pumice, and an ephemeral 500 x 1,500 m island, with cliffs 30-50 m high that enclosed a water-filled crater. In 2006 an island-forming eruption produced widespread dacitic pumice rafts that drifted as far as Australia. Another island was built during a September-October 2022 eruption. Sources: Tonga Geological Services, Government of Tonga https://www.facebook.com/tongageologicalservice <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.facebook.com/tongageologicalservice__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvofQ01Lplw$> ; Culture Volcan https://laculturevolcan.blogspot.com/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://laculturevolcan.blogspot.com/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvoezBN4BPQ$> Karymsky | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 54.049°N, 159.443°E | Summit elev. 1513 m KVERT reported that explosive activity at Karymsky began at 1850 local time on 20 June based on satellite data. The explosions generated ash plumes that rose 5.5-6 km (18,000-19,700 ft) a.s.l., forming an ash cloud that was 16 x 23 km in size, and drifted SSW. A thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images. The Aviation Color Code was raised to Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). By 1222 local time on 21 June the ash plume had drifted 540 km S and SE. Explosions produced ash plumes identified in satellite images at 1747 local time that rose 5.3-5.5 km (17,400-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 30 km WSW. At 1149 local time on 22 June explosions sent ash plumes to 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. that drifted 30 km W based on satellite data. The previous eruption at Karymsky occurred during 3 April 2021-22 August 2022. Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700 radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvofU0iyPpg$> Lewotobi | Flores Island | 8.542°S, 122.775°E | Summit elev. 1703 m PVMBG reported that eruptive activity at Lewotobiâ??s Laki-laki volcano continued during 19-25 June. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes rose 100-1,000 m above the summit and drifted SW, W, and NW. According to news articles PVMBG noted that activity remained at high levels and 5-7 intense eruptive events were recorded daily during 16-22 June. Seismicity indicated that magma continued to move to the surface. According to news articles, recent ashfall had contaminated water resources downwind, significantly impacting residents of Dulipali (6 km NNW) in the Ile Bura District and Hokeng Jaya (4 km NW), Klatanlo (5 km NW), Persiapan Padang Pasir, Persiapan Nawokote B, Boru (8 km WNW), Nawokote (5 km W), and Pululera in Wulanggitang District; tanks of clean water were distributed on 23 June. Ashfall was reported in Hikong (15 km W) and Timutawa (15 km WNW), and in agricultural areas in the Taliura District on 22 June, and caused decreased visibility in areas along the Trans-Flores-Highway between Maumere (62 km W) and Larantuka (35 km NE), and in the Wagte and Lela districts. Ashfall on 25 June again impacted residents of Hikong and Timutawa and covered agricultural fields. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay outside of the exclusion zone, defined as a 2-km radius around Laki-laki crater, 3 km to the NNE, and 5 km on the NE flanks. Geologic Summary. The Lewotobi edifice in eastern Flores Island is composed of the two adjacent Lewotobi Laki-laki and Lewotobi Perempuan stratovolcanoes (the "husband and wife"). Their summits are less than 2 km apart along a NW-SE line. The conical Laki-laki to the NW has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Perempuan has had observed eruptions in 1921 and 1935. Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in both of the summit craters, which are open to the north. A prominent cone, Iliwokar, occurs on the E flank of Perampuan. Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvoeMbFAeLg$> ; Metro TV News https://www.metrotvnews.com/play/bJECalWa-gunung-lewotobi-meletus-lagi-tinggi-kolom-abu-capai-900-meter <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.metrotvnews.com/play/bJECalWa-gunung-lewotobi-meletus-lagi-tinggi-kolom-abu-capai-900-meter__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvodowyF_rA$> ; Metro TV News https://www.metrotvnews.com/play/kELCxM4Y-2-desa-terdampak-abu-vulkanik-gunung-lewotobi-laki-laki <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.metrotvnews.com/play/kELCxM4Y-2-desa-terdampak-abu-vulkanik-gunung-lewotobi-laki-laki__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvodQWWVLIQ$> ; Metro TV News https://www.metrotvnews.com/read/N0BCvD36-minim-sumber-air-7-dusun-di-gunungkidul-bergantung-pada-bantuan-air-bersih <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.metrotvnews.com/read/N0BCvD36-minim-sumber-air-7-dusun-di-gunungkidul-bergantung-pada-bantuan-air-bersih__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvocgambggQ$> ; Metro TV News https://www.metrotvnews.com/play/bw6Co8OQ-permukiman-di-dekat-gunung-lewotobi-laki-laki-diguyur-hujan-abu <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.metrotvnews.com/play/bw6Co8OQ-permukiman-di-dekat-gunung-lewotobi-laki-laki-diguyur-hujan-abu__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvoedIAm_fQ$> Reykjanes | Reykjanes Peninsula | 63.817°N, 22.717°W | Summit elev. 140 m IMO reported that the eruption that began on 29 May near Sundhnúk, NE of Sýlingarfell within the Reykanes volcanic system, decreased over a few days and then ended on 24 June, with the eruption spanning a total of 24 days. According to a news article, earlier in the week lava flowed mostly N along Sýlingarfell and thickened in some areas, rising higher than the earthen barriers N of Svartsengi; on 18 June lava flowed over the barrier between Sýlingarfell and GrindavÃkurvegar, prompting workers to try to stop the advancement of the lava by spraying water on the flows as an experimental defense. By 20 June lava was flowing over the barrier in three places. Firefighters sprayed water on the lava causing steam-and-gas plumes to rise from the slow-moving flows. Large machinery was also utilized to move dirt and strengthen the barrier. The westernmost flow that overtopped the barrier was the most active and continued to advance and thicken during 20-21 June. Tremor levels decreased, indicating that the eruption was decreasing, though a decreasing rate of uplift in the Svartsengi area continued to be recorded in GPS data. Images from a drone overflight conducted during the morning of 21 June by Almannavarnadeild rÃkislögreglustjóra (National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police and Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management) showed decreased activity at the main crater. Areas of incandescent lava in the crater were visible; lava flows from the crater were not seen, though flows through lava tubes may have been active. Sulfur dioxide emissions were very low. During a drone survey around noon on 22 June no activity in the crater was visible, indicating that the eruption had ceased. Additionally, tremor levels had decreased to levels similar to those recorded before the eruption began. On 24 June IMO noted that still-molten lava continued to advance over the barrier at Sýlingarfell and on the lava field N of the barrier. At 1410 on 25 June IMO lowered the Aviation Color Code to Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The Reykjanes volcanic system at the SW tip of the Reykjanes Peninsula, where the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rises above sea level, comprises a broad area of postglacial basaltic crater rows and small shield volcanoes. The submarine Reykjaneshryggur volcanic system is contiguous with and is considered part of the Reykjanes volcanic system, which is the westernmost of a series of four closely-spaced en-echelon fissure systems that extend diagonally across the Reykjanes Peninsula. Most of the subaerial part of the system (also known as the Reykjanes/Svartsengi volcanic system) is covered by Holocene lavas. Subaerial eruptions have occurred in historical time during the 13th century at several locations on the NE-SW-trending fissure system, and numerous submarine eruptions dating back to the 12th century have been observed during historical time, some of which have formed ephemeral islands. Basaltic rocks of probable Holocene age have been recovered during dredging operations, and tephra deposits from earlier Holocene eruptions are preserved on the nearby Reykjanes Peninsula. Sources: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) http://en.vedur.is/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://en.vedur.is/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvofVgzrSHQ$> ; Icelandic National Broadcasting Service (RUV) https://www.ruv.is/frettir/innlent/2024-06-19-haettir-ad-kaela-hraunid-en-haekkun-varnargarda-heldur-afram-415996 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.ruv.is/frettir/innlent/2024-06-19-haettir-ad-kaela-hraunid-en-haekkun-varnargarda-heldur-afram-415996__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvocfmW-39w$> ; Icelandic National Broadcasting Service (RUV) https://www.ruv.is/frettir/innlent/2024-06-20-hraun-vellur-yfir-varnargard-og-hraunkaelingu-beitt-a-ny-416152 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.ruv.is/frettir/innlent/2024-06-20-hraun-vellur-yfir-varnargard-og-hraunkaelingu-beitt-a-ny-416152__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvocSuyPRCA$> Stromboli | Aeolian Islands (Italy) | 38.789°N, 15.213°E | Summit elev. 924 m INGV reported that eruptive activity continued at Stromboli during 17-23 June. Webcam images showed Strombolian activity at three vents in Area N (two at N1 and one at N2), within the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco, and from two vents at S2 in Area C-S (South-Central Crater) on the crater terrace. During the week low- to medium-intensity explosive activity at N1 and N2 ejected coarse material (bombs and lapilli) less than 150 m above the vents. The average rate of explosions from this area was 6-14 events per hour. Spattering occurred at N1 and was intense at times. At Area C-S, explosive activity in sector S2 ejected both coarse and fine material as high as 150 m above the vent. The average explosion rate was 5-8 events per hour. At 1225 on 23 June lava began to overflow N1 after a period of intense spattering. Multiple lava flows from N1 converged in the channel scoured out by the 9 October 2022 pyroclastic flow and descended the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco. Within a few hours activity decreased and by 2100 the flows were cooling. On 24 June Dipartimento della Protezione Civile raised the Alert Level to Orange (the second highest level on a four-level scale), noting the overflow at N1, frequent explosions in Area C-S, and an increase in tremor amplitude. Geologic Summary. Spectacular incandescent nighttime explosions at Stromboli have long attracted visitors to the "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean" in the NE Aeolian Islands. This volcano has lent its name to the frequent mild explosive activity that has characterized its eruptions throughout much of historical time. The small island is the emergent summit of a volcano that grew in two main eruptive cycles, the last of which formed the western portion of the island. The Neostromboli eruptive period took place between about 13,000 and 5,000 years ago. The active summit vents are located at the head of the Sciara del Fuoco, a prominent scarp that formed about 5,000 years ago due to a series of slope failures which extends to below sea level. The modern volcano has been constructed within this scarp, which funnels pyroclastic ejecta and lava flows to the NW. Essentially continuous mild Strombolian explosions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have been recorded for more than a millennium. Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) http://www.ct.ingv.it/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvoft_49I8A$> Taal | Luzon (Philippines) | 14.0106°N, 120.9975°E | Summit elev. 311 m PHIVOLCS reported that daily voluminous steam-and-gas emissions at Taal rose as high as 2.8 km above the rim of Main Crater and drifted NNW, NW, SW, and SSE during 18-24 June, based on webcam images. There were five periods of volcanic tremor recorded during 18-19 and 21-23 June, each lasting 1-10 minutes. Vog was reported during 18-21 June; sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 4,641 tonnes per day on 20 June. During 2130-2132 on 24 June phreatic events generated steam-laden plumes that rose 600 m above Main Crater and drifted W. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5), and PHIVOLCS reminded the public that the entire Taal Volcano Island was a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and to take extra precaution around Main Crater and along the Daang Kastila fissure. Geologic Summary. Taal is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines and has produced some powerful eruptions. The 15 x 20 km Talisay (Taal) caldera is largely filled by Lake Taal, whose 267 km2 surface lies only 3 m above sea level. The maximum depth of the lake is 160 m, with several submerged eruptive centers. The 5-km-wide Volcano Island in north-central Lake Taal is the location of all observed eruptions. The island is composed of coalescing small stratovolcanoes, tuff rings, and scoria cones. Powerful pyroclastic flows and surges have caused many fatalities. Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvoe4bO0dHw$> Ongoing Activity Aira | Kyushu (Japan) | 31.5772°N, 130.6589°E | Summit elev. 1117 m JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) during 17-24 June. Nighttime crater incandescence was visible during 17-21 June and very small eruptive events occurred during the rest of the week. An explosion at 0002 on 20 June ejected large blocks 500-700 m above the crater rim and produced an ash plume that rose 1.3 km above the crater rim and drifted NW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters. Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim and built an island that was joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minamidake. Frequent eruptions since the 8th century have deposited ash on the city of Kagoshima, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest recorded eruption took place during 1471-76. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvoduAESprg$> Dukono | Halmahera | 1.6992°N, 127.8783°E | Summit elev. 1273 m PVMBG reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 19-23 June. Gray-and-white ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 400-1,200 m above the summit and drifted W, NW, and E on most days. Emissions were not observed during 19-20 June. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 3-km exclusion zone. Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have occurred since 1933. During a major eruption in 1550 CE, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the N-flank Gunung Mamuya cone. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been active during historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvoeMbFAeLg$> Ebeko | Paramushir Island (Russia) | 50.686°N, 156.014°E | Summit elev. 1103 m KVERT reported that moderate explosive activity was ongoing at Ebeko during 13-21 June. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E), an explosion on 14 June generated an ash plume that rose as high as 1 km (3,300 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S. A thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images on 28 and 20 June; on other days either no activity was observed or weather conditions prevented views. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The flat-topped summit of the central cone of Ebeko volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands, occupies the northern end of Paramushir Island. Three summit craters located along a SSW-NNE line form Ebeko volcano proper, at the northern end of a complex of five volcanic cones. Blocky lava flows extend west from Ebeko and SE from the neighboring Nezametnyi cone. The eastern part of the southern crater contains strong solfataras and a large boiling spring. The central crater is filled by a lake about 20 m deep whose shores are lined with steaming solfataras; the northern crater lies across a narrow, low barrier from the central crater and contains a small, cold crescentic lake. Historical activity, recorded since the late-18th century, has been restricted to small-to-moderate explosive eruptions from the summit craters. Intense fumarolic activity occurs in the summit craters, on the outer flanks of the cone, and in lateral explosion craters. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvofU0iyPpg$> Great Sitkin | Andreanof Islands (USA) | 52.076°N, 176.13°W | Summit elev. 1740 m AVO reported that slow lava effusion in Great Sitkinâ??s summit crater continued during 18-25 June. Seismicity was low with few daily small earthquakes. Minor steaming from the lava flow was visible in satellite images on 18 and 21 June. Slightly elevated surface temperatures at the summit were identified in satellite images during 22-24 June. Weather clouds sometimes obscured or partially obscured satellite and webcam views. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side of Great Sitkin Island. A younger volcano capped by a small, 0.8 x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure that truncated an older edifice and produced a submarine debris avalanche. Deposits from this and an even older debris avalanche from a source to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano. The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp. Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano. Eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://avo.alaska.edu/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvofcXaBGUQ$> Ibu | Halmahera | 1.488°N, 127.63°E | Summit elev. 1325 m PVMBG reported decreasing activity at Ibu. Both the number of earthquakes and the height of ash plumes began to decline on 15 June. In addition, the distances of ejected incandescent material also shortened to a radius of 1 km. White, gray, and black ash plumes rose 100-3,000 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions during 19-21 June. Because of the decreasing activity PVMBG lowered the Alert Level to 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) at 1032 on 21 June and advised the public to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening. On 22 June white-and-gray ash plumes rose as high as 3 km and drifted NW, W, and SW, and on 23 June ash plumes rose as high as 5 km and drifted NW, W, and SW. On 24 June white plumes rose 1 km and drifted W and NW and on 25 June white-and-gray ash plumes rose 400 m and drifted NE, E, and W. Geologic Summary. The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, has contained several small crater lakes. The 1.2-km-wide outer crater is breached on the N, creating a steep-walled valley. A large cone grew ENE of the summit, and a smaller one to the WSW has fed a lava flow down the W flank. A group of maars is located below the N and W flanks. The first observed and recorded eruption was a small explosion from the summit crater in 1911. Eruptive activity began again in December 1998, producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the floor of the inner summit crater along with ongoing explosive ash emissions. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvoeMbFAeLg$> Lewotolok | Lembata Island | 8.274°S, 123.508°E | Summit elev. 1431 m PVMBG reported that the eruption at Lewotolok continued during 16-25 June. White-to-gray emissions rose as high as 400 m above the summit and mainly drifted W and NW during 16-22 June; an eruptive event was recorded by the seismic network during the week but not visually observed. The number of earthquakes decreased, and the average amplitude of continuous tremor signals also declined. Both shallow and deep earthquakes were recorded but they were not significant. Lava flows on the S, SE, and W flanks continued to be stable. Deformation data indicated deflation. At 1600 on 23 June the Alert Level was lowered to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the vent and 2.5 km away from the vent on the S, SE, and W flanks. White plumes rose as high has 600 m above the summit and drifted W, NW, E, and SE during 23-25 June. Geologic Summary. The Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) stratovolcano occupies the eastern end of an elongated peninsula extending north into the Flores Sea, connected to Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island by a narrow isthmus. It is symmetrical when viewed from the north and east. A small cone with a 130-m-wide crater constructed at the SE side of a larger crater forms the volcano's high point. Many lava flows have reached the coastline. Eruptions recorded since 1660 have consisted of explosive activity from the summit crater. Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvoeMbFAeLg$> ; Antara News https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4165131/aktivitas-menurun-status-gunung-ile-lewotolok-turun-menjadi-waspada <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4165131/aktivitas-menurun-status-gunung-ile-lewotolok-turun-menjadi-waspada__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvodZJV0IZg$> Marapi | Central Sumatra | 0.38°S, 100.474°E | Summit elev. 2885 m PVMBG reported that eruptive activity at Marapi (on Sumatra) was ongoing during 19-25 June. White gas-and-steam plumes rose as high as 300 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions during most days. Gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 300-500 m above the summit and drifted N, NE, and SE during 22-23 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 4.5 km away from the active crater. Geologic Summary. Gunung Marapi, not to be confused with the better-known Merapi volcano on Java, is Sumatra's most active volcano. This massive complex stratovolcano rises 2,000 m above the Bukittinggi Plain in the Padang Highlands. A broad summit contains multiple partially overlapping summit craters constructed within the small 1.4-km-wide Bancah caldera. The summit craters are located along an ENE-WSW line, with volcanism migrating to the west. More than 50 eruptions, typically consisting of small-to-moderate explosive activity, have been recorded since the end of the 18th century; no lava flows outside the summit craters have been reported in historical time. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvoeMbFAeLg$> Merapi | Central Java | 7.54°S, 110.446°E | Summit elev. 2910 m BPPTKG reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 14-20 June. Seismicity had decreased compared to the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 122 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 1.7 km down the upper part of the Bebeng drainage on the SW flank. Two pyroclastic flows descended the Bebeng, traveling as far as 1.5 km. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome were due to continuing effusion and collapses of material. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location. Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities. Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvodDn4XYtg$> Nevado del Ruiz | Colombia | 4.892°N, 75.324°W | Summit elev. 5279 m Servicio Geológico Colombianoâ??s (SGC) Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Manizales reported that eruptive activity at Nevado del Ruiz continued during 18-24 June. The number of seismic events associated with fluid movement increased in both magnitude and number compared to the previous week. There was an increase in the number of long-duration seismic signals. Some of these signals were associated with ash emissions observed by officials at Parque Nacional Natural de Los Nevados and area residents. Seismicity associated with rock fracturing was stable in both the number and magnitude of events compared to the previous week; these earthquakes at depths of 1-7 km below the summit were primarily located within 10 km of Arenas Crater, particularly to the SE and ESE. The largest event was an M 1.1 which was detected at 2358 on 18 June and was located at a depth of 2 km. Seismic signals indicating lava-dome activity notably increased; on 24 June a period of dome-related seismicity was characterized as having the longest duration and highest number of events since 2015, the year this type of seismicity was first detected. Sulfur dioxide emissions were variable and gas plumes rose as high as 1.4 km above the crater rim and drifted NW, W, and SW. Thermal anomalies on the crater floor were identified in satellite data, though weather conditions often inhibited views. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-level scale), and the public was warned to stay out of the restricted areas around Arenas Crater. Geologic Summary. Nevado del Ruiz is a broad, glacier-covered volcano in central Colombia that covers more than 200 km2. Three major edifices, composed of andesitic and dacitic lavas and andesitic pyroclastics, have been constructed since the beginning of the Pleistocene. The modern cone consists of a broad cluster of lava domes built within the caldera of an older edifice. The 1-km-wide, 240-m-deep Arenas crater occupies the summit. The prominent La Olleta pyroclastic cone located on the SW flank may also have been active in historical time. Steep headwalls of massive landslides cut the flanks. Melting of its summit icecap during historical eruptions, which date back to the 16th century, has resulted in devastating lahars, including one in 1985 that was South America's deadliest eruption. Source: Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC) https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www2.sgc.gov.co/volcanes/index.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvoebYifNNQ$> Nyamulagira | DR Congo | 1.408°S, 29.2°E | Summit elev. 3058 m A 25 June satellite image showed an irregularly shaped thermal anomaly on the NE-central part of Nyamuragiraâ??s crater floor. The anomaly was about 600 m E-W and 800 m N-S, though weather clouds obscured most of the crater. A small bluish gas plume rose from a possible central cone. Geologic Summary. Africa's most active volcano, Nyamulagira (also known as Nyamuragira), is a massive high-potassium basaltic shield about 25 km N of Lake Kivu and 13 km NNW of the steep-sided Nyiragongo volcano. The summit is truncated by a small 2 x 2.3 km caldera that has walls up to about 100 m high. Documented eruptions have occurred within the summit caldera, as well as from the numerous flank fissures and cinder cones. A lava lake in the summit crater, active since at least 1921, drained in 1938, at the time of a major flank eruption. Recent lava flows extend down the flanks more than 30 km from the summit as far as Lake Kivu; extensive lava flows from this volcano have covered 1,500 km2 of the western branch of the East African Rift. Source: Copernicus https://www.copernicus.eu/en <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.copernicus.eu/en__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvoe-UNIgDg$> Nyiragongo | DR Congo | 1.52°S, 29.25°E | Summit elev. 3470 m A 25 June satellite image showed a dark elliptical area of lava on Nyiragongoâ??s crater floor. A central vent produced a gas-and-steam plume the drifted WNW. The lava area was about 560 m E-W and about 690 m N-S. Thermal anomalies identified in SWIR images corresponded to the location of the lava area along with a small area at the central vent. Geologic Summary. The Nyiragongo stratovolcano contained a lava lake in its deep summit crater that was active for half a century before draining catastrophically through its outer flanks in 1977. The steep slopes contrast to the low profile of its neighboring shield volcano, Nyamuragira. Benches in the steep-walled, 1.2-km-wide summit crater mark levels of former lava lakes, which have been observed since the late-19th century. Two older stratovolcanoes, Baruta and Shaheru, are partially overlapped by Nyiragongo on the north and south. About 100 cones are located primarily along radial fissures south of Shaheru, east of the summit, and along a NE-SW zone extending as far as Lake Kivu. Many cones are buried by voluminous lava flows that extend long distances down the flanks, which is characterized by the eruption of foiditic rocks. The extremely fluid 1977 lava flows caused many fatalities, as did lava flows that inundated portions of the major city of Goma in January 2002. Source: Copernicus https://www.copernicus.eu/en <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.copernicus.eu/en__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvoe-UNIgDg$> Semeru | Eastern Java | 8.108°S, 112.922°E | Summit elev. 3657 m PVMBG reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 19-25 June. White-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 400-800 m above the summit and drifted W and SW during 19-22 and 25 June. Daily eruptive events, sometimes several per day, were recorded by the seismic network, though plumes were not always visually confirmed. A 21 June webcam image showed incandescent material at the summit and descending the SE flank. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the third highest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards. Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru (Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas. A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that have reached the lower flanks of the volcano. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) http://vsi.esdm.go.id/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvoeMbFAeLg$> Sheveluch | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 56.653°N, 161.36°E | Summit elev. 3283 m KVERT reported that thermal anomalies over both the new and older lava domes at Sheveluch were identified in satellite images during 13-21 June. The report noted that the Karan-1 lava dome, located in the SW part of â??Old Sheveluch,â?? was renamed to â??300 years of RAS.â?? The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvofU0iyPpg$> Suwanosejima | Ryukyu Islands (Japan) | 29.638°N, 129.714°E | Summit elev. 796 m JMA reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 17-24 June and produced volcanic plumes that rose as high as 500 m above the crater rim. Crater incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. No explosions were recorded. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long island of Suwanosejima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the E flank that was formed by edifice collapse. One of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, it was in a state of intermittent Strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, between 1949 and 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest recorded eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits covered residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed, forming a large debris avalanche and creating an open collapse scarp extending to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvoduAESprg$> Villarrica | Central Chile | 39.42°S, 71.93°W | Summit elev. 2847 m SERNAGEOMIN reported that activity at Villarrica was observed in webcam images on 24 June. The images showed a few pulses of incandescence above the crater rim and plumes rising from the crater. At 0428 on 25 June an explosion ejected incandescent material above the crater rim and produced a gas plume that rose about 700 m above the crater rim and drifted W. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-level scale) and the public was warned to stay 500 m away from the active crater. Geologic Summary. The glacier-covered Villarrica stratovolcano, in the northern Lakes District of central Chile, is ~15 km south of the city of Pucon. A 2-km-wide caldera that formed about 3,500 years ago is located at the base of the presently active, dominantly basaltic to basaltic-andesite cone at the NW margin of a 6-km-wide Pleistocene caldera. More than 30 scoria cones and fissure vents are present on the flanks. Plinian eruptions and pyroclastic flows that have extended up to 20 km from the volcano were produced during the Holocene. Lava flows up to 18 km long have issued from summit and flank vents. Eruptions documented since 1558 CE have consisted largely of mild-to-moderate explosive activity with occasional lava effusion. Glaciers cover 40 km2 of the volcano, and lahars have damaged towns on its flanks. Source: Servicio Nacional de GeologÃa y MinerÃa (SERNAGEOMIN) http://www.sernageomin.cl/ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.sernageomin.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!eolG17VNjQHOAlA_BpMYtW25HJrI8hR0gWwP2dfAPXf_63ZGy97IZBaVsCXuOInA89yDB6yEmI5BP9dYvof2JuRVBw$> 2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2 ============================================================== Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University (ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). 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