Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 31 August-6 September 2022

[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]

 



3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3


From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx>


Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

31 August-6 September 2022



Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx)

URL: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foNK2eB_S$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3Y_H0hT00$>





New Activity/Unrest: Chikurachki, Paramushir Island (Russia)  | Karthala,
Grand Comore Island  | Marapi, Central Sumatra  | Semisopochnoi, Aleutian
Islands (USA)  | Ta'u, American Samoa (SW Pacific)



Ongoing Activity: Aira, Kyushu (Japan)  | Dukono, Halmahera  | Ebeko,
Paramushir Island (Russia)  | Fuego, South-Central Guatemala  | Great
Sitkin, Andreanof Islands (USA)  | Kadovar, Northeast of New Guinea  |
Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia)  | Kilauea, Hawaiian Islands (USA)  |
Klyuchevskoy, Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | Kuchinoerabujima, Ryukyu
Islands (Japan)  | Lewotolok, Lembata Island  | Merapi, Central Java  |
Pavlof, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska  | Santa Maria, Southwestern Guatemala  |
Semeru, Eastern Java  | Sheveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia)  |
Suwanosejima, Ryukyu Islands (Japan)  | Whakaari/White Island, North Island
(New Zealand)





The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the
Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's
Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports
are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail.
This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting
during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet
criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section.
Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in
issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network.



Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the
Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To
obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on
the Internet contact the source.







New Activity/Unrest





Chikurachki  | Paramushir Island (Russia)  | 50.324°N, 155.461°E  | Summit
elev. 1781 m



KVERT reported that an ash plume from Chikurachki was identified in
satellite images drifting 94 km ESE on 26 August. The Aviation Color Code
remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
According to the Tokyo VAAC an ash plume was identified in satellite images
at 1730 on 2 September, local time, drifting NE at an altitude of 3.7 m
(12,000 ft). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local
time where noted.



Geologic Summary. Chikurachki, the highest volcano on Paramushir Island in
the northern Kuriles, is a relatively small cone constructed on a high
Pleistocene edifice. Oxidized basaltic-to-andesitic scoria deposits
covering the upper part of the young cone give it a distinctive red color.
Frequent basaltic Plinian eruptions have occurred during the Holocene. Lava
flows have reached the sea and formed capes on the NW coast; several young
lava flows are also present on the E flank beneath a scoria deposit. The
Tatarinov group of six volcanic centers is located immediately to the
south, and the Lomonosov cinder cone group, the source of an early Holocene
lava flow that reached the saddle between it and Fuss Peak to the west,
lies at the southern end of the N-S-trending Chikurachki-Tatarinov complex.
In contrast to the frequently active Chikurachki, the Tatarinov centers are
extensively modified by erosion and have a more complex structure.
Tephrochronology gives evidence of an eruption around 1690 CE from
Tatarinov, although its southern cone contains a sulfur-encrusted crater
with fumaroles that were active along the margin of a crater lake until
1959.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foAzyRxxL$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YsN0JhEk$>





Karthala  | Grand Comore Island  | 11.75°S, 43.38°E  | Summit elev. 2361 m



According to the Direction Générale de la Sécurité Civile â?? Comores, the
Observatoire Volcanologique du Karthala (OVK) reported that a significant
increase in the number of small earthquakes beneath Karthalaâ??s W flank
began to be detected on 15 July. The abnormal activity persisted, so on 16
August the Alert Level was raised to Yellow (the lowest level on a
three-level scale) and residents were asked to limit activities on and
around the volcano. On 5 September OVK recommended that the Alert Level
remain at Yellow.



Geologic Summary. The southernmost and largest of the two shield volcanoes
forming Grand Comore Island (also known as Ngazidja Island), Karthala
contains a 3 x 4 km summit caldera generated by repeated collapse.
Elongated rift zones extend to the NNW and SE from the summit of the
Hawaiian-style basaltic shield, which has an asymmetrical profile that is
steeper to the S. The lower SE rift zone forms the Massif du Badjini, a
peninsula at the SE tip of the island. Historical eruptions have modified
the morphology of the compound, irregular summit caldera. More than twenty
eruptions have been recorded since the 19th century from the summit caldera
and vents on the N and S flanks. Many lava flows have reached the sea on
both sides of the island. An 1860 lava flow from the summit caldera
traveled ~13 km to the NW, reaching the W coast to the N of the capital
city of Moroni.



Source: Direction Générale de la Sécurité Civile â?? Comores
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://dgsc-comores.org/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foOuhdSmd$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://dgsc-comores.org/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YIko58BE$>





Marapi  | Central Sumatra  | 0.38°S, 100.474°E  | Summit elev. 2885 m



In a special notice posted on 2 September PVMBG reported that tiltmeter
deformation data for Marapi showed a trend of inflation at the summit and
deflation along the flanks. Seismicity continued to fluctuate with the
dominating signal indicating hydrothermal activity. A phreatic eruption was
the most likely kind of volcanic activity that could occur at the volcano,
based on the recent data, and it could occur without warning; PVMBG
reminded the public to stay at least 3 km away from the summit. The Alert
Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4).



Geologic Summary. Gunung Marapi, not to be confused with the better-known
Merapi volcano on Java, is Sumatra's most active volcano. This massive
complex stratovolcano rises 2,000 m above the Bukittinggi Plain in the
Padang Highlands. A broad summit contains multiple partially overlapping
summit craters constructed within the small 1.4-km-wide Bancah caldera. The
summit craters are located along an ENE-WSW line, with volcanism migrating
to the west. More than 50 eruptions, typically consisting of
small-to-moderate explosive activity, have been recorded since the end of
the 18th century; no lava flows outside the summit craters have been
reported in historical time.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foGCUkeO_$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YZX4wuFM$>





Semisopochnoi  | Aleutian Islands (USA)  | 51.93°N, 179.58°E  | Summit
elev. 1221 m



AVO reported ongoing low-level seismicity and steam emissions at
Semisopochnoi during 30 August-6 September. Weakly elevated surface
temperatures were identified in satellite images during 1-2 September.
Several small ash eruptions from the N crater of Mount Cerberus were
visible in webcam images during 2-3 September and detected in seismic and
infrasound data. Satellite and webcam views were cloudy during 4-5
September. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange and the Volcano Alert
Level remained at Watch.



Geologic Summary. Semisopochnoi, the largest subaerial volcano of the
western Aleutians, is 20 km wide at sea level and contains an 8-km-wide
caldera. It formed as a result of collapse of a low-angle, dominantly
basaltic volcano following the eruption of a large volume of dacitic
pumice. The high point of the island is Anvil Peak, a double-peaked
late-Pleistocene cone that forms much of the island's northern part. The
three-peaked Mount Cerberus was constructed within the caldera during the
Holocene. Each of the peaks contains a summit crater; lava flows on the N
flank of Cerberus appear younger than those on the south side. Other
post-caldera volcanoes include the symmetrical Sugarloaf Peak SSE of the
caldera and Lakeshore Cone, a small cinder cone at the edge of Fenner Lake
in the NE part of the caldera. Most documented eruptions have originated
from Cerberus, although Coats (1950) considered that both Sugarloaf and
Lakeshore Cone could have been recently active.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foJSix7hZ$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YXwAdvao$>





Ta'u  | American Samoa (SW Pacific)  | 14.23°S, 169.454°W  | Summit elev.
931 m



HVO reported that an earthquake swarm around Taâ??u, in the Manu'a Islands of
American Samoa, continued during 30 August-6 September. Less than 30
earthquakes per day were large enough to be felt by residents and many more
earthquakes undetectable by humans were also recorded; no earthquakes were
reportedly felt during 5-6 September. The data suggested that the
earthquakes were consistently occurring in an area about 5-15 km off the N
shore of the island, at depths of 10-15 km below the surface. There was no
change in the frequency or size of earthquakes and the position of the
swarm remained unchanged. USGS staff installed GPS equipment during 4-6
September. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory and the Aviation
Color Code remained at Yellow.



Geologic Summary. The 10-km-wide Ta'u Island, located at the E end of the
Samoan islands, is ringed by sea cliffs. It is the emergent portion of the
large Lata shield volcano. A major flank collapse event around 22 ka
resulted in the steep scarps on the southern side of the island. Two
smaller shields were constructed along rift zones at the NW and NE tips of
the island. The NW corner of the island has a tuff-cone complex that
ejected large dunite xenoliths and coral blocks. Numerous Holocene
post-caldera cones occur at the summit and on the flanks.



Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foOJdBQIL$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YWWVrKNE$>





Ongoing Activity





Aira  | Kyushu (Japan)  | 31.593°N, 130.657°E  | Summit elev. 1117 m



JMA reported low but continuing activity from Minamidake Crater (at Aira
Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) during 29 August-5 September. Small eruptive
events were recorded throughout the week, and crater incandescence was
visible nightly. Sulfur dioxide emissions were 2,500 tons per day on 30
August, the same rate as the last measurement on 16 August. The Alert Level
remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km
away from the crater.



Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay
contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active.
Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of
the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera
was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the Aira caldera,
along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began
about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim of Aira caldera and built an
island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major
explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit
cone ended about 4850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at
Minamidake. Frequent historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century,
have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located
across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical
eruption took place during 1471-76.



Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foJTPmACB$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YmutCQLA$>





Dukono  | Halmahera  | 1.693°N, 127.894°E  | Summit elev. 1229 m



PVMBG reported that daily ash plumes from Dukono rose as high as 800 m
above the summit and drifted SW, W, and NW. The plume colors were various
shades white, gray, and black and had variable densities from diffuse to
dense. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public
was warned to remain outside of the 2-km exclusion zone.



Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost
Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active
volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes
accompanied by lava flows, occurred from 1933 until at least the mid-1990s,
when routine observations were curtailed. During a major eruption in 1550,
a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the north-flank cone
of Gunung Mamuya. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with
multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of
the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been
active during historical time.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foGCUkeO_$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YZX4wuFM$>





Ebeko  | Paramushir Island (Russia)  | 50.686°N, 156.014°E  | Summit elev.
1103 m



KVERT reported that moderate activity at Ebeko was ongoing. A thermal
anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images on 25 and 31
August. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island,
about 7 km E) explosions generated ash plumes during 25-26, 28, and 30-31
August, and 1 September, that rose up to 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and
drifted N and E. Ashfall was reported in Severo-Kurilsk on 30 August. The
Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a
four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in
local time where noted.



Geologic Summary. The flat-topped summit of the central cone of Ebeko
volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands, occupies the northern
end of Paramushir Island. Three summit craters located along a SSW-NNE line
form Ebeko volcano proper, at the northern end of a complex of five
volcanic cones. Blocky lava flows extend west from Ebeko and SE from the
neighboring Nezametnyi cone. The eastern part of the southern crater
contains strong solfataras and a large boiling spring. The central crater
is filled by a lake about 20 m deep whose shores are lined with steaming
solfataras; the northern crater lies across a narrow, low barrier from the
central crater and contains a small, cold crescentic lake. Historical
activity, recorded since the late-18th century, has been restricted to
small-to-moderate explosive eruptions from the summit craters. Intense
fumarolic activity occurs in the summit craters, on the outer flanks of the
cone, and in lateral explosion craters.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foAzyRxxL$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YsN0JhEk$>





Fuego  | South-Central Guatemala  | 14.473°N, 90.88°W  | Summit elev. 3763 m



INSIVUMEH reported that 4-13 explosions per hour were recorded at Fuego
during 30 August-6 September, generating ash plumes that rose as high as
1.1 km above the crater rim. The ash plumes drifted as far as 30 km N, NW,
W, and SW, causing daily ashfall in areas downwind including Morelia (9 km
SW), Panimaché I and II (8 km SW), Santa Sofía (12 km SW), El Porvenir (8
km ENE), Los Yucales (12 km SW), Sangre de Cristo (8 km WSW), El Porvenir
(8 km ENE), San Pedro Yepocapa (8 km NW), and Finca Palo Verde. Daily shock
waves rattled structures in communities within about 10 km around the
volcano. Daily block avalanches descended the Ceniza (SSW), Seca (W),
Trinidad (S), Taniluyá (SW), Honda, and Las Lajas (SE) drainages, often
reaching vegetated areas. Explosions ejected incandescent material 100-300
m above the summit each day. Lahars resulting from substantial rainfall
descended the Las Lajas and El Jute drainages on the ESE flank and the
Ceniza drainage on the SSW flank during 29-30 August and on 2 September,
carrying tree branches, trunks, and blocks as large as 2 m in diameter.



Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active
volcanoes, is also one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking
Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice, Meseta,
lies between Fuego and Acatenango to the north. Construction of Meseta
dates back to about 230,000 years and continued until the late Pleistocene
or early Holocene. Collapse of Meseta may have produced the massive
Escuintla debris-avalanche deposit, which extends about 50 km onto the
Pacific coastal plain. Growth of the modern Fuego volcano followed,
continuing the southward migration of volcanism that began at the mostly
andesitic Acatenango. Eruptions at Fuego have become more mafic with time,
and most historical activity has produced basaltic rocks. Frequent vigorous
historical eruptions have been recorded since the onset of the Spanish era
in 1524, and have produced major ashfalls, along with occasional
pyroclastic flows and lava flows.



Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e
Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foHQDjxo_$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YyFLEnx0$>





Great Sitkin  | Andreanof Islands (USA)  | 52.076°N, 176.13°W  | Summit
elev. 1740 m



AVO reported that slow lava effusion at Great Sitkin likely continued
during 30 August-6 September with lava thickening over the vent and
expanding outward; the lava flows did not advance. Minor steaming from the
summit was observed during 30-31 August, and elevated surface temperatures
were identified in satellite images during 2-5 September. Seismicity was
very low. Weather clouds sometimes prevented satellite and webcam views.
The Aviation Color Code and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Orange and
Watch, respectively.



Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side
of Great Sitkin Island. A younger parasitic volcano capped by a small, 0.8
x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large
late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure
that truncated an ancestral volcano and produced a submarine debris
avalanche. Deposits from this and an older debris avalanche from a source
to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano.
The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp.
Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the
flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was
partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small
older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed
along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and
fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano.
Historical eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foJSix7hZ$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YXwAdvao$>





Kadovar  | Northeast of New Guinea  | 3.608°S, 144.588°E  | Summit elev.
365 m



Based on satellite and wind model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 31
August an ash plume from Kadovar rose to an altitude of 1.2 km (4,000 ft)
a.s.l. and drifted NW.



Geologic Summary. The 2-km-wide island of Kadovar is the emergent summit of
a Bismarck Sea stratovolcano of Holocene age. It is part of the Schouten
Islands, and lies off the coast of New Guinea, about 25 km N of the mouth
of the Sepik River. Prior to an eruption that began in 2018, a lava dome
formed the high point of the andesitic volcano, filling an arcuate
landslide scarp open to the south; submarine debris-avalanche deposits
occur in that direction. Thick lava flows with columnar jointing forms low
cliffs along the coast. The youthful island lacks fringing or offshore
reefs. A period of heightened thermal phenomena took place in 1976. An
eruption began in January 2018 that included lava effusion from vents at
the summit and at the E coast.



Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foD8dZrLj$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3Y4eRkaWQ$>





Karymsky  | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia)  | 54.049°N, 159.443°E  | Summit
elev. 1513 m



KVERT reported that a weak thermal anomaly over Karymsky was identified in
satellite images during 25 August-1 September. The Aviation Color Code
remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates
are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.



Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern
volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a
5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts
the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the
north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains
the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding
Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located
immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700
radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000
years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago,
following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows
less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or
vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava
flows from the summit crater.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foAzyRxxL$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YsN0JhEk$>





Kilauea  | Hawaiian Islands (USA)  | 19.421°N, 155.287°W  | Summit elev.
1222 m



HVO reported that lava continued to effuse from a vent in the lower W wall
of Kilaueaâ??s Halema`uma`u Crater during 30 August-6 September, entering the
lava lake and flowing onto the crater floor. Part of the lakeâ??s surface was
continuously active. The lake level mostly remained within the bounding
levees, though breakouts were visible along the W and NW margins. The
Aviation Color Code and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Orange and
Watch, respectively.



Geologic Summary. Kilauea overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna Loa
shield volcano in the island of Hawaii. Eruptions are prominent in
Polynesian legends; written documentation since 1820 records frequent
summit and flank lava flow eruptions interspersed with periods of long-term
lava lake activity at Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera until 1924.
The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1,500 years ago and
during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy
East and Southwest rift zones, which extend to the ocean in both
directions. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is
formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the surface is
younger than 600 years. The long-term eruption from the East rift zone
between 1983 and 2018 produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2,
destroyed hundreds of houses, and added new coastline.



Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foOJdBQIL$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YWWVrKNE$>





Klyuchevskoy  | Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | 56.056°N, 160.642°E  | Summit
elev. 4754 m



Strong winds re-suspended ash from the E flank of Klyuchevskoy and created
plumes that were visible in satellite and webcam images drifting 180 km E
on 5 September, local time. The plumes rose to altitudes of 3-4 km
(9,800-13,100 ft) a.s.l. KVERT raised the Aviation Color Code to Orange but
lowered it back to Green the next day.



Geologic Summary. Klyuchevskoy (also spelled Kliuchevskoi) is Kamchatka's
highest and most active volcano. Since its origin about 6000 years ago, the
beautifully symmetrical, 4835-m-high basaltic stratovolcano has produced
frequent moderate-volume explosive and effusive eruptions without major
periods of inactivity. It rises above a saddle NE of sharp-peaked Kamen
volcano and lies SE of the broad Ushkovsky massif. More than 100 flank
eruptions have occurred during the past roughly 3000 years, with most
lateral craters and cones occurring along radial fissures between the
unconfined NE-to-SE flanks of the conical volcano between 500 m and 3600 m
elevation. The morphology of the 700-m-wide summit crater has been
frequently modified by historical eruptions, which have been recorded since
the late-17th century. Historical eruptions have originated primarily from
the summit crater, but have also included numerous major explosive and
effusive eruptions from flank craters.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foAzyRxxL$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YsN0JhEk$>





Kuchinoerabujima  | Ryukyu Islands (Japan)  | 30.443°N, 130.217°E  | Summit
elev. 657 m



The number of volcanic earthquakes with hypocenters near Kuchinoerabujimaâ??s
crater increased during 30-31 July prompting JMA to raise the Alert Level
to 2 (on a scale of 1-5). The number of earthquakes then decreased to low
levels by 1 August and remained low. Sulfur dioxide emissions were also at
low levels and on some days were below the detection limit. On 1 September
the Alert Level was lowered to 1.



Geologic Summary. A group of young stratovolcanoes forms the eastern end of
the irregularly shaped island of Kuchinoerabujima in the northern Ryukyu
Islands, 15 km W of Yakushima. The Furudake, Shindake, and Noikeyama cones
were erupted from south to north, respectively, forming a composite cone
with multiple craters. All historical eruptions have occurred from
Shindake, although a lava flow from the S flank of Furudake that reached
the coast has a very fresh morphology. Frequent explosive eruptions have
taken place from Shindake since 1840; the largest of these was in December
1933. Several villages on the 4 x 12 km island are located within a few
kilometers of the active crater and have suffered damage from eruptions.



Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foJTPmACB$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YmutCQLA$>





Lewotolok  | Lembata Island  | 8.274°S, 123.508°E  | Summit elev. 1431 m



PVMBG reported that the eruption at Lewotolok continued during 30 August-6
September. Daily white emissions rose as high as 500 m above the summit and
drifted NW, W, and SW. During 1-2 September white, gray, and black plumes
rose as high as 1.5 km above the summit. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on
a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the summit
crater and 4 km away from the crater on the SE flank.



Geologic Summary. The Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) stratovolcano occupies the
eastern end of an elongated peninsula extending north into the Flores Sea,
connected to Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island by a narrow isthmus. It is
symmetrical when viewed from the north and east. A small cone with a
130-m-wide crater constructed at the SE side of a larger crater forms the
volcano's high point. Many lava flows have reached the coastline. Eruptions
recorded since 1660 have consisted of explosive activity from the summit
crater.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foGCUkeO_$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YZX4wuFM$>





Merapi  | Central Java  | 7.54°S, 110.446°E  | Summit elev. 2910 m



BPPTKG reported that the eruption at Merapi continued during 26 August-1
September and seismicity remained at elevated levels. As many as 13 lava
avalanches from the SW lava dome traveled down the Bebeng drainage on the
SW flank, reaching a maximum distance of 2 km. The SW lava dome had
continued to grow, and had an estimated volume of 1.62 million cubic meters
based on 29 August aerial photographs. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a
scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the
summit based on location.



Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in
one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape
immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and
southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth
of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse
perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the
eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young
Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began
SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying
growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have
devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused
many fatalities.



Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi
(BPPTKG) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foH1B76vN$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3Y-PQYXck$>





Pavlof  | Alaska Peninsula, Alaska  | 55.417°N, 161.894°W  | Summit elev.
2493 m



AVO reported that a minor eruption at a vent on Pavlofâ??s upper E flank was
ongoing during 30 August-6 September. A small vent re-opened ESE of the
main vent. Seismic tremor persisted. Weather clouds mostly prevented views
of the volcano during the first part of the week, though incandescence from
the vent was visible in webcam images at night on 1 September; elevated
surface temperatures were identified in satellite images during 2-6
September. A diffuse gas plume visible in webcam images on 4 September
possibly contained trace amounts of ash. Gas plumes visible the next day
contained minor amounts of ash. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch
and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.



Geologic Summary. The most active volcano of the Aleutian arc, Pavlof is a
2519-m-high Holocene stratovolcano that was constructed along a line of
vents extending NE from the Emmons Lake caldera. Pavlof and its twin
volcano to the NE, 2142-m-high Pavlof Sister, form a dramatic pair of
symmetrical, glacier-covered stratovolcanoes that tower above Pavlof and
Volcano bays. A third cone, Little Pavlof, is a smaller volcano on the SW
flank of Pavlof volcano, near the rim of Emmons Lake caldera. Unlike Pavlof
Sister, Pavlof has been frequently active in historical time, typically
producing Strombolian to Vulcanian explosive eruptions from the summit
vents and occasional lava flows. The active vents lie near the summit on
the north and east sides. The largest historical eruption took place in
1911, at the end of a 5-year-long eruptive episode, when a fissure opened
on the N flank, ejecting large blocks and issuing lava flows.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foJSix7hZ$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YXwAdvao$>





Santa Maria  | Southwestern Guatemala  | 14.757°N, 91.552°W  | Summit elev.
3745 m



INSIVUMEH reported that the eruption at Santa Maríaâ??s Santiaguito lava-dome
complex continued during 30 August-6 September. Lava-dome effusion at
Caliente cone fed lava flows that descended the San Isidro and El Tambor
drainages on the W and SW flanks; the flows were as long as 4.2 km by 30
August. Block avalanches from the dome, and from both the ends and sides of
the flows, descended the SW and W flanks. The avalanches sometimes
generated ash plumes that rose as high as 500 m above the complex.
Incandescence from the dome and the lava flows was sometimes visible at
night or during early mornings. Explosions during 31 August-1 September
occasionally ejected incandescent material onto the flanks in all
directions.



Geologic Summary. Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa María volcano is part
of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rise above the Pacific coastal
plain of Guatemala. The sharp-topped, conical profile is cut on the SW
flank by a 1.5-km-wide crater. The oval-shaped crater extends from just
below the summit to the lower flank, and was formed during a catastrophic
eruption in 1902. The renowned Plinian eruption of 1902 that devastated
much of SW Guatemala followed a long repose period after construction of
the large basaltic-andesite stratovolcano. The massive dacitic Santiaguito
lava-dome complex has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since
1922. Compound dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred episodically from
four vents, with activity progressing W towards the most recent, Caliente.
Dome growth has been accompanied by almost continuous minor explosions,
with periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic flows, and
lahars.



Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e
Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foHQDjxo_$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YyFLEnx0$>





Semeru  | Eastern Java  | 8.108°S, 112.922°E  | Summit elev. 3657 m



PVMBG reported that the eruption at Semeru continued during 30 August-6
September. Eruptive events at 0756 on 2 September, 0518 and 0956 on 5
September, and 0521 on 6 September produced ash plumes that rose 500-700 m
above the summit and drifted mainly N and SW. The Alert Level remained at 3
(on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from
the summit, and 500 m from Kobokan drainages within 17 km of the summit,
along with other drainages originating on Semeru, including the Bang,
Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.



Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most
active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to
the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru
(Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru
was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas.
A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting
through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and
NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from
NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by
small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava
flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that
have reached the lower flanks of the volcano.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foGCUkeO_$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YZX4wuFM$>





Sheveluch  | Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | 56.653°N, 161.36°E  | Summit
elev. 3283 m



KVERT reported that the ongoing eruption at Sheveluch was characterized by
explosions, hot avalanches, and lava-dome extrusion during 25 August-1
September. A daily thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images.
Plumes of re-suspended ash drifted 150 km E on 25 August. Hot avalanches
generated an ash plume on 1 September that drifted 70 km E. The Aviation
Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color
scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time
where noted.



Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also
spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya
volcano group. The 1,300 km3 andesitic volcano is one of Kamchatka's
largest and most active volcanic structures, with at least 60 large
eruptions during the Holocene. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary
Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera
breached to the south. Many lava domes occur on its outer flanks. The
Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene
within the large open caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place
on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. Widespread tephra layers from these
eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in
Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964,
have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of
the breached caldera.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foAzyRxxL$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YsN0JhEk$>





Suwanosejima  | Ryukyu Islands (Japan)  | 29.638°N, 129.714°E  | Summit
elev. 796 m



JMA reported that the eruption at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued
during 31 August-5 September. There were four explosions that likely
produced eruption plumes, though weather clouds prevented visual
confirmation. Large blocks were ejected 700 m from the vent. Crater
incandescence was observed nightly, and volcanic tremor was occasionally
recorded. The Alert Level remained at 2 and the public was warned to stay 1
km away from the crater.



Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long island of Suwanosejima in the northern
Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two historically
active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater
extending to the sea on the east flank that was formed by edifice collapse.
One of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, it was in a state of
intermittent Strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, between
1949 and 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest
recorded eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits
blanketed residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that
reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake
collapsed, forming a large debris avalanche and creating the open Sakuchi
caldera, which extends to the eastern coast. The island remained
uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows
reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live
on the island.



Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foJTPmACB$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YmutCQLA$>





Whakaari/White Island  | North Island (New Zealand)  | 37.52°S, 177.18°E  |
Summit elev. 294 m



On 7 September GeoNet reported that access to continuous data streams from
the last operating earthquake and pressure sensor on Whakaari/White Island
had recently been lost, hindering scientistsâ?? ability to distinguish
between various levels of unrest. The Volcanic Alert Level was raised to 2
and the Aviation Color Code was changed to Yellow not because of actual
increased activity but to reflect uncertainty in the interpretation of
events on the island. Observations and gas-monitoring flights will be
conducted more frequently until the island can visited to service the
equipment and power supplies. Images from island webcams continued to be
intermittently available. The report noted that low levels of activity on
the island were observed during the last overflight on 31 August. Tall
steam-and-gas plumes are sometimes observed from the mainland coast.



Geologic Summary. The uninhabited Whakaari/White Island is the 2 x 2.4 km
emergent summit of a 16 x 18 km submarine volcano in the Bay of Plenty
about 50 km offshore of North Island. The island consists of two
overlapping andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcanoes. The SE side of the crater
is open at sea level, with the recent activity centered about 1 km from the
shore close to the rear crater wall. Volckner Rocks, sea stacks that are
remnants of a lava dome, lie 5 km NW. Descriptions of volcanism since 1826
have included intermittent moderate phreatic, phreatomagmatic, and
Strombolian eruptions; activity there also forms a prominent part of Maori
legends. The formation of many new vents during the 19th and 20th centuries
caused rapid changes in crater floor topography. Collapse of the crater
wall in 1914 produced a debris avalanche that buried buildings and workers
at a sulfur-mining project. Explosive activity in December 2019 took place
while tourists were present, resulting in many fatalities. The official
government name Whakaari/White Island is a combination of the full Maori
name of Te Puia o Whakaari ("The Dramatic Volcano") and White Island
(referencing the constant steam plume) given by Captain James Cook in 1769.



Source: GeoNet https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foBLrxY60$  
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!f45hl6HmQ10OEmqfU2NroIQZ2OQzC-WGBAYO7isnWt5e8hYjjWBBYVISpXqCpXcP-p3YqdGRkKY$>



3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3



==============================================================



Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University
(ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP)
of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and
the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's
Interior (IAVCEI).



ASU - http://www.asu.edu/

PSU - https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://pdx.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foByfi00a$  

GVP - https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.volcano.si.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foEGV0Uxw$  

IAVCEI - https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.iavceivolcano.org/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Zybv3h-jB0-fTBGLt2dM-WP0zPzX7FhFmeR5GW_6a1nvosTNLLJJQQpVH5vE_ES8RnUwTN0foJE0G0F3$  



To unsubscribe from the volcano list, send the message:

signoff volcano

to: listserv@xxxxxxx, or write to: volcano-request@xxxxxxx.



To contribute to the volcano list, send your message to:

volcano@xxxxxxx.  Please do not send attachments.



==============================================================

------------------------------

End of Volcano Digest - 6 Sep 2022 to 7 Sep 2022 (#2022-92)
***********************************************************


[Index of Archives]     [Yosemite Backpacking]     [Earthquake Notices]     [USGS News]     [Yosemite Campgrounds]     [Steve's Art]     [Hot Springs Forum]

  Powered by Linux