7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7 From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx> Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 13-19 July 2022 Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx) URL: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Ydulfhzbd500MUupkjL974jqiCCcBz5Sgg5DLNo1z_EvBQkaV9_4DmIlrX6Xm2UOKtUaYzbtttwjAyAV$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fo90esEgPI_Bhy7ak7bVgVz7Ax6328ppMdH_SdY7OQqaU8HIxQY3jigBajM-9S6jsDK6e0GL-OQ$> New Activity/Unrest: Ebeko, Paramushir Island (Russia) | Turrialba, Costa Rica Ongoing Activity: Aira, Kyushu (Japan) | Great Sitkin, Andreanof Islands (USA) | Kama'ehuakanaloa, Hawaiian Islands (USA) | Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | Kilauea, Hawaiian Islands (USA) | Krakatau, Sunda Strait | Lewotolok, Lembata Island | Little Sitkin, Aleutian Islands (USA) | Manam, Northeast of New Guinea | Merapi, Central Java | Pavlof, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska | Popocatepetl, Mexico | Sao Jorge, Azores | Semeru, Eastern Java | Sheveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Suwanosejima, Ryukyu Islands (Japan) The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest Ebeko | Paramushir Island (Russia) | 50.686°N, 156.014°E | Summit elev. 1103 m KVERT reported that moderate activity at Ebeko was ongoing during 7-14 July. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E) explosions generated ash plumes that rose up to 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images during 10-11 July. According to observers, an explosion at 1740 local time on 16 July produced an ash plume that rose to 4.5 km (14,800 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 5 km SE. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The flat-topped summit of the central cone of Ebeko volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands, occupies the northern end of Paramushir Island. Three summit craters located along a SSW-NNE line form Ebeko volcano proper, at the northern end of a complex of five volcanic cones. Blocky lava flows extend west from Ebeko and SE from the neighboring Nezametnyi cone. The eastern part of the southern crater contains strong solfataras and a large boiling spring. The central crater is filled by a lake about 20 m deep whose shores are lined with steaming solfataras; the northern crater lies across a narrow, low barrier from the central crater and contains a small, cold crescentic lake. Historical activity, recorded since the late-18th century, has been restricted to small-to-moderate explosive eruptions from the summit craters. Intense fumarolic activity occurs in the summit craters, on the outer flanks of the cone, and in lateral explosion craters. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Ydulfhzbd500MUupkjL974jqiCCcBz5Sgg5DLNo1z_EvBQkaV9_4DmIlrX6Xm2UOKtUaYzbttjgvPF6G$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fo90esEgPI_Bhy7ak7bVgVz7Ax6328ppMdH_SdY7OQqaU8HIxQY3jigBajM-9S6jsDK6Cr-zILg$> Turrialba | Costa Rica | 10.025°N, 83.767°W | Summit elev. 3340 m OVSICORI-UNA reported that at 0749 on 17 July a brief ash emission from Turrialba rose 200 m above the crater and drifted SW. Minor amounts of ash fell in Irazú Volcano National Park. Geologic Summary. Turrialba, the easternmost of Costa Rica's Holocene volcanoes, is a large vegetated basaltic-to-dacitic stratovolcano located across a broad saddle NE of Irazú volcano overlooking the city of Cartago. The massive edifice covers an area of 500 km2. Three well-defined craters occur at the upper SW end of a broad 800 x 2200 m summit depression that is breached to the NE. Most activity originated from the summit vent complex, but two pyroclastic cones are located on the SW flank. Five major explosive eruptions have occurred during the past 3500 years. A series of explosive eruptions during the 19th century were sometimes accompanied by pyroclastic flows. Fumarolic activity continues at the central and SW summit craters. Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Ydulfhzbd500MUupkjL974jqiCCcBz5Sgg5DLNo1z_EvBQkaV9_4DmIlrX6Xm2UOKtUaYzbttm_0beBi$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fo90esEgPI_Bhy7ak7bVgVz7Ax6328ppMdH_SdY7OQqaU8HIxQY3jigBajM-9S6jsDK6ZZntRvw$> Ongoing Activity Aira | Kyushu (Japan) | 31.593°N, 130.657°E | Summit elev. 1117 m JMA reported that nighttime incandescence at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) was visible during 11-18 July. Sulfur dioxide emissions were measured at 1,400 tons per day on 13 July. One explosion, recorded at 1852 on 17 July, produced an ash plume that rose as high as 2.8 km above the crater rim and ejected material as high as 1.1 km above the summit. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the Aira caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim of Aira caldera and built an island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit cone ended about 4850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minamidake. Frequent historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century, have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical eruption took place during 1471-76. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Ydulfhzbd500MUupkjL974jqiCCcBz5Sgg5DLNo1z_EvBQkaV9_4DmIlrX6Xm2UOKtUaYzbttu0M2zFu$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fo90esEgPI_Bhy7ak7bVgVz7Ax6328ppMdH_SdY7OQqaU8HIxQY3jigBajM-9S6jsDK6S-dEn04$> Great Sitkin | Andreanof Islands (USA) | 52.076°N, 176.13°W | Summit elev. 1740 m AVO reported that slow lava effusion at Great Sitkin continued during 12-19 July. Elevated surface temperatures were identified in satellite images on most days; weather clouds sometimes obscured satellite and webcam views. Seismicity was low, and occasional local earthquakes were recorded. The Aviation Color Code and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Orange and Watch, respectively. Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side of Great Sitkin Island. A younger parasitic volcano capped by a small, 0.8 x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure that truncated an ancestral volcano and produced a submarine debris avalanche. Deposits from this and an older debris avalanche from a source to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano. The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp. Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano. Historical eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Ydulfhzbd500MUupkjL974jqiCCcBz5Sgg5DLNo1z_EvBQkaV9_4DmIlrX6Xm2UOKtUaYzbttkvSkDQ6$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fo90esEgPI_Bhy7ak7bVgVz7Ax6328ppMdH_SdY7OQqaU8HIxQY3jigBajM-9S6jsDK6MUGaeKk$> Kama'ehuakanaloa | Hawaiian Islands (USA) | 18.92°N, 155.27°W | Summit elev. -975 m An earthquake swarm began at Kama'ehuakanaloa at about 0200 on 16 July and was characterized by seismic tremor accompanied by pulses of seismic energy every 15-20 seconds. The pattern of elevated seismicity continued through at least 1453 on 17 July, the posting time of the HVOâ??s information statement. The report also noted that around 24 earthquakes in the M 1.8-3 range were recorded during 0130-0600 on 17 July. The Scientist-in-Charge stated that the seismicity was likely the result of magma movement beneath the seamount, but there were no show signs of an imminent eruption. The most recent swarm was recorded on 11 May 2020 and consisted of 18 events in the M 3-3.9 range. The Volcano Alert Level and the Aviation Color Code both remained at Unassigned; there are no working monitoring instruments on the volcano so information is based on and-based seismometers. Geologic Summary. The Kamaâ??ehuakanaloa seamount, previously known as Loihi, lies about 35 km off the SE coast of the island of Hawaii. This youngest volcano of the Hawaiian chain has an elongated morphology dominated by two curving rift zones extending north and south of the summit. The summit region contains a caldera about 3 x 4 km and exhibits numerous lava cones, the highest of which is about 975 m below the ocean surface. The summit platform also includes two well-defined pit craters, sediment-free glassy lava, and low-temperature hydrothermal venting. An arcuate chain of small cones on the western edge of the summit extends north and south of the pit craters and merges into the crests prominent rift zones. Seismicity indicates a magmatic plumbing system distinct from that of Kilauea. During 1996 a new pit crater was formed at the summit, and lava flows were erupted. Continued volcanism is expected to eventually build a new island; time estimates for the summit to reach the sea surface range from roughly 10,000 to 100,000 years. Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Ydulfhzbd500MUupkjL974jqiCCcBz5Sgg5DLNo1z_EvBQkaV9_4DmIlrX6Xm2UOKtUaYzbttkODOXlS$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fo90esEgPI_Bhy7ak7bVgVz7Ax6328ppMdH_SdY7OQqaU8HIxQY3jigBajM-9S6jsDK6AIA3WrU$> Karymsky | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 54.049°N, 159.443°E | Summit elev. 1513 m KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly over Karymsky was identified in satellite images during 7-14 July. At 2250 local time on 13 July ash plumes were identified in satellite images rising 10-11 km (32,800-36,100 ft) a.s.l. and drifting 360 km SW. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700 radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Ydulfhzbd500MUupkjL974jqiCCcBz5Sgg5DLNo1z_EvBQkaV9_4DmIlrX6Xm2UOKtUaYzbttjgvPF6G$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fo90esEgPI_Bhy7ak7bVgVz7Ax6328ppMdH_SdY7OQqaU8HIxQY3jigBajM-9S6jsDK6Cr-zILg$> Kilauea | Hawaiian Islands (USA) | 19.421°N, 155.287°W | Summit elev. 1222 m HVO reported that lava continued to effuse from a vent in the lower W wall of Kilaueaâ??s Halema`uma`u Crater during 12-19 July, entering the lava lake and flowing onto the crater floor. The lake level was relatively low, though by 16 July it had risen to the bounding levees along the margins. Incandescence from the W vent complex was visible during 16-19 July. Lava oozed from the lake margins during the early morning of 19 July. The Aviation Color Code and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Orange and Watch, respectively. Geologic Summary. Kilauea overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna Loa shield volcano in the island of Hawaii. Eruptions are prominent in Polynesian legends; written documentation since 1820 records frequent summit and flank lava flow eruptions interspersed with periods of long-term lava lake activity at Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera until 1924. The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1,500 years ago and during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy East and Southwest rift zones, which extend to the ocean in both directions. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the surface is younger than 600 years. The long-term eruption from the East rift zone between 1983 and 2018 produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2, destroyed hundreds of houses, and added new coastline. Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Ydulfhzbd500MUupkjL974jqiCCcBz5Sgg5DLNo1z_EvBQkaV9_4DmIlrX6Xm2UOKtUaYzbttkODOXlS$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fo90esEgPI_Bhy7ak7bVgVz7Ax6328ppMdH_SdY7OQqaU8HIxQY3jigBajM-9S6jsDK6AIA3WrU$> Krakatau | Sunda Strait | 6.102°S, 105.423°E | Summit elev. 155 m PVMBG reported that several eruptive events were recorded at Anak Krakatau during 16-18 July. Eruptions at 2253 and 2339 on 16 July, 0847 on 17 July, and 0826, 1549, and 1730 on 18 July produced dense gray-to-black ash plumes that rose 1-2.5 km above the summit and drifted NE, S, SW, and W. Webcam image acquired at 2308 and 2344 on 16 July showed incandescence at the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The renowned volcano Krakatau (frequently misstated as Krakatoa) lies in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra. Collapse of the ancestral edifice, perhaps in 416 or 535 CE, formed a 7-km-wide caldera. Remnants of that volcano are preserved in Verlaten and Lang Islands; subsequently Rakata, Danan, and Perbuwatan volcanoes were formed, coalescing to create the pre-1883 Krakatau Island. Caldera collapse during the catastrophic 1883 eruption destroyed Danan and Perbuwatan, and left only a remnant of Rakata. This eruption caused more than 36,000 fatalities, most as a result of tsunamis that swept the adjacent coastlines of Sumatra and Java. Pyroclastic surges traveled 40 km across the Sunda Strait and reached the Sumatra coast. After a quiescence of less than a half century, the post-collapse cone of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) was constructed within the 1883 caldera at a point between the former cones of Danan and Perbuwatan. Anak Krakatau has been the site of frequent eruptions since 1927. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Ydulfhzbd500MUupkjL974jqiCCcBz5Sgg5DLNo1z_EvBQkaV9_4DmIlrX6Xm2UOKtUaYzbttn-kxqBZ$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fo90esEgPI_Bhy7ak7bVgVz7Ax6328ppMdH_SdY7OQqaU8HIxQY3jigBajM-9S6jsDK6GSiTbn0$> Lewotolok | Lembata Island | 8.274°S, 123.508°E | Summit elev. 1431 m PVMBG reported that the eruption at Lewotolok continued during 12-19 July. Daily white or white-and-gray emissions rose as high as 800 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Photos in some posted reports showed Strombolian activity from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the summit crater and 4 km away from the crater on the SE flank. Geologic Summary. The Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) stratovolcano occupies the eastern end of an elongated peninsula extending north into the Flores Sea, connected to Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island by a narrow isthmus. It is symmetrical when viewed from the north and east. A small cone with a 130-m-wide crater constructed at the SE side of a larger crater forms the volcano's high point. Many lava flows have reached the coastline. Eruptions recorded since 1660 have consisted of explosive activity from the summit crater. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Ydulfhzbd500MUupkjL974jqiCCcBz5Sgg5DLNo1z_EvBQkaV9_4DmIlrX6Xm2UOKtUaYzbttn-kxqBZ$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fo90esEgPI_Bhy7ak7bVgVz7Ax6328ppMdH_SdY7OQqaU8HIxQY3jigBajM-9S6jsDK6GSiTbn0$> Little Sitkin | Aleutian Islands (USA) | 51.95°N, 178.543°E | Summit elev. 1174 m On 14 July AVO moved the Aviation Color Code for Little Sitkin to Green and the Volcano Alert Level from Unassigned to Normal because an upgraded communication link to installed instruments allowed better monitoring of unrest. The volcano is monitored using local seismic and infrasound sensors, satellite data, web cameras, and remote infrasound and lightning networks. Geologic Summary. Diamond-shaped Little Sitkin Island is bounded by steep cliffs on the east, north, and NE sides. Little Sitkin volcano contains two nested calderas. The older, nearly circular Pleistocene caldera is 4.8 km wide, may have once contained a caldera lake, and was partially filled by a younger cone formed mostly of andesitic and dacitic lava flows. The elliptical younger caldera is 2.7 x 4 km wide; it lies within the eastern part of the older caldera and shares its eastern and southern rim. The younger caldera partially destroyed the lava cone within the first caldera and is of possible early Holocene age. Young-looking dacitic lava flows, erupted in 1828 (Kay, in Wood and Kienle 1990), issued from the central cone within the younger caldera and from a vent on the west flank outside the older caldera. Fumarolic areas are found near the western coast, along the NW margin of the older caldera, and from the summit crater down the southern flank for a 1 km distance. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Ydulfhzbd500MUupkjL974jqiCCcBz5Sgg5DLNo1z_EvBQkaV9_4DmIlrX6Xm2UOKtUaYzbttkvSkDQ6$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fo90esEgPI_Bhy7ak7bVgVz7Ax6328ppMdH_SdY7OQqaU8HIxQY3jigBajM-9S6jsDK6MUGaeKk$> Manam | Northeast of New Guinea | 4.08°S, 145.037°E | Summit elev. 1807 m The Darwin VAAC reported that on 14 July ash plumes from Manam rose to 2.1 km (7,000 ft) and drifted NW based on satellite and RVO webcam images. Geologic Summary. The 10-km-wide island of Manam, lying 13 km off the northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea, is one of the country's most active volcanoes. Four large radial valleys extend from the unvegetated summit of the conical basaltic-andesitic stratovolcano to its lower flanks. These valleys channel lava flows and pyroclastic avalanches that have sometimes reached the coast. Five small satellitic centers are located near the island's shoreline on the northern, southern, and western sides. Two summit craters are present; both are active, although most observed eruptions have originated from the southern crater, concentrating eruptive products during much of the past century into the SE valley. Frequent eruptions, typically of mild-to-moderate scale, have been recorded since 1616. Occasional larger eruptions have produced pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached flat-lying coastal areas and entered the sea, sometimes impacting populated areas. Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Ydulfhzbd500MUupkjL974jqiCCcBz5Sgg5DLNo1z_EvBQkaV9_4DmIlrX6Xm2UOKtUaYzbttgxD0TC6$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fo90esEgPI_Bhy7ak7bVgVz7Ax6328ppMdH_SdY7OQqaU8HIxQY3jigBajM-9S6jsDK6G3qCC_0$> Merapi | Central Java | 7.54°S, 110.446°E | Summit elev. 2910 m BPPTKG reported that the eruption at Merapi continued during 8-14 July. The heights and morphologies of the SW and central lava domes were unchanged from the previous week, and seismicity remained at high levels. As many as 43 lava avalanches traveled down the Bebeng drainage on the SW flank, reaching a maximum distance of 2 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit based on location. Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities. Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Ydulfhzbd500MUupkjL974jqiCCcBz5Sgg5DLNo1z_EvBQkaV9_4DmIlrX6Xm2UOKtUaYzbttiy3J8m3$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fo90esEgPI_Bhy7ak7bVgVz7Ax6328ppMdH_SdY7OQqaU8HIxQY3jigBajM-9S6jsDK6N9Z3-Vk$> Pavlof | Alaska Peninsula, Alaska | 55.417°N, 161.894°W | Summit elev. 2493 m AVO reported that a minor eruption at a vent on Pavlofâ??s upper E flank was ongoing during 12-19 July. Seismic tremor persisted and multiple daily explosions were detected in seismic and infrasound data. Elevated surface temperatures identified in satellite images on a few of the days possibly reflected ongoing minor lava effusion; cloud cover prevented views on most of the days during the week. Minor ash emissions were seen in webcam images during 18019 July. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. Geologic Summary. The most active volcano of the Aleutian arc, Pavlof is a 2519-m-high Holocene stratovolcano that was constructed along a line of vents extending NE from the Emmons Lake caldera. Pavlof and its twin volcano to the NE, 2142-m-high Pavlof Sister, form a dramatic pair of symmetrical, glacier-covered stratovolcanoes that tower above Pavlof and Volcano bays. A third cone, Little Pavlof, is a smaller volcano on the SW flank of Pavlof volcano, near the rim of Emmons Lake caldera. Unlike Pavlof Sister, Pavlof has been frequently active in historical time, typically producing Strombolian to Vulcanian explosive eruptions from the summit vents and occasional lava flows. The active vents lie near the summit on the north and east sides. The largest historical eruption took place in 1911, at the end of a 5-year-long eruptive episode, when a fissure opened on the N flank, ejecting large blocks and issuing lava flows. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Ydulfhzbd500MUupkjL974jqiCCcBz5Sgg5DLNo1z_EvBQkaV9_4DmIlrX6Xm2UOKtUaYzbttkvSkDQ6$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fo90esEgPI_Bhy7ak7bVgVz7Ax6328ppMdH_SdY7OQqaU8HIxQY3jigBajM-9S6jsDK6MUGaeKk$> Popocatepetl | Mexico | 19.023°N, 98.622°W | Summit elev. 5393 m CENAPRED reported that each day during 12-18 July there were 8-39 steam-and-gas emissions rising from Popocatépetl that drifted SW and WNW. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, Phase Two (the middle level on a three-color scale). Geologic Summary. Volcán Popocatépetl, whose name is the Aztec word for smoking mountain, rises 70 km SE of Mexico City to form North America's 2nd-highest volcano. The glacier-clad stratovolcano contains a steep-walled, 400 x 600 m wide crater. The generally symmetrical volcano is modified by the sharp-peaked Ventorrillo on the NW, a remnant of an earlier volcano. At least three previous major cones were destroyed by gravitational failure during the Pleistocene, producing massive debris-avalanche deposits covering broad areas to the south. The modern volcano was constructed south of the late-Pleistocene to Holocene El Fraile cone. Three major Plinian eruptions, the most recent of which took place about 800 CE, have occurred since the mid-Holocene, accompanied by pyroclastic flows and voluminous lahars that swept basins below the volcano. Frequent historical eruptions, first recorded in Aztec codices, have occurred since Pre-Columbian time. Source: Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres (CENAPRED) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.gob.mx/cenapred__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Ydulfhzbd500MUupkjL974jqiCCcBz5Sgg5DLNo1z_EvBQkaV9_4DmIlrX6Xm2UOKtUaYzbttkTQP6oZ$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.gob.mx/cenapred__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fo90esEgPI_Bhy7ak7bVgVz7Ax6328ppMdH_SdY7OQqaU8HIxQY3jigBajM-9S6jsDK68smnJ4k$> Sao Jorge | Azores | 38.65°N, 28.08°W | Summit elev. 1053 m A seismic swarm at São Jorge began at 1605 on 19 March along a WNW-ESE fissure system stretching from Ponta dos Rosais to Norte Pequeno - Silveira. The seismic data as well as deformation data indicated a magmatic intrusion, though by early April no significant deformation was detected. The frequency of earthquakes had decreased in late May-early June, leading CIVISA to lower the Alert Level to V3 (on a scale of V0-V6) on 8 June. Seismicity continued to be elevated; by 18 July a total of 43,410 low-magnitude tectonic events had been recorded. Geologic Summary. The dominantly basaltic São Jorge Island is 55 km long and 6.5 km wide. It was formed by fissure eruptions beginning in the eastern part of the island. The western two-thirds of the island contains youthful, fissure-fed lava flows resembling those on neighboring Pico Island. Lava effused from three locations above the south-central coast during 1580, producing flows that reached the ocean. In 1808 a series of explosions took place from vents along the south-central crest of the island; one of the vents produced a lava flow that reached the southern coast. Submarine eruptions have also been reported on several occasions from a submarine ridge to the SE. The 1964 event offshore W of Velas was considered "probable" by Madiera and Brum da Silveira (2003), who also provided 14C dates for several other Holocene eruptions. Source: Centro de Informação e Vigilância Sismovulcânica dos Açores (CIVISA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ivar.azores.gov.pt/civisa/Paginas/homeCIVISA.aspx__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Ydulfhzbd500MUupkjL974jqiCCcBz5Sgg5DLNo1z_EvBQkaV9_4DmIlrX6Xm2UOKtUaYzbttpvIird5$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ivar.azores.gov.pt/civisa/Paginas/homeCIVISA.aspx__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fo90esEgPI_Bhy7ak7bVgVz7Ax6328ppMdH_SdY7OQqaU8HIxQY3jigBajM-9S6jsDK6__TR23c$> Semeru | Eastern Java | 8.108°S, 112.922°E | Summit elev. 3657 m PVMBG reported that the eruption at Semeru continued during 12-18 July. At 0614 on 14 July an ash plume rose 500 m above the summit and drifted SW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit, and 500 m from Kobokan drainages within 17 km of the summit, along with other drainages originating on Semeru, including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards. Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru (Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas. A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that have reached the lower flanks of the volcano. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Ydulfhzbd500MUupkjL974jqiCCcBz5Sgg5DLNo1z_EvBQkaV9_4DmIlrX6Xm2UOKtUaYzbttn-kxqBZ$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fo90esEgPI_Bhy7ak7bVgVz7Ax6328ppMdH_SdY7OQqaU8HIxQY3jigBajM-9S6jsDK6GSiTbn0$> Sheveluch | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 56.653°N, 161.36°E | Summit elev. 3283 m KVERT reported that the ongoing eruption at Sheveluch was characterized by explosions, hot avalanches, and lava-dome extrusion. A thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images during 7-14 July. Satellite images showed ash plumes drifting 82 km SW and SE during 11-13 July. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1300 km3 volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes dot its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large horseshoe-shaped caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. At least 60 large eruptions have occurred during the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Ydulfhzbd500MUupkjL974jqiCCcBz5Sgg5DLNo1z_EvBQkaV9_4DmIlrX6Xm2UOKtUaYzbttjgvPF6G$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fo90esEgPI_Bhy7ak7bVgVz7Ax6328ppMdH_SdY7OQqaU8HIxQY3jigBajM-9S6jsDK6Cr-zILg$> Suwanosejima | Ryukyu Islands (Japan) | 29.638°N, 129.714°E | Summit elev. 796 m JMA reported that the eruption at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 11-18 July. There were 13 explosions, producing eruption plumes that rose as high as 1.5 km above the crater rim and ejecting material 700 m from the vent. Crater incandescence was observed nightly. The Alert Level remained at 2 and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long, spindle-shaped island of Suwanosejima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two historically active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the east flank that was formed by edifice collapse. Suwanosejima, one of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, was in a state of intermittent strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, that began in 1949 and lasted until 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest historical eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits blanketed residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed forming a large debris avalanche and creating the horseshoe-shaped Sakuchi caldera, which extends to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Ydulfhzbd500MUupkjL974jqiCCcBz5Sgg5DLNo1z_EvBQkaV9_4DmIlrX6Xm2UOKtUaYzbttu0M2zFu$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!fo90esEgPI_Bhy7ak7bVgVz7Ax6328ppMdH_SdY7OQqaU8HIxQY3jigBajM-9S6jsDK6S-dEn04$> 7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7 ============================================================== Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University (ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). 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