1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1 From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx> Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 29 June-5 July 2022 Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx) URL: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnp3Gtmppz$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fScxFg8Q$> New Activity/Unrest: Chikurachki, Paramushir Island (Russia) | Ebeko, Paramushir Island (Russia) Ongoing Activity: Aira, Kyushu (Japan) | Aniakchak, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska | Bezymianny, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Dukono, Halmahera | Fuego, South-Central Guatemala | Gamkonora, Halmahera | Great Sitkin, Andreanof Islands (USA) | Kanlaon, Philippines | Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | Katmai, Alaska | Kilauea, Hawaiian Islands (USA) | Krakatau, Sunda Strait | Lewotolok, Lembata Island | Merapi, Central Java | Pavlof, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska | Ruapehu, North Island (New Zealand) | Santa Maria, Southwestern Guatemala | Semeru, Eastern Java | Semisopochnoi, Aleutian Islands (USA) | Sheveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Suwanosejima, Ryukyu Islands (Japan) The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest Chikurachki | Paramushir Island (Russia) | 50.324°N, 155.461°E | Summit elev. 1781 m An explosive phase at Chikurachki began at 1230 on 30 June (local time), prompting KVERT to raise the Aviation Color Code to Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Ash plumes from the explosions rose to 4.5 km (14,800 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 300 km W and 50 km SSE. Activity declined by 1230 on 1 July. Gas-and-steam emissions were visible during 2-5 July; the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Yellow on 4 July and then to Green the next day. Geologic Summary. Chikurachki, the highest volcano on Paramushir Island in the northern Kuriles, is a relatively small cone constructed on a high Pleistocene edifice. Oxidized basaltic-to-andesitic scoria deposits covering the upper part of the young cone give it a distinctive red color. Frequent basaltic Plinian eruptions have occurred during the Holocene. Lava flows have reached the sea and formed capes on the NW coast; several young lava flows are also present on the E flank beneath a scoria deposit. The Tatarinov group of six volcanic centers is located immediately to the south, and the Lomonosov cinder cone group, the source of an early Holocene lava flow that reached the saddle between it and Fuss Peak to the west, lies at the southern end of the N-S-trending Chikurachki-Tatarinov complex. In contrast to the frequently active Chikurachki, the Tatarinov centers are extensively modified by erosion and have a more complex structure. Tephrochronology gives evidence of an eruption around 1690 CE from Tatarinov, although its southern cone contains a sulfur-encrusted crater with fumaroles that were active along the margin of a crater lake until 1959. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnp6T3oDti$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fR__u1PY$> Ebeko | Paramushir Island (Russia) | 50.686°N, 156.014°E | Summit elev. 1103 m KVERT reported that moderate activity at Ebeko was ongoing. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images on 23 June. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E) explosions generated ash plumes that rose up to 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, NE, and SE during 24-25 and 30 June. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The flat-topped summit of the central cone of Ebeko volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands, occupies the northern end of Paramushir Island. Three summit craters located along a SSW-NNE line form Ebeko volcano proper, at the northern end of a complex of five volcanic cones. Blocky lava flows extend west from Ebeko and SE from the neighboring Nezametnyi cone. The eastern part of the southern crater contains strong solfataras and a large boiling spring. The central crater is filled by a lake about 20 m deep whose shores are lined with steaming solfataras; the northern crater lies across a narrow, low barrier from the central crater and contains a small, cold crescentic lake. Historical activity, recorded since the late-18th century, has been restricted to small-to-moderate explosive eruptions from the summit craters. Intense fumarolic activity occurs in the summit craters, on the outer flanks of the cone, and in lateral explosion craters. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnp6T3oDti$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fR__u1PY$> Ongoing Activity Aira | Kyushu (Japan) | 31.593°N, 130.657°E | Summit elev. 1117 m JMA reported that nighttime incandescence at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) was visible during 28 June-4 July. Two eruptive events and one explosion produced plumes that rose as high as 1.6 km above the crater rim. An explosion, the first recorded since 28 January, was detected at 1221 on 27 June and ejected tephra 600-900 m above the crater rim. The sulfur dioxide rate was 800 tons per day on 30 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the Aira caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim of Aira caldera and built an island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit cone ended about 4850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minamidake. Frequent historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century, have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical eruption took place during 1471-76. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnp_7i6DCP$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fODFS_Hc$> Aniakchak | Alaska Peninsula, Alaska | 56.88°N, 158.17°W | Summit elev. 1341 m AVO reported that strong winds in a region NW of Aniakchak and E of Port Heiden resuspended ash and blew it NW on 30 June. A dense cloud of possible resuspended ash near ground levels was identified in Port Heiden webcam views. The altitude of the cloud was unknown, though the report noted that resuspended ash clouds typically do not rise above 5 km (16,400 ft) a.s.l. The cloud was not a result of volcanic activity; the Aviation Color Code and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Green and Normal, respectively. Geologic Summary. One of the most dramatic calderas of the Aleutian arc, the 10-km-wide Aniakchak caldera formed around 3,400 years ago during a voluminous eruption in which pyroclastic flows traveled more than 50 km N to the Bering Sea and also reached the Pacific Ocean to the south. At least 40 explosive eruptions have been documented during the past 10,000 years, making it the most active volcano of the eastern Aleutian arc. A dominantly andesitic pre-caldera volcano was constructed above basement Mesozoic and Tertiary sedimentary rocks that are exposed in the caldera walls to elevations of about 610 m. The ice-free caldera floor contains many pyroclastic cones, tuff cones, maars, and lava domes. Surprise Lake on the NE side drains through The Gates, a steep-walled breach on the east side of the 1-km-high caldera rim that was the site of catastrophic draining of a once larger lake about 1850 years BP. Vent Mountain and Half Cone are two long-lived vents on the south-central and NW caldera floor, respectively. The first and only confirmed historical eruption took place in 1931 from vents on the west and SW caldera floor. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnpy4a5pwB$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fOFvpW-k$> Bezymianny | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 55.972°N, 160.595°E | Summit elev. 2882 m KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly over Bezymianny was identified in satellite images during 26 June-1July. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. Prior to its noted 1955-56 eruption, Bezymianny had been considered extinct. The modern volcano, much smaller in size than its massive neighbors Kamen and Kliuchevskoi, was formed about 4700 years ago over a late-Pleistocene lava-dome complex and an ancestral edifice built about 11,000-7000 years ago. Three periods of intensified activity have occurred during the past 3000 years. The latest period, which was preceded by a 1000-year quiescence, began with the dramatic 1955-56 eruption. This eruption, similar to that of St. Helens in 1980, produced a large horseshoe-shaped crater that was formed by collapse of the summit and an associated lateral blast. Subsequent episodic but ongoing lava-dome growth, accompanied by intermittent explosive activity and pyroclastic flows, has largely filled the 1956 crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnp6T3oDti$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fR__u1PY$> Dukono | Halmahera | 1.693°N, 127.894°E | Summit elev. 1229 m Based on satellite and wind model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 29 June-1 July ash plumes from Dukono rose to 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 2-km exclusion zone. Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, occurred from 1933 until at least the mid-1990s, when routine observations were curtailed. During a major eruption in 1550, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the north-flank cone of Gunung Mamuya. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been active during historical time. Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnp9u3lFfA$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6f6osDXIo$> ; Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnp29YRGwH$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fE4QaM2s$> Fuego | South-Central Guatemala | 14.473°N, 90.88°W | Summit elev. 3763 m INSIVUMEH reported that 4-10 explosions per hour were recorded at Fuego during 28 June-5 July, generating ash plumes that rose as high as 1.2 km above the crater rim. The ash plumes drifted 10-30 km W and SW, causing daily ashfall in areas downwind including Morelia (9 km SW), Panimaché I and II (8 km SW), Santa SofÃa (12 km SW), El Porvenir (8 km ENE), Los Yucales (12 km SW), Sangre de Cristo (8 km WSW), and Finca Palo Verde. Daily shock waves rattled structures in communities around the volcano and occasional rumbling was heard. Block avalanches descended the Ceniza (SSW), Seca (W), Trinidad (S), Taniluyá (SW), Honda, and Las Lajas (SE) drainages. Explosions ejected incandescent material 100-300 m above the summit on most days. An effusive phase began during the evening of 2 July, and by 4 July a lava flow had traveled 1 km down in the Ceniza drainage. On 4 July pyroclastic flows traveled 6 km down the Ceniza drainage and generated ash plumes that rose 5 km. Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active volcanoes, is also one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice, Meseta, lies between Fuego and Acatenango to the north. Construction of Meseta dates back to about 230,000 years and continued until the late Pleistocene or early Holocene. Collapse of Meseta may have produced the massive Escuintla debris-avalanche deposit, which extends about 50 km onto the Pacific coastal plain. Growth of the modern Fuego volcano followed, continuing the southward migration of volcanism that began at the mostly andesitic Acatenango. Eruptions at Fuego have become more mafic with time, and most historical activity has produced basaltic rocks. Frequent vigorous historical eruptions have been recorded since the onset of the Spanish era in 1524, and have produced major ashfalls, along with occasional pyroclastic flows and lava flows. Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnp5k4_K6Q$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6feXGC8MU$> Gamkonora | Halmahera | 1.38°N, 127.53°E | Summit elev. 1635 m PVMBG reported that diffuse white plumes rose 20-60 m above Gamkonoraâ??s summit were visible during 1 January-29 June, and no other changes were observed. Deep and shallow volcanic earthquakes were rarely recorded. On 30 June the Alert Level was lowered to 1 (on a scale of 1-4). Residents and tourists were asked not to venture near the crater within a radius of 1 km. Geologic Summary. The shifting of eruption centers on Gamkonora, the highest peak of Halmahera, has produced an elongated series of summit craters along a N-S trending rift. Youthful-looking lava flows originate near the cones of Gunung Alon and Popolojo, south of Gamkonora. Since its first recorded eruption in the 16th century, typical activity has been small-to-moderate explosive eruptions. Its largest historical eruption, in 1673, was accompanied by tsunamis that inundated villages. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnp29YRGwH$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fE4QaM2s$> Great Sitkin | Andreanof Islands (USA) | 52.076°N, 176.13°W | Summit elev. 1740 m AVO reported that the eruption at Great Sitkin continued during 29 June-5 July. The lava-flow field grew slightly, expanding 15 m E. Elevated surface temperatures were occasionally identified in satellite images; weather clouds sometimes obscured satellite and webcam views. Seismicity was low. The Aviation Color Code and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Orange and Watch, respectively. Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side of Great Sitkin Island. A younger parasitic volcano capped by a small, 0.8 x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure that truncated an ancestral volcano and produced a submarine debris avalanche. Deposits from this and an older debris avalanche from a source to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano. The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp. Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano. Historical eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnpy4a5pwB$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fOFvpW-k$> Kanlaon | Philippines | 10.412°N, 123.132°E | Summit elev. 2435 m PHIVOLCS issued a special notice for Kanlaon at 1400 on 3 July, noting increased earthquake activity beneath the summit. A total of 41 volcanic earthquakes were recorded by the seismic network beginning at 0500 on 30 June, including seven shallow tornillo signals indicating gas movement through fractures in the upper flanks. Ground deformation data from continuous GPS indicated minor, short-term inflation of the lower and mid-flanks of the volcano since January 2022, consistent with continuous electronic tilt data that had recorded inflation on the SE flanks since mid-March 2022. The seismicity and inflation likely reflected shallow hydrothermal processes. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5) and PHIVOLCS reminded the public to remain outside of the 4-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone. Geologic Summary. Kanlaon volcano (also spelled Canlaon), the most active of the central Philippines, forms the highest point on the island of Negros. The massive andesitic stratovolcano is dotted with fissure-controlled pyroclastic cones and craters, many of which are filled by lakes. The largest debris avalanche known in the Philippines traveled 33 km SW from Kanlaon. The summit contains a 2-km-wide, elongated northern caldera with a crater lake and a smaller, but higher, historically active vent, Lugud crater, to the south. Historical eruptions, recorded since 1866, have typically consisted of phreatic explosions of small-to-moderate size that produce minor ashfalls near the volcano. Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnp_fkRejd$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fJs97X7g$> Karymsky | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 54.049°N, 159.443°E | Summit elev. 1513 m KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly over Karymsky was identified in satellite images during 24 and 27-30 June. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700 radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnp6T3oDti$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fR__u1PY$> Katmai | Alaska | 58.28°N, 154.963°W | Summit elev. 2047 m AVO reported that on 30 June strong winds in the vicinity of Katmai and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes blew unconsolidated ash NW at an altitude up to 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. The ash was originally deposited during the Novarupta eruption in 1912. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Normal and the Aviation Color Code remained at Green. Geologic Summary. Prior to 1912, Mount Katmai was a compound stratovolcano with four NE-SW-trending summits, most of which were truncated by caldera collapse in that year. Two or more large explosive eruptions took place from Mount Katmai during the late Pleistocene. Most of the two overlapping pre-1912 Katmai volcanoes are Pleistocene in age, but Holocene lava flows from a flank vent descend the SE flank of the SW stratovolcano into the Katmai River canyon. Katmai was initially considered to be the source of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes ash flow in 1912. However, the 3 x 4 km wide caldera of 1912 is now known to have formed as a result of the voluminous eruption at nearby Novarupta volcano. The steep walled young caldera has a jagged rim that rises 500-1000 m above the caldera floor and contains a 250-m-deep, still-rising lake. Lake waters have covered a small post-collapse lava dome (Horseshoe Island) that was seen on the caldera floor at the time of the initial ascent to the caldera rim in 1916. Post-1912 glaciers have formed on a bench within Katmai caldera. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnpy4a5pwB$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fOFvpW-k$> Kilauea | Hawaiian Islands (USA) | 19.421°N, 155.287°W | Summit elev. 1222 m HVO reported that lava continued to effuse from a vent in the lower W wall of Kilaueaâ??s Halema`uma`u Crater during 29 June-5 July, entering the lava lake and flowing onto the crater floor. The lake level was variable, and lava breakouts occurred along the N margin on most days. The Aviation Color Code and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Orange and Watch, respectively. Geologic Summary. Kilauea overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna Loa shield volcano in the island of Hawaii. Eruptions are prominent in Polynesian legends; written documentation since 1820 records frequent summit and flank lava flow eruptions interspersed with periods of long-term lava lake activity at Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera until 1924. The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1,500 years ago and during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy East and Southwest rift zones, which extend to the ocean in both directions. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the surface is younger than 600 years. The long-term eruption from the East rift zone between 1983 and 2018 produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2, destroyed hundreds of houses, and added new coastline. Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnp3v_ezmq$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fL3hI2oE$> Krakatau | Sunda Strait | 6.102°S, 105.423°E | Summit elev. 155 m PVMBG reported that several eruptive events were recorded at Anak Krakatau during 29 June-1 July. Gray-to-black ash plumes of variable densities rose as high as 2 km above the summit and drifted N and NE. Cloudy weather conditions sometimes prevented views during 2-5 July, though photos posted with the reports showed nighttime crater incandescence. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The renowned volcano Krakatau (frequently misstated as Krakatoa) lies in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra. Collapse of the ancestral edifice, perhaps in 416 or 535 CE, formed a 7-km-wide caldera. Remnants of that volcano are preserved in Verlaten and Lang Islands; subsequently Rakata, Danan, and Perbuwatan volcanoes were formed, coalescing to create the pre-1883 Krakatau Island. Caldera collapse during the catastrophic 1883 eruption destroyed Danan and Perbuwatan, and left only a remnant of Rakata. This eruption caused more than 36,000 fatalities, most as a result of tsunamis that swept the adjacent coastlines of Sumatra and Java. Pyroclastic surges traveled 40 km across the Sunda Strait and reached the Sumatra coast. After a quiescence of less than a half century, the post-collapse cone of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) was constructed within the 1883 caldera at a point between the former cones of Danan and Perbuwatan. Anak Krakatau has been the site of frequent eruptions since 1927. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnp29YRGwH$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fE4QaM2s$> Lewotolok | Lembata Island | 8.274°S, 123.508°E | Summit elev. 1431 m PVMBG reported that the eruption at Lewotolok continued during 28 June-5 July. Daily white-and-gray or white, gray, and black emissions rose as high as 1.3 km above the summit and drifted NW, W, and SW. Photos posted in reports showed Strombolian activity from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the summit crater and 4 km away from the crater on the SE flank. Geologic Summary. The Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) stratovolcano occupies the eastern end of an elongated peninsula extending north into the Flores Sea, connected to Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island by a narrow isthmus. It is symmetrical when viewed from the north and east. A small cone with a 130-m-wide crater constructed at the SE side of a larger crater forms the volcano's high point. Many lava flows have reached the coastline. Eruptions recorded since 1660 have consisted of explosive activity from the summit crater. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnp29YRGwH$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fE4QaM2s$> Merapi | Central Java | 7.54°S, 110.446°E | Summit elev. 2910 m BPPTKG reported that the eruption at Merapi continued during 24-30 June. The heights and morphologies of the SW and central lava domes were unchanged from the previous week, and seismicity remained at high levels. As many as 69 lava avalanches traveled down the Bebeng drainage on the SW flank, reaching a maximum distance of 1.8 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit based on location. Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities. Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3PnpwcBD0Iu$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6f4-9DLwE$> Pavlof | Alaska Peninsula, Alaska | 55.417°N, 161.894°W | Summit elev. 2493 m AVO reported that the eruption at a vent on Pavlofâ??s upper E flank was ongoing during 29 June-5 July, and seismic tremor persisted. Daily elevated surface temperatures identified in satellite images were consistent with the continuing effusion of short (615 m or less) lava flows. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. Geologic Summary. The most active volcano of the Aleutian arc, Pavlof is a 2519-m-high Holocene stratovolcano that was constructed along a line of vents extending NE from the Emmons Lake caldera. Pavlof and its twin volcano to the NE, 2142-m-high Pavlof Sister, form a dramatic pair of symmetrical, glacier-covered stratovolcanoes that tower above Pavlof and Volcano bays. A third cone, Little Pavlof, is a smaller volcano on the SW flank of Pavlof volcano, near the rim of Emmons Lake caldera. Unlike Pavlof Sister, Pavlof has been frequently active in historical time, typically producing Strombolian to Vulcanian explosive eruptions from the summit vents and occasional lava flows. The active vents lie near the summit on the north and east sides. The largest historical eruption took place in 1911, at the end of a 5-year-long eruptive episode, when a fissure opened on the N flank, ejecting large blocks and issuing lava flows. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnpy4a5pwB$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fOFvpW-k$> Ruapehu | North Island (New Zealand) | 39.28°S, 175.57°E | Summit elev. 2797 m On 4 July GeoNet reported that analysis of water from Ruapehuâ??s cater lake confirmed that there is no interaction between magma and the hydrothermal system that drives composition, level, and temperature of the lake. New magma that had intruded over the previous 2-3 months had stopped moving. Tremor had declined to near background levels and gas emission rates were generally low. The lake water temperature had decreased by one degree and stabilized at 24 degrees Celsius. The Volcanic Alert Level was lowered to 1 (on a scale from 0-5) and the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Green (the lowest level on a four-color scale). Geologic Summary. Ruapehu, one of New Zealand's most active volcanoes, is a complex stratovolcano constructed during at least four cone-building episodes dating back to about 200,000 years ago. The dominantly andesitic 110 km3 volcanic massif is elongated in a NNE-SSW direction and surrounded by another 100 km3 ring plain of volcaniclastic debris, including the NW-flank Murimoto debris-avalanche deposit. A series of subplinian eruptions took place between about 22,600 and 10,000 years ago, but pyroclastic flows have been infrequent. The broad summait area and flank contain at least six vents active during the Holocene. Frequent mild-to-moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded from the Te Wai a-Moe (Crater Lake) vent, and tephra characteristics suggest that the crater lake may have formed as recently as 3,000 years ago. Lahars resulting from phreatic eruptions at the summit crater lake are a hazard to a ski area on the upper flanks and lower river valleys. Source: GeoNet https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3PnpwyxzsGT$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fvuLd-rs$> Santa Maria | Southwestern Guatemala | 14.757°N, 91.552°W | Summit elev. 3745 m INSIVUMEH reported that the eruption at Santa MarÃaâ??s Santiaguito lava-dome complex continued during 29 June-5 July. Incandescence from Caliente crater and the lava flows on the W and SW flanks was visible nightly. Lava flows continued to advance in the San Isidro channel and were 3 km long by 1 July. Block avalanches from the ends and sides of the flows that descended the S, SW, and S flanks. Ash from these avalanches sometimes produced ash curtains and ashfall around the volcano. Geologic Summary. Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa MarÃa volcano is part of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rise above the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. The sharp-topped, conical profile is cut on the SW flank by a 1.5-km-wide crater. The oval-shaped crater extends from just below the summit to the lower flank, and was formed during a catastrophic eruption in 1902. The renowned Plinian eruption of 1902 that devastated much of SW Guatemala followed a long repose period after construction of the large basaltic-andesite stratovolcano. The massive dacitic Santiaguito lava-dome complex has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since 1922. Compound dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred episodically from four vents, with activity progressing W towards the most recent, Caliente. Dome growth has been accompanied by almost continuous minor explosions, with periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic flows, and lahars. Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnp5k4_K6Q$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6feXGC8MU$> Semeru | Eastern Java | 8.108°S, 112.922°E | Summit elev. 3657 m PVMBG reported that the eruption at Semeru continued during 28 June-5 July. VONAs were issued for multiple eruptive events (at 1101 on 29 June, 0735 on 30 June, 0619 on 3 July, 0519, 0726, and 0803 on 4 July, and 0534 on 5 July) that produced ash plumes that rose 400-1,500 m above the summit and drifted SW and N. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit, and 500 m from Kobokan drainages within 17 km of the summit, along with other drainages originating on Semeru, including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards. Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru (Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas. A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that have reached the lower flanks of the volcano. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnp29YRGwH$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fE4QaM2s$> Semisopochnoi | Aleutian Islands (USA) | 51.93°N, 179.58°E | Summit elev. 1221 m AVO reported that low-level eruptive activity at Semisopochnoi's North Cerberus cone likely continued during 29 June-5 July. Seismicity was quiet. Weather clouds often prevented satellite and webcam views; sulfur dioxide emissions were detected in satellite images on 28 and 30 June. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch. Geologic Summary. Semisopochnoi, the largest subaerial volcano of the western Aleutians, is 20 km wide at sea level and contains an 8-km-wide caldera. It formed as a result of collapse of a low-angle, dominantly basaltic volcano following the eruption of a large volume of dacitic pumice. The high point of the island is Anvil Peak, a double-peaked late-Pleistocene cone that forms much of the island's northern part. The three-peaked Mount Cerberus was constructed within the caldera during the Holocene. Each of the peaks contains a summit crater; lava flows on the N flank of Cerberus appear younger than those on the south side. Other post-caldera volcanoes include the symmetrical Sugarloaf Peak SSE of the caldera and Lakeshore Cone, a small cinder cone at the edge of Fenner Lake in the NE part of the caldera. Most documented eruptions have originated from Cerberus, although Coats (1950) considered that both Sugarloaf and Lakeshore Cone could have been recently active. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnpy4a5pwB$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fOFvpW-k$> Sheveluch | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 56.653°N, 161.36°E | Summit elev. 3283 m KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly over Sheveluch was identified in satellite images during 24 June-1 July and the eruption was characterized by ongoing explosions, hot avalanches, and lava-dome extrusion. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1300 km3 volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes dot its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large horseshoe-shaped caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. At least 60 large eruptions have occurred during the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnp6T3oDti$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fR__u1PY$> Suwanosejima | Ryukyu Islands (Japan) | 29.638°N, 129.714°E | Summit elev. 796 m JMA reported that the eruption at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 27 June-4 July and crater incandescence was visible nightly. Emissions rose as high as 1 km above the crater rim and tephra was ejected 200-600 m from the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long, spindle-shaped island of Suwanosejima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two historically active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the east flank that was formed by edifice collapse. Suwanosejima, one of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, was in a state of intermittent strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, that began in 1949 and lasted until 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest historical eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits blanketed residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed forming a large debris avalanche and creating the horseshoe-shaped Sakuchi caldera, which extends to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!ZO21SHPCx5VHDhyEPBruybkaJrZ7v2vo31S4GnlNxjzUmmZ8u5N4Hfy-t03iy8uuxlMKA3Pnp_7i6DCP$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!dwbT7nIE3iIUuvADzRzq5jdnZ4OwOlrBrfE_eIW6EvNWdHajAhWGXDVvnbacuGpy6r6fODFS_Hc$> 1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1 ============================================================== Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University (ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). 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