4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4 From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx> Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 23-29 March 2022 Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx) URL: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzoMRAwtnQ$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1DiI_5c0$> New Activity/Unrest: Bezymianny, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Kita-Ioto, Volcano Islands | Krakatau, Sunda Strait | Ruapehu, North Island (New Zealand) | Sao Jorge, Azores | Taal, Luzon (Philippines) Ongoing Activity: Aira, Kyushu (Japan) | Dukono, Halmahera | Great Sitkin, Andreanof Islands (USA) | Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | Kilauea, Hawaiian Islands (USA) | Kirishimayama, Kyushu (Japan) | Merapi, Central Java | Pavlof, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska | Rincon de la Vieja, Costa Rica | Semeru, Eastern Java | Semisopochnoi, Aleutian Islands (USA) | Sheveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Suwanosejima, Ryukyu Islands (Japan) | Telica, Sierra de los Marrabios | Wolf, Isla Isabela (Galapagos) The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest Bezymianny | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 55.972°N, 160.595°E | Summit elev. 2882 m KVERT reported that a daily thermal anomaly over Bezymianny was visible in satellite images during 18-25 March. The Aviation Color Code was lowered to Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) on 23 March. Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. Prior to its noted 1955-56 eruption, Bezymianny had been considered extinct. The modern volcano, much smaller in size than its massive neighbors Kamen and Kliuchevskoi, was formed about 4700 years ago over a late-Pleistocene lava-dome complex and an ancestral edifice built about 11,000-7000 years ago. Three periods of intensified activity have occurred during the past 3000 years. The latest period, which was preceded by a 1000-year quiescence, began with the dramatic 1955-56 eruption. This eruption, similar to that of St. Helens in 1980, produced a large horseshoe-shaped crater that was formed by collapse of the summit and an associated lateral blast. Subsequent episodic but ongoing lava-dome growth, accompanied by intermittent explosive activity and pyroclastic flows, has largely filled the 1956 crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzokZBuFsI$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP18nj4Eig$> Kita-Ioto | Volcano Islands | 25.424°N, 141.284°E | Summit elev. 792 m JMA reported that a submarine eruption occurred at Funka Asane, a submarine vent 4-5 km NW of Kita-Ioto, at around 1800 on 27 March based on satellite images. An eruption plume was visible rising to 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. at 2100 and may have contained ash. Eruption warnings and maritime warnings were issued at 2314 and 2318, respectively. Satellite images showed that by 2330 the plume had risen to 7 km (23,000 ft) a.s.l. Areas of discolored water and bubbling were also visible. Geologic Summary. No historical eruptions have occurred from the deeply eroded Kita-Ioto stratovolcano, which forms a steep-sided basaltic cone rising about 800 m above the sea. However, eruptions have been recorded since the 18th century from Funka Asane, a submarine vent 4-5 km NW of the island. Kita-Ioto is the northernmost of the Kazan Retto (Volcano Islands), located in the middle of the Izu-Marianas arc. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzo18uNYUg$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1tIAWcmI$> Krakatau | Sunda Strait | 6.102°S, 105.423°E | Summit elev. 155 m PVMBG reported that as many as five daily ash plumes from Anak Krakatau were visible in images from the webcam on Sertung Island, seen by observers on nearby islands, and identified in satellite images during 24-29 March. Dense gray and black ash plumes rose as high as 2.2 km from the vent and drifted mainly E, and occasionally S and SE. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay at least 2 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The renowned volcano Krakatau (frequently misstated as Krakatoa) lies in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra. Collapse of the ancestral Krakatau edifice, perhaps in 416 or 535 CE, formed a 7-km-wide caldera. Remnants of this ancestral volcano are preserved in Verlaten and Lang Islands; subsequently Rakata, Danan, and Perbuwatan volcanoes were formed, coalescing to create the pre-1883 Krakatau Island. Caldera collapse during the catastrophic 1883 eruption destroyed Danan and Perbuwatan, and left only a remnant of Rakata. This eruption, the 2nd largest in Indonesia during historical time, caused more than 36,000 fatalities, most as a result of devastating tsunamis that swept the adjacent coastlines of Sumatra and Java. Pyroclastic surges traveled 40 km across the Sunda Strait and reached the Sumatra coast. After a quiescence of less than a half century, the post-collapse cone of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) was constructed within the 1883 caldera at a point between the former cones of Danan and Perbuwatan. Anak Krakatau has been the site of frequent eruptions since 1927. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzorR5tsQ4$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1HLmNvJk$> Ruapehu | North Island (New Zealand) | 39.28°S, 175.57°E | Summit elev. 2797 m On 28 March GeoNet reported that unrest continued at Ruapehu with strong levels of tremor and increasing crater lake water temperatures that began two weeks prior. The temperature was 32 degrees Celsius, up one degree from the week before; the temperature rose at a slow rate due to heavy rainfall and an influx of cold water into the lake. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale from 0-5) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Green. Geologic Summary. Ruapehu, one of New Zealand's most active volcanoes, is a complex stratovolcano constructed during at least four cone-building episodes dating back to about 200,000 years ago. The dominantly andesitic 110 km3 volcanic massif is elongated in a NNE-SSW direction and surrounded by another 100 km3 ring plain of volcaniclastic debris, including the NW-flank Murimoto debris-avalanche deposit. A series of subplinian eruptions took place between about 22,600 and 10,000 years ago, but pyroclastic flows have been infrequent. The broad summait area and flank contain at least six vents active during the Holocene. Frequent mild-to-moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded from the Te Wai a-Moe (Crater Lake) vent, and tephra characteristics suggest that the crater lake may have formed as recently as 3,000 years ago. Lahars resulting from phreatic eruptions at the summit crater lake are a hazard to a ski area on the upper flanks and lower river valleys. Source: GeoNet https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzoUE-w8yI$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1Lh_Rs9Q$> Sao Jorge | Azores | 38.65°N, 28.08°W | Summit elev. 1053 m A seismic swarm beneath the W half of São Jorge began at 1605 on 19 March, with earthquakes along the Manadas volcanic fissure system between Velas (S side of the island) and Fajã do Ouvidor (N coast). CIVISA raised the Alert Level to V2 and then V3 (on a scale of V0-V6) during the morning of 20 March, and finally to V4 that afternoon. On 22 March Proteção Civil e Bombeiros dos Açores noted that, although no official evacuations had been issued, vulnerable people such as patients in the Velas health center were being moved to other locations on the island. Supplies were being distributed to São Jorge Island and residents were encouraged to prepare in case of a volcanic eruption. On 23 March a VONA was issued, announcing that the Aviation Color Code was raised to Yellow (on a four-color scale). The total estimated population of the island was around 8,400 people; according to a news report, about 1,250 residents left the island during 23-24 March. Most of the earthquakes were low magnitude, M 1.6-3.3, though about 209 of them were felt by residents; the largest event, a M 3.8, was detected near Velas at 2256 on 29 March. By 30 March a total of about 20,000 events had been recorded. Besides the increased seismicity, CIVISA noted that ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data showed inflation, which was also suggested by satellite-based data processed by partners. Geologic Summary. The dominantly basaltic São Jorge Island is 55 km long and 6.5 km wide. It was formed by fissure eruptions beginning in the eastern part of the island. The western two-thirds of the island contains youthful, fissure-fed lava flows resembling those on neighboring Pico Island. Lava effused from three locations above the south-central coast during 1580, producing flows that reached the ocean. In 1808 a series of explosions took place from vents along the south-central crest of the island; one of the vents produced a lava flow that reached the southern coast. Submarine eruptions have also been reported on several occasions from a submarine ridge to the SE. The 1964 event offshore W of Velas was considered "probable" by Madiera and Brum da Silveira (2003), who also provided 14C dates for several other Holocene eruptions. Sources: Portuguese American Journal https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://portuguese-american-journal.com/sao-jorge-seismic-crisis-recorded-more-than-1100-earthquakes-azores/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzoHe1teVY$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://portuguese-american-journal.com/sao-jorge-seismic-crisis-recorded-more-than-1100-earthquakes-azores/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1UeEHuXE$> ; Centro de Informação e Vigilância Sismovulcânica dos Açores (CIVISA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ivar.azores.gov.pt/civisa/Paginas/homeCIVISA.aspx__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzo8YBE7hM$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ivar.azores.gov.pt/civisa/Paginas/homeCIVISA.aspx__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1AkO5r7Q$> ; Proteção Civil e Bombeiros dos Açores https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.prociv.azores.gov.pt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzoRuNn2k8$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.prociv.azores.gov.pt/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1hg515Bo$> ; U.S. News https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2022-03-23/portuguese-volcanic-island-hit-by-multiple-quakes-draws-up-evacuation-plan__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzodN8VwHI$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2022-03-23/portuguese-volcanic-island-hit-by-multiple-quakes-draws-up-evacuation-plan__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1TwFsuaU$> ; Reuters https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/with-tears-uncertainty-locals-leave-earthquake-hit-azores-island-2022-03-26/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzoKLO8Ekc$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/with-tears-uncertainty-locals-leave-earthquake-hit-azores-island-2022-03-26/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1iicNbr0$> ; Açoriano Oriental https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.acorianooriental.pt/noticia/cerca-de-215-sismos-ja-sentidos-pela-populacao-337339__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzofyWhSpM$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.acorianooriental.pt/noticia/cerca-de-215-sismos-ja-sentidos-pela-populacao-337339__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1c0cw2L4$> ; Açoriano Oriental https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.acorianooriental.pt/noticia/sentido-sismo-mais-forte-desde-o-inicio-da-crise-sem-registo-de-danos-337334__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzo16xmco4$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.acorianooriental.pt/noticia/sentido-sismo-mais-forte-desde-o-inicio-da-crise-sem-registo-de-danos-337334__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1LKMzeGg$> Taal | Luzon (Philippines) | 14.002°N, 120.993°E | Summit elev. 311 m PHIVOLCS reported that hot volcanic fluids circulated and upwelled in Taalâ??s Main Crater lake during 24-25 March, producing plumes that rose as high as 2.4 km above the lakeâ??s surface. A phreatomagmatic eruption was recorded at 0226 on 25 March, based on seismic data and webcam images, and produced a 500-m-tall plume. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 6,957 tonnes/day that same day. A phreatomagmatic eruption during 0722-0859 on 26 March consisted of as many as 66 explosions, and prompted PHIVOLCS to raise the Alert Level to 3 (on a scale of 0-5) part way through at 0800. Eruption plumes rose as high as 3 km. Wet ashfall with a sulfur odor fell on Taal Volcano Island, along the Calauit and Alas-as shorelines, and on the lakeshore of Banyaga, Agoncillo, Batangas. PHIVOLCS noted that Alert Level 3 (magmatic unrest) means that there has been a magmatic intrusion and evacuation of high-risk barangays is recommended. The Philippine News Agency (PNA) reported that residents of Bilibinwang and Banyaga, Agoncillo and Boso-boso, Gulod and eastern Bugaan East, Laurel, Batangas Province began evacuating that day. Entry onto Taal Volcanic Island as well as the barangays of Agoncillo and Laurel was prohibited. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) reported that by 27 March 2,961 people had been evacuated. Hot volcanic fluids continued to upwell in the lake during 26-29 March, generating plumes that rose as high as 2.4 km and drifted SW. Phreatomagmatic events were recorded at 0434 and 0504 on 27 March by the seismic network and seen in webcam images, producing eruption plumes that rose 800 and 400 m, respectively, and drifted SW. Three more phreatomagmatic events were recorded at 0930, 0933, and 0946; eruption plumes rose 400-800 m and drifted SW. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 1,140-4,273 tonnes/day during 28-29 March. Geologic Summary. Taal is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines and has produced some of its most powerful historical eruptions. Though not topographically prominent, its prehistorical eruptions have greatly changed the landscape of SW Luzon. The 15 x 20 km Talisay (Taal) caldera is largely filled by Lake Taal, whose 267 km2 surface lies only 3 m above sea level. The maximum depth of the lake is 160 m, and several eruptive centers lie submerged beneath the lake. The 5-km-wide Volcano Island in north-central Lake Taal is the location of all historical eruptions. The island is composed of coalescing small stratovolcanoes, tuff rings, and scoria cones that have grown about 25% in area during historical time. Powerful pyroclastic flows and surges from historical eruptions have caused many fatalities. Sources: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzorMp7rms$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1nAfQfw8$> ; The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzou8AosJc$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP187qHMTY$> ; Philippine News Agency (PNA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.pna.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzogPmUFzI$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.pna.gov.ph/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1ODIeM0o$> ; Office of Civil Defense https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.ocd.gov.ph/index.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzo87QjI1Y$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.ocd.gov.ph/index.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1sNfcSQM$> Ongoing Activity Aira | Kyushu (Japan) | 31.593°N, 130.657°E | Summit elev. 1117 m JMA reported that very small eruptive events were recorded at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) during 21-28 March. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the Aira caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim of Aira caldera and built an island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit cone ended about 4850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minamidake. Frequent historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century, have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical eruption took place during 1471-76. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzo18uNYUg$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1tIAWcmI$> Dukono | Halmahera | 1.693°N, 127.894°E | Summit elev. 1229 m Based on satellite and wind model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 26-28 March ash plumes from Dukono rose to 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, E, and ENE. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 2-km exclusion zone. Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, occurred from 1933 until at least the mid-1990s, when routine observations were curtailed. During a major eruption in 1550, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the north-flank cone of Gunung Mamuya. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been active during historical time. Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzoYtoVyMo$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1bdGQFTE$> ; Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzorR5tsQ4$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1HLmNvJk$> Great Sitkin | Andreanof Islands (USA) | 52.076°N, 176.13°W | Summit elev. 1740 m AVO reported that slow lava effusion at Great Sitkin continued during 22-29 March and very low seismicity persisted. Cloud cover prevented views of the volcano most of the week; one satellite image acquired on 24 March showed slow expansion of the flow field. The Aviation Color Code and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Orange and Watch, respectively. Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side of Great Sitkin Island. A younger parasitic volcano capped by a small, 0.8 x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure that truncated an ancestral volcano and produced a submarine debris avalanche. Deposits from this and an older debris avalanche from a source to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano. The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp. Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano. Historical eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzoZW5WBTc$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1_zGyyB0$> Karymsky | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 54.049°N, 159.443°E | Summit elev. 1513 m KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly over Karymsky was visible in satellite images during 22-23 March. The volcano was either quiet or obscured by clouds on the other days during 18-25 March. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700 radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzokZBuFsI$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP18nj4Eig$> Kilauea | Hawaiian Islands (USA) | 19.421°N, 155.287°W | Summit elev. 1222 m HVO reported that lava effusion from vents in the lower W wall of Kilaueaâ??s Halema`uma`u Crater continued at variable rates during 22-29 March. Lava from a vent flowed into the active W part of the lava lake and onto the crater floor. Numerous and sustained ooze outs of lava along the lakeâ??s margins and interior seams persisted during the week. HVO noted that by 17 March about 58 million cubic meters of lava had been erupted since the current eruption began. The Aviation Color Code and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Orange and Watch, respectively. Geologic Summary. Kilauea overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna Loa shield volcano in the island of Hawaii. Eruptions are prominent in Polynesian legends; written documentation since 1820 records frequent summit and flank lava flow eruptions interspersed with periods of long-term lava lake activity at Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera until 1924. The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1,500 years ago and during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy East and Southwest rift zones, which extend to the ocean in both directions. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the surface is younger than 600 years. The long-term eruption from the East rift zone between 1983 and 2018 produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2, destroyed hundreds of houses, and added new coastline. Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzoe-NxOhE$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1TdWqkoE$> Kirishimayama | Kyushu (Japan) | 31.934°N, 130.862°E | Summit elev. 1700 m JMA reported an increase in volcanic earthquakes just below Shinmoedake (Shinmoe peak, a stratovolcano of the Kirishimayama volcano group). A total of 21 events were recorded during 26-27 March, prompting JMA to raise the Alert Level to 2 (on a scale of 1-5) on 27 March. Volcanic earthquakes continued to be recorded during 27-28 March. A two-minute-period of volcanic tremor began to be recorded at 1624 on 28 March. Minor deflation first recorded in December 2021 was ongoing. Fumarolic plumes continued to rise no higher than 100 m from a fissure on the W flank. The public was warned to stay at least 2 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. Kirishimayama is a large group of more than 20 Quaternary volcanoes located north of Kagoshima Bay. The late-Pleistocene to Holocene dominantly andesitic group consists of stratovolcanoes, pyroclastic cones, maars, and underlying shield volcanoes located over an area of 20 x 30 km. The larger stratovolcanoes are scattered throughout the field, with the centrally located Karakunidake being the highest. Onamiike and Miike, the two largest maars, are located SW of Karakunidake and at its far eastern end, respectively. Holocene eruptions have been concentrated along an E-W line of vents from Miike to Ohachi, and at Shinmoedake to the NE. Frequent small-to-moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded since the 8th century. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzo18uNYUg$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1tIAWcmI$> Merapi | Central Java | 7.54°S, 110.446°E | Summit elev. 2910 m BPPTKG reported no significant morphological changes at Merapiâ??s summit lava dome during 18-24 March, but the height of the dome below the SW rim had increased by 4 m. Seismicity remained at high levels; the intensity of the signals had increased compared to the previous week. As many as 51 lava avalanches originating from the SW dome traveled a maximum of 2 km down the Bebeng drainage on the SW flank. Six pyroclastic flows traveled as far as 2.5 km. Minor ashfall was reported in the Selo District. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-5 km away from the summit based on location. Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities. Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzofOwnXD8$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1BMRyjAw$> Pavlof | Alaska Peninsula, Alaska | 55.417°N, 161.894°W | Summit elev. 2493 m AVO reported that the eruption at a vent on Pavlofâ??s upper E flank was ongoing during 22-29 March, and seismic tremor persisted. Elevated surface temperatures were identified in satellite images on most of the days and were consistent with minor lava effusion. Cloud cover sometimes prevented webcam and satellite views of the summit area; sulfur dioxide emissions were visible in satellite images during 24-26 March. Two small explosions were detected in local and regional infrasound data during 23-24 March and one was recorded during 26-27 March. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. Geologic Summary. The most active volcano of the Aleutian arc, Pavlof is a 2519-m-high Holocene stratovolcano that was constructed along a line of vents extending NE from the Emmons Lake caldera. Pavlof and its twin volcano to the NE, 2142-m-high Pavlof Sister, form a dramatic pair of symmetrical, glacier-covered stratovolcanoes that tower above Pavlof and Volcano bays. A third cone, Little Pavlof, is a smaller volcano on the SW flank of Pavlof volcano, near the rim of Emmons Lake caldera. Unlike Pavlof Sister, Pavlof has been frequently active in historical time, typically producing Strombolian to Vulcanian explosive eruptions from the summit vents and occasional lava flows. The active vents lie near the summit on the north and east sides. The largest historical eruption took place in 1911, at the end of a 5-year-long eruptive episode, when a fissure opened on the N flank, ejecting large blocks and issuing lava flows. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzoZW5WBTc$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1_zGyyB0$> Rincon de la Vieja | Costa Rica | 10.83°N, 85.324°W | Summit elev. 1916 m OVSICORI-UNA reported that several eruptive events at Rincón de la Vieja were recorded during 22-26 March, though none were visible due to weather conditions. A one-minute-long event was recorded at 0350 on 22 March. A series of pulses occurred over a 20-minute period, at 0140, 0146, and 0159 on 23 March, with additional small events at 1045, 1339, 1939, and 2244. According to the Washington VAAC a possible ash emission was visible in satellite images at 1420 drifting W at an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. OVSICORI-UNA noted that a series of small eruptive events were recorded during 0129-0140 on 25 March. A small eruption with possible two separate pulses was recorded on 26 March. Geologic Summary. Rincón de la Vieja, the largest volcano in NW Costa Rica, is a remote volcanic complex in the Guanacaste Range. The volcano consists of an elongated, arcuate NW-SE-trending ridge constructed within the 15-km-wide early Pleistocene GuachipelÃn caldera, whose rim is exposed on the south side. Sometimes known as the "Colossus of Guanacaste," it has an estimated volume of 130 km3 and contains at least nine major eruptive centers. Activity has migrated to the SE, where the youngest-looking craters are located. The twin cone of Santa MarÃa volcano, the highest peak of the complex, is located at the eastern end of a smaller, 5-km-wide caldera and has a 500-m-wide crater. A Plinian eruption producing the 0.25 km3 RÃo Blanca tephra about 3,500 years ago was the last major magmatic eruption. All subsequent eruptions, including numerous historical eruptions possibly dating back to the 16th century, have been from the prominent active crater containing a 500-m-wide acid lake located ENE of Von Seebach crater. Sources: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzowIjCVYM$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1JVBRu9Y$> ; Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzoPHvn_D8$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1QgqlDOE$> Semeru | Eastern Java | 8.108°S, 112.922°E | Summit elev. 3657 m PVMBG reported that the eruption at Semeru continued during 22-29 March. Daily eruptive events produced ash plumes recorded by observers that rose 0.2-1.8 km above the summit and drifted mainly N, NW, and W. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 500 m away from Kobokan drainages within 17 km of the summit, along with other drainages originating on Semeru, including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards. Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru (Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas. A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that have reached the lower flanks of the volcano. Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzorR5tsQ4$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1HLmNvJk$> Semisopochnoi | Aleutian Islands (USA) | 51.93°N, 179.58°E | Summit elev. 1221 m AVO reported that low-level eruptive activity at Semisopochnoi's North Cerberus cone continued during 22-29 March. Periods of seismic tremor and occasional small explosions were detected daily in seismic and regional infrasound data. Daily minor ash emissions and occasional steam emissions were visible in webcam and satellite images; clouds sometimes prevented satellite views. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch. Geologic Summary. Semisopochnoi, the largest subaerial volcano of the western Aleutians, is 20 km wide at sea level and contains an 8-km-wide caldera. It formed as a result of collapse of a low-angle, dominantly basaltic volcano following the eruption of a large volume of dacitic pumice. The high point of the island is Anvil Peak, a double-peaked late-Pleistocene cone that forms much of the island's northern part. The three-peaked Mount Cerberus was constructed within the caldera during the Holocene. Each of the peaks contains a summit crater; lava flows on the N flank of Cerberus appear younger than those on the south side. Other post-caldera volcanoes include the symmetrical Sugarloaf Peak SSE of the caldera and Lakeshore Cone, a small cinder cone at the edge of Fenner Lake in the NE part of the caldera. Most documented eruptions have originated from Cerberus, although Coats (1950) considered that both Sugarloaf and Lakeshore Cone could have been recently active. Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzoZW5WBTc$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1_zGyyB0$> Sheveluch | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 56.653°N, 161.36°E | Summit elev. 3283 m KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly over Sheveluch was identified in satellite images during 18-25 March. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted. Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1300 km3 volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes dot its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large horseshoe-shaped caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. At least 60 large eruptions have occurred during the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzokZBuFsI$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP18nj4Eig$> Suwanosejima | Ryukyu Islands (Japan) | 29.638°N, 129.714°E | Summit elev. 796 m JMA reported that eruptive activity continued to be recorded at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater during 21-28 March. As many as 42 explosions were recorded, and crater incandescence was visible nightly. Eruption plumes rose as high as 2.3 km above the crater rim and ejected blocks as far as 800 m from the crater. Ashfall was reported in Toshima village (3.5 km SSW). The Alert Level remained at 3 and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the crater. Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long, spindle-shaped island of Suwanosejima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two historically active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the east flank that was formed by edifice collapse. Suwanosejima, one of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, was in a state of intermittent strombolian activity from Otake, the NE summit crater, that began in 1949 and lasted until 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest historical eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits blanketed residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed forming a large debris avalanche and creating the horseshoe-shaped Sakuchi caldera, which extends to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzo18uNYUg$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1tIAWcmI$> Telica | Sierra de los Marrabios | 12.606°N, 86.84°W | Summit elev. 1036 m Based on webcam images, the Washington VAAC reported that on 25 March ash emissions at Telica rose as high as 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW. Geologic Summary. Telica, one of Nicaragua's most active volcanoes, has erupted frequently since the beginning of the Spanish era. This volcano group consists of several interlocking cones and vents with a general NW alignment. Sixteenth-century eruptions were reported at symmetrical Santa Clara volcano at the SW end of the group. However, its eroded and breached crater has been covered by forests throughout historical time, and these eruptions may have originated from Telica, whose upper slopes in contrast are unvegetated. The steep-sided cone of Telica is truncated by a 700-m-wide double crater; the southern crater, the source of recent eruptions, is 120 m deep. El Liston, immediately E, has several nested craters. The fumaroles and boiling mudpots of Hervideros de San Jacinto, SE of Telica, form a prominent geothermal area frequented by tourists, and geothermal exploration has occurred nearby. Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzoPHvn_D8$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP1QgqlDOE$> Wolf | Isla Isabela (Galapagos) | 0.02°N, 91.35°W | Summit elev. 1710 m IG reported that the eruption at Wolf continued during 22-29 March. Daily thermal alert counts, as many as around 200, indicated active and advancing lava flows on the SSE flank. Geologic Summary. Wolf, the highest volcano of the Galápagos Islands, straddles the equator at the north end of the archipelago's largest island, Isabela. The 1710-m-high edifice has steeper slopes than most other Isabela volcanoes, reaching angles up to 35 degrees. A 6 x 7 km caldera, at 700 m one of the deepest of the Galápagos Islands, is located at the summit. A prominent bench on the west side of the caldera rises 450 above the caldera floor, much of which is covered by a lava flow erupted in 1982. Radial fissures concentrated along diffuse rift zones extend down the north, NW, and SE flanks, and submarine vents lie beyond the north and NW fissures. Similar unvegetated flows originating from a circumferential chain of spatter and scoria cones on the eastern caldera rim drape the forested flanks to the sea. The proportion of aa lava flows at Volcán Wolf exceeds that of other Galápagos volcanoes. An eruption in in 1797 was the first documented historical eruption in the Galápagos Islands. Source: Instituto GeofÃsico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!PZfxfN8c3BgtJoZaIdosmoEf7ONS38i20wjmB2QSXi4NbbM1P_RaIfzotRhk0aA$ <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nc8e0Scpd1l1AFn34Scq_2cfNjKJ8C-IETmRZ4laS8vukU6Eyz4ORsP18dgj-C4$> 4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4 ============================================================== Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University (ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). 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