Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 16-22 March 2022

[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]

 



5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5


From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx>


Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

16-22 March 2022



Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx)

URL: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-UYO8jlD0$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcPsUOFQ8$>





New Activity/Unrest: Bezymianny, Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | Lonquimay,
Central Chile  | Manam, Northeast of New Guinea  | Ruapehu, North Island
(New Zealand)



Ongoing Activity: Aira, Kyushu (Japan)  | Great Sitkin, Andreanof Islands
(USA)  | Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia)  | Kilauea, Hawaiian Islands
(USA)  | Lewotolok, Lembata Island  | Merapi, Central Java  | Nevados de
Chillan, Central Chile  | Nyamulagira, DR Congo  | Nyiragongo, DR Congo  |
Pavlof, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska  | Reventador, Ecuador  | Rincon de la
Vieja, Costa Rica  | Sangay, Ecuador  | Semeru, Eastern Java  |
Semisopochnoi, Aleutian Islands (USA)  | Sheveluch, Central Kamchatka
(Russia)  | Soufriere St. Vincent, St. Vincent  | Suwanosejima, Ryukyu
Islands (Japan)  | Whakaari/White Island, North Island (New Zealand)  |
Wolf, Isla Isabela (Galapagos)





The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the
Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's
Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports
are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail.
This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting
during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet
criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section.
Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in
issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network.



Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the
Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To
obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on
the Internet contact the source.







New Activity/Unrest





Bezymianny  | Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | 55.972°N, 160.595°E  | Summit
elev. 2882 m



An explosive eruption at Bezymianny began at 0310 on 15 March, producing
ash plumes. KVERT raised the Aviation Color Code to Orange (the second
highest level on a four-color scale). Activity intensified at 0053 on 16
March and remained elevated for about 30 minutes. During this phase
pyroclastic flows descended the S, W, and N flanks, and ash plumes rose as
high as 12 km (39,400 ft) a.s.l. that ultimately drifted more than 1,300 km
NW and then NE. A large thermal anomaly over the volcano was visible
through 18 March, indicating continuing lava-dome growth. Steam-and-gas
emissions persisted though 23 March. The Aviation Color Code was lowered to
yellow on 23 March.



Geologic Summary. Prior to its noted 1955-56 eruption, Bezymianny had been
considered extinct. The modern volcano, much smaller in size than its
massive neighbors Kamen and Kliuchevskoi, was formed about 4700 years ago
over a late-Pleistocene lava-dome complex and an ancestral edifice built
about 11,000-7000 years ago. Three periods of intensified activity have
occurred during the past 3000 years. The latest period, which was preceded
by a 1000-year quiescence, began with the dramatic 1955-56 eruption. This
eruption, similar to that of St. Helens in 1980, produced a large
horseshoe-shaped crater that was formed by collapse of the summit and an
associated lateral blast. Subsequent episodic but ongoing lava-dome growth,
accompanied by intermittent explosive activity and pyroclastic flows, has
largely filled the 1956 crater.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-UCi8xItA$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcFZ-XvkA$>





Lonquimay  | Central Chile  | 38.379°S, 71.586°W  | Summit elev. 2832 m



SERNAGEOMIN reported increased seismicity at Lonquimay during the first
half of March, characterized by hybrid (HB) signals accompanied by
long-period (LP) events, and fewer volcano-tectonic (VT) events. Only some
of the HB and VT events could be located where the epicenters were within
2-7 km of the volcano with hypocenters at depths of 4-11 km. The number of
HB and VT events increased on 9 March. Deformation was not detected and no
abnormal gas emissions were recorded. During 18-21 March two additional
earthquakes were recorded, a VT and an HB, both with magnitudes below 1.3.
Although the events were low magnitude, the seismicity was anomalous in the
data going back to 2010 when monitoring stations were installed. The Alert
Level was raised to Yellow, the second lowest level on a four-color scale.



Geologic Summary. Lonquimay is a small, flat-topped, symmetrical
stratovolcano of late-Pleistocene to dominantly Holocene age immediately SE
of Tolguaca volcano. A glacier fills its summit crater and flows down the S
flank. It is dominantly andesitic, but basalt and dacite are also found.
The prominent NE-SW Cordón Fissural Oriental fissure zone cuts across the
entire volcano. A series of NE-flank vents and scoria cones were built
along an E-W fissure, some of which have been the source of voluminous lava
flows, including those during 1887-90 and 1988-90, that extended out to 10
km.



Source: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.sernageomin.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-URAlxVlk$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.sernageomin.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcFZDLKYA$>





Manam  | Northeast of New Guinea  | 4.08°S, 145.037°E  | Summit elev. 1807 m



The Darwin VAAC reported that during 15-17 March ash plumes from Manam rose
to 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, W, and NW.



Geologic Summary. The 10-km-wide island of Manam, lying 13 km off the
northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea, is one of the country's most
active volcanoes. Four large radial valleys extend from the unvegetated
summit of the conical basaltic-andesitic stratovolcano to its lower flanks.
These valleys channel lava flows and pyroclastic avalanches that have
sometimes reached the coast. Five small satellitic centers are located near
the island's shoreline on the northern, southern, and western sides. Two
summit craters are present; both are active, although most observed
eruptions have originated from the southern crater, concentrating eruptive
products during much of the past century into the SE valley. Frequent
eruptions, typically of mild-to-moderate scale, have been recorded since
1616. Occasional larger eruptions have produced pyroclastic flows and lava
flows that reached flat-lying coastal areas and entered the sea, sometimes
impacting populated areas.



Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-UEwl6RHw$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIc_rg8bwc$>





Ruapehu  | North Island (New Zealand)  | 39.28°S, 175.57°E  | Summit elev.
2797 m



GeoNet reported that a warming trend of the crater lake water at Ruapehu
was evident by 13 March, and by 21 March the temperature was 31 degrees
Celsius. The heating cycle was accompanied by strong levels of volcanic
tremor, indicating increased gas flux though the system, and an increased
likelihood of eruptive activity. The Volcanic Alert Level was raised to 2
(on a scale from 0-5) on 21 March and the Aviation Color Code remained at
Green.



Geologic Summary. Ruapehu, one of New Zealand's most active volcanoes, is a
complex stratovolcano constructed during at least four cone-building
episodes dating back to about 200,000 years ago. The dominantly andesitic
110 km3 volcanic massif is elongated in a NNE-SSW direction and surrounded
by another 100 km3 ring plain of volcaniclastic debris, including the
NW-flank Murimoto debris-avalanche deposit. A series of subplinian
eruptions took place between about 22,600 and 10,000 years ago, but
pyroclastic flows have been infrequent. The broad summait area and flank
contain at least six vents active during the Holocene. Frequent
mild-to-moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded from the Te Wai
a-Moe (Crater Lake) vent, and tephra characteristics suggest that the
crater lake may have formed as recently as 3,000 years ago. Lahars
resulting from phreatic eruptions at the summit crater lake are a hazard to
a ski area on the upper flanks and lower river valleys.



Source: GeoNet https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-U_zaxfqw$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcRZgKDD4$>





Ongoing Activity





Aira  | Kyushu (Japan)  | 31.593°N, 130.657°E  | Summit elev. 1117 m



JMA reported that very small eruptive events were recorded at Minamidake
Crater (at Aira Calderaâ??s Sakurajima volcano) during 14-21 March. Crater
incandescence was visible at night. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was
slightly high at 1,300 tons per day on 17 March. The Alert Level remained
at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from
the crater.



Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay
contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active.
Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of
the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera
was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the Aira caldera,
along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began
about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim of Aira caldera and built an
island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major
explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit
cone ended about 4850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at
Minamidake. Frequent historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century,
have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located
across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical
eruption took place during 1471-76.



Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-U0SWvar8$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcGVhOs64$>





Great Sitkin  | Andreanof Islands (USA)  | 52.076°N, 176.13°W  | Summit
elev. 1740 m



AVO reported that slow lava effusion at Great Sitkin continued during 15-22
March and very low seismicity persisted. Cloud cover prevented views of the
volcano most of the week; slightly elevated surface temperatures were
identified in satellite images during 20-21 March. The Aviation Color Code
and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Orange and Watch, respectively.



Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side
of Great Sitkin Island. A younger parasitic volcano capped by a small, 0.8
x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large
late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure
that truncated an ancestral volcano and produced a submarine debris
avalanche. Deposits from this and an older debris avalanche from a source
to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano.
The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp.
Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the
flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was
partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small
older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed
along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and
fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano.
Historical eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-Uj2An8Z4$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcF9zn5qs$>





Karymsky  | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia)  | 54.049°N, 159.443°E  | Summit
elev. 1513 m



KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly over Karymsky was visible in
satellite images during 13-16 March. The volcano was either quiet or
obscured by clouds on the other days during 11-18 March. The Aviation Color
Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.



Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern
volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a
5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts
the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the
north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains
the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding
Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located
immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700
radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000
years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago,
following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows
less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or
vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava
flows from the summit crater.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-UCi8xItA$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcFZ-XvkA$>





Kilauea  | Hawaiian Islands (USA)  | 19.421°N, 155.287°W  | Summit elev.
1222 m



HVO reported that lava effusion from vents in the lower W wall of Kilaueaâ??s
Halema`uma`u Crater continued at variable rates during 15-22 March;
effusion briefly paused during 0145-0445 on 18 March. Lava flowed in the
active W part of the lava lake causing circulation in the lake that was
visible on most days. At around 0700 on 16 March a lava flow originating
from the embayment just N of the western vent area traveled NW onto the
crater floor; this flow periodically advanced through the week. Ooze outs
of lava along the lakeâ??s margins were visible on a few of the days; a
notable one began along the N margin at 0345 on 21 March and persisted
through the next day. The Aviation Color Code and the Volcano Alert Level
remained at Orange and Watch, respectively.



Geologic Summary. Kilauea overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna Loa
shield volcano in the island of Hawaii. Eruptions are prominent in
Polynesian legends; written documentation since 1820 records frequent
summit and flank lava flow eruptions interspersed with periods of long-term
lava lake activity at Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera until 1924.
The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1,500 years ago and
during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy
East and Southwest rift zones, which extend to the ocean in both
directions. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is
formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the surface is
younger than 600 years. The long-term eruption from the East rift zone
between 1983 and 2018 produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2,
destroyed hundreds of houses, and added new coastline.



Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-UHqlyF0M$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcCYdQPe0$>





Lewotolok  | Lembata Island  | 8.274°S, 123.508°E  | Summit elev. 1431 m



The eruption at Lewotolok continued during 15-22 March according to PVMBG.
Almost daily white-and-gray ash plumes rose as high as 600 m above the
summit and drifted in multiple directions. Crater incandescence, lava
effusion, and rumbling sounds were reported on most days. The Alert Level
remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km
away from the summit crater and 4 km away from the crater on the SE flank.



Geologic Summary. The Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) stratovolcano occupies the
eastern end of an elongated peninsula extending north into the Flores Sea,
connected to Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island by a narrow isthmus. It is
symmetrical when viewed from the north and east. A small cone with a
130-m-wide crater constructed at the SE side of a larger crater forms the
volcano's high point. Many lava flows have reached the coastline. Eruptions
recorded since 1660 have consisted of explosive activity from the summit
crater.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-Ugm0dqP4$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcMqvYvT0$>





Merapi  | Central Java  | 7.54°S, 110.446°E  | Summit elev. 2910 m



BPPTKG reported no significant morphological changes at Merapiâ??s summit
lava dome during 11-17 March, but the height of the dome below the SW rim
had decreased by 2 m. Seismicity remained at high levels; the intensity of
the signals had increased compared to the previous week. As many as 119
lava avalanches originating from the SW dome traveled a maximum of 2 km
down the Bebeng drainage on the SW flank. Four avalanches traveled no more
than 1 km SE down the Gendol drainage. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a
scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-5 km away from the
summit based on location.



Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in
one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape
immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and
southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth
of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse
perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the
eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young
Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began
SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying
growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have
devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused
many fatalities.



Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi
(BPPTKG) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-UuN3q58A$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIck4VUwBY$>





Nevados de Chillan  | Central Chile  | 36.868°S, 71.378°W  | Summit elev.
3180 m



SERNAGEOMIN reported that lava in Nevados de Chillánâ??s Nicanor Crater was
observed in satellite images on 1 March and coincided with elevated thermal
temperatures also identified in satellite images. A higher resolution
satellite image acquired on 15 March showed the extrusive lava feature in
more detail; it was about 33 x 57 m elongated E-W, and had irregular edges.
The emplacement of the lava was contemporaneous with nighttime crater
incandescence and moderate explosive activity. Steam plumes with occasional
tephra content rose to heights less than 1.5 km above the crater rim.
Seismic activity had steadily declined since January. During the first half
of March sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 454 tons per day, peaking at an
anomalously high value of 2,348 tons per day on 13 March. The Alert Level
remained at Yellow, the second lowest level on a four-color scale. ONEMI
stated that Alert Level Yellow (the middle level on a three-color scale)
remained in place for the communities of Pinto and Coihueco, noting that
the public should stay at least 2 km away from the crater.



Geologic Summary. The compound volcano of Nevados de Chillán is one of the
most active of the Central Andes. Three late-Pleistocene to Holocene
stratovolcanoes were constructed along a NNW-SSE line within three nested
Pleistocene calderas, which produced ignimbrite sheets extending more than
100 km into the Central Depression of Chile. The dominantly andesitic Cerro
Blanco (Volcán Nevado) stratovolcano is located at the NW end of the
massif. Volcán Viejo (Volcán Chillán), which was the main active vent
during the 17th-19th centuries, occupies the SE end. The Volcán Nuevo
lava-dome complex formed during 1906-1945 on the NW flank of Viejo. The
Volcán Arrau dome complex was then constructed on the SE side of Volcán
Nuevo between 1973 and 1986, and eventually exceeded its height. Smaller
domes or cones are present in the 5-km valley between the two major
edifices.



Sources: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.sernageomin.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-URAlxVlk$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.sernageomin.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcFZDLKYA$>
;

Oficina Nacional de Emergencia-Ministerio del Interior (ONEMI)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.onemi.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-UCuylTtk$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.onemi.cl/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcHiJPbx0$>





Nyamulagira  | DR Congo  | 1.408°S, 29.2°E  | Summit elev. 3058 m



Active lava on Nyamulagiraâ??s crater floor was visible in satellite images
during 8-13 March.



Geologic Summary. Africa's most active volcano, Nyamulagira (also known as
Nyamuragira), is a massive high-potassium basaltic shield about 25 km N of
Lake Kivu and 15 km NE of the steep-sided Nyiragongo volcano. The summit is
truncated by a small 2 x 2.3 km caldera that has walls up to about 100 m
high. Documented eruptions have occurred within the summit caldera, as well
as from the numerous flank fissures and cinder cones. A lava lake in the
summit crater, active since at least 1921, drained in 1938, at the time of
a major flank eruption. Recent lava flows extend down the flanks more than
30 km from the summit as far as Lake Kivu; extensive lava flows from this
volcano have covered 1,500 km2 of the western branch of the East African
Rift.



Sources: Observatoire Volcanologique de Goma (OVG)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://observatoirevolcanologiquedegoma.org/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-UoqYtyBQ$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://observatoirevolcanologiquedegoma.org/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcamKkaHw$>
;

Sentinel Hub https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-UePJFJwk$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcIVTDZAI$>





Nyiragongo  | DR Congo  | 1.52°S, 29.25°E  | Summit elev. 3470 m



Lava effusion from vents on Nyiragongoâ??s crater floor continued during
13-18 March based on satellite images. Significant gas emissions were
visible drifting SW on 13 March.



Geologic Summary. One of Africa's most notable volcanoes, Nyiragongo
contained a lava lake in its deep summit crater that was active for half a
century before draining catastrophically through its outer flanks in 1977.
The steep slopes of a stratovolcano contrast to the low profile of its
neighboring shield volcano, Nyamuragira. Benches in the steep-walled,
1.2-km-wide summit crater mark levels of former lava lakes, which have been
observed since the late-19th century. Two older stratovolcanoes, Baruta and
Shaheru, are partially overlapped by Nyiragongo on the north and south.
About 100 parasitic cones are located primarily along radial fissures south
of Shaheru, east of the summit, and along a NE-SW zone extending as far as
Lake Kivu. Many cones are buried by voluminous lava flows that extend long
distances down the flanks, which is characterized by the eruption of
foiditic rocks. The extremely fluid 1977 lava flows caused many fatalities,
as did lava flows that inundated portions of the major city of Goma in
January 2002.



Sources: Observatoire Volcanologique de Goma (OVG)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://observatoirevolcanologiquedegoma.org/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-UoqYtyBQ$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://observatoirevolcanologiquedegoma.org/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcamKkaHw$>
;

Sentinel Hub https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-UePJFJwk$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcIVTDZAI$>





Pavlof  | Alaska Peninsula, Alaska  | 55.417°N, 161.894°W  | Summit elev.
2493 m



AVO reported that the eruption at a vent on Pavlofâ??s upper E flank was
ongoing during 15-22 March, and seismic tremor persisted. Cloud cover
sometimes prevented webcam and satellite views of the summit area, though
almost-daily elevated surface temperatures identified in satellite images
were consistent with minor lava effusion. Three small explosions were
detected in local and regional infrasound data during 19-20 March. The
Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch and the Aviation Color Code remained
at Orange.



Geologic Summary. The most active volcano of the Aleutian arc, Pavlof is a
2519-m-high Holocene stratovolcano that was constructed along a line of
vents extending NE from the Emmons Lake caldera. Pavlof and its twin
volcano to the NE, 2142-m-high Pavlof Sister, form a dramatic pair of
symmetrical, glacier-covered stratovolcanoes that tower above Pavlof and
Volcano bays. A third cone, Little Pavlof, is a smaller volcano on the SW
flank of Pavlof volcano, near the rim of Emmons Lake caldera. Unlike Pavlof
Sister, Pavlof has been frequently active in historical time, typically
producing Strombolian to Vulcanian explosive eruptions from the summit
vents and occasional lava flows. The active vents lie near the summit on
the north and east sides. The largest historical eruption took place in
1911, at the end of a 5-year-long eruptive episode, when a fissure opened
on the N flank, ejecting large blocks and issuing lava flows.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-Uj2An8Z4$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcF9zn5qs$>





Reventador  | Ecuador  | 0.077°S, 77.656°W  | Summit elev. 3562 m



IG reported that a high level of activity continued at Reventador during
15-22 March, though cloudy weather conditions sometimes prevented visual
observations. Steam-and-ash plumes, often observed multiple times a day
with the webcam or reported by the Washington VAAC, rose as high as 1 km
above the summit crater and drifted mainly NW, W, and SW. Crater
incandescence was visible most nights; incandescent material was visible
descending the S flank during 15-16 March.



Geologic Summary. Reventador is the most frequently active of a chain of
Ecuadorian volcanoes in the Cordillera Real, well east of the principal
volcanic axis. The forested, dominantly andesitic Volcán El Reventador
stratovolcano rises to 3562 m above the jungles of the western Amazon
basin. A 4-km-wide caldera widely breached to the east was formed by
edifice collapse and is partially filled by a young, unvegetated
stratovolcano that rises about 1300 m above the caldera floor to a height
comparable to the caldera rim. It has been the source of numerous lava
flows as well as explosive eruptions that were visible from Quito in
historical time. Frequent lahars in this region of heavy rainfall have
constructed a debris plain on the eastern floor of the caldera. The largest
historical eruption took place in 2002, producing a 17-km-high eruption
column, pyroclastic flows that traveled up to 8 km, and lava flows from
summit and flank vents.



Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-UlEcx5Dw$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIc_axb2d0$>





Rincon de la Vieja  | Costa Rica  | 10.83°N, 85.324°W  | Summit elev. 1916 m



OVSICORI-UNA reported that eruptive events at Rincón de la Vieja were
recorded at 0405 on 19 March, 1402 on 20 March, and 0350 on 22 March. The
events lasted 1-8 minutes each and no plumes were visible due to weather
conditions.



Geologic Summary. Rincón de la Vieja, the largest volcano in NW Costa Rica,
is a remote volcanic complex in the Guanacaste Range. The volcano consists
of an elongated, arcuate NW-SE-trending ridge constructed within the
15-km-wide early Pleistocene Guachipelín caldera, whose rim is exposed on
the south side. Sometimes known as the "Colossus of Guanacaste," it has an
estimated volume of 130 km3 and contains at least nine major eruptive
centers. Activity has migrated to the SE, where the youngest-looking
craters are located. The twin cone of Santa María volcano, the highest peak
of the complex, is located at the eastern end of a smaller, 5-km-wide
caldera and has a 500-m-wide crater. A Plinian eruption producing the 0.25
km3 Río Blanca tephra about 3,500 years ago was the last major magmatic
eruption. All subsequent eruptions, including numerous historical eruptions
possibly dating back to the 16th century, have been from the prominent
active crater containing a 500-m-wide acid lake located ENE of Von Seebach
crater.



Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad
Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-Ux6Wj0mg$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcEbSiT70$>





Sangay  | Ecuador  | 2.005°S, 78.341°W  | Summit elev. 5286 m



IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 15-22 March. Weather
clouds and rain often prevented visual and webcam observations of the
volcano, though daily ash-and-gas plumes were identified in satellite
images by the Washington VAAC or in webcam views; plumes rose as high as 1
km above the volcano and drifted N, NW, W, and SW. Multiple daily thermal
anomalies over the volcano were visible in satellite data. Emissions of
incandescent material were occasionally visible in webcam images. The
seismic network detected signals indicating descending lahars on 17, 19,
and 21 March.



Geologic Summary. The isolated Sangay volcano, located east of the Andean
crest, is the southernmost of Ecuador's volcanoes and its most active. The
steep-sided, glacier-covered, dominantly andesitic volcano grew within
horseshoe-shaped calderas of two previous edifices, which were destroyed by
collapse to the east, producing large debris avalanches that reached the
Amazonian lowlands. The modern edifice dates back to at least 14,000 years
ago. It towers above the tropical jungle on the east side; on the other
sides flat plains of ash have been sculpted by heavy rains into
steep-walled canyons up to 600 m deep. The earliest report of a historical
eruption was in 1628. More or less continuous eruptions were reported from
1728 until 1916, and again from 1934 to the present. The almost constant
activity has caused frequent changes to the morphology of the summit crater
complex.



Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-UlEcx5Dw$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIc_axb2d0$>





Semeru  | Eastern Java  | 8.108°S, 112.922°E  | Summit elev. 3657 m



PVMBG reported that the eruption at Semeru continued during 15-22 March,
though weather conditions sometimes hindered views. Daily eruptive events
produced white-and-gray plumes that rose 200-800 m above the summit and
drifted mainly N, W, and SW. At 0353 on 22 March a pyroclastic flow
originating from the end of a lava flow descended the Kobokan drainage on
the SE flank and produced an ash cloud that rose 1.5 km above summit and
drifted SE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4). The public
was warned to stay at least 500 m away from Kobokan drainages within 17 km
of the summit, along with other drainages originating on Semeru, including
the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow
hazards.



Geologic Summary. Semeru, the highest volcano on Java, and one of its most
active, lies at the southern end of a volcanic massif extending north to
the Tengger caldera. The steep-sided volcano, also referred to as Mahameru
(Great Mountain), rises above coastal plains to the south. Gunung Semeru
was constructed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambangan calderas.
A line of lake-filled maars was constructed along a N-S trend cutting
through the summit, and cinder cones and lava domes occupy the eastern and
NE flanks. Summit topography is complicated by the shifting of craters from
NW to SE. Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by
small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava
flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that
have reached the lower flanks of the volcano.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-Ugm0dqP4$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcMqvYvT0$>





Semisopochnoi  | Aleutian Islands (USA)  | 51.93°N, 179.58°E  | Summit
elev. 1221 m



AVO reported that low-level eruptive activity at Semisopochnoi's North
Cerberus cone continued during 15-22 March. Periods of seismic tremor and
occasional small explosions were detected daily in seismic and regional
infrasound data. Daily minor ash emissions and occasional steam emissions
were visible in webcam images. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange
and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch.



Geologic Summary. Semisopochnoi, the largest subaerial volcano of the
western Aleutians, is 20 km wide at sea level and contains an 8-km-wide
caldera. It formed as a result of collapse of a low-angle, dominantly
basaltic volcano following the eruption of a large volume of dacitic
pumice. The high point of the island is Anvil Peak, a double-peaked
late-Pleistocene cone that forms much of the island's northern part. The
three-peaked Mount Cerberus was constructed within the caldera during the
Holocene. Each of the peaks contains a summit crater; lava flows on the N
flank of Cerberus appear younger than those on the south side. Other
post-caldera volcanoes include the symmetrical Sugarloaf Peak SSE of the
caldera and Lakeshore Cone, a small cinder cone at the edge of Fenner Lake
in the NE part of the caldera. Most documented eruptions have originated
from Cerberus, although Coats (1950) considered that both Sugarloaf and
Lakeshore Cone could have been recently active.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-Uj2An8Z4$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcF9zn5qs$>





Sheveluch  | Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | 56.653°N, 161.36°E  | Summit
elev. 3283 m



KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly over Sheveluch was identified in
satellite images during 11-18 March. An ash cloud was identified in
satellite images drifting 50 km WNW at an altitude of 4.5 km (14,800 ft)
a.s.l. on 15 March. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second
highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times;
specific events are in local time where noted.



Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also
spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya
volcano group. The 1300 km3 volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most
active volcanic structures. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary
Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera
breached to the south. Many lava domes dot its outer flanks. The Molodoy
Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the
large horseshoe-shaped caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took
place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. At least 60 large eruptions have
occurred during the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano
of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions
have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in
Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964,
have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of
the breached caldera.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-UCi8xItA$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcFZ-XvkA$>





Soufriere St. Vincent  | St. Vincent  | 13.33°N, 61.18°W  | Summit elev.
1220 m



UWI Seismic Research Centre and National Emergency Management Organisation
(NEMO) lowered the Alert Level for Soufrière St. Vincent to Green (the
lowest level on a four-color scale) on 16 March, noting that seismic and
fumarolic activity were at or below background levels recorded prior to the
2020-2021 eruption. The La Soufriere trail remained closed due to the
uneven and dangerous terrain. The public was reminded about lahar hazards
during heavy rains.



Geologic Summary. Soufrière St. Vincent is the northernmost and youngest
volcano on St. Vincent Island. The NE rim of the 1.6-km wide summit crater
is cut by a crater formed in 1812. The crater itself lies on the SW margin
of a larger 2.2-km-wide caldera, which is breached widely to the SW as a
result of slope failure. Frequent explosive eruptions after about 4,300
years ago produced pyroclastic deposits of the Yellow Tephra Formation,
which cover much of the island. The first historical eruption took place in
1718; it and the 1812 eruption produced major explosions. Much of the
northern end of the island was devastated by a major eruption in 1902 that
coincided with the catastrophic Mont Pelée eruption on Martinique. A lava
dome was emplaced in the summit crater in 1971 during a strictly effusive
eruption, forming an island within a lake that filled the crater. A series
of explosive eruptions in 1979 destroyed the 1971 dome and ejected the
lake; a new dome was then built.



Sources: University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.uwiseismic.com/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-UYG6GdxA$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.uwiseismic.com/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcG9AG1YI$>
;

National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO), Government of Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://nemo.gov.vc/nemo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-UtVn_NUQ$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://nemo.gov.vc/nemo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcncoYfd8$>





Suwanosejima  | Ryukyu Islands (Japan)  | 29.638°N, 129.714°E  | Summit
elev. 796 m



JMA reported that eruptive activity continued to be recorded at
Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater during 14-21 March. As many as 27 explosions
were recorded, and crater incandescence was visible nightly. Eruption
plumes rose as high as 1.9 km above the crater rim and ejected blocks
300-500 m away from the crater. Ashfall was reported as far as 5 km away,
including in Toshima village (3.5 km SSW) during 18-21 March. The Alert
Level remained at 3 and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the
crater.



Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long, spindle-shaped island of Suwanosejima in
the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two
historically active summit craters. The summit is truncated by a large
breached crater extending to the sea on the east flank that was formed by
edifice collapse. Suwanosejima, one of Japan's most frequently active
volcanoes, was in a state of intermittent strombolian activity from Otake,
the NE summit crater, that began in 1949 and lasted until 1996, after which
periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest historical eruption took
place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits blanketed residential areas,
and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast.
At the end of the eruption the summit of Otake collapsed forming a large
debris avalanche and creating the horseshoe-shaped Sakuchi caldera, which
extends to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70
years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of
the island in 1884. Only about 50 people live on the island.



Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-U0SWvar8$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcGVhOs64$>





Whakaari/White Island  | North Island (New Zealand)  | 37.52°S, 177.18°E  |
Summit elev. 294 m



On 23 March GeoNet reported that volcanologists observed Whakaari/White
Island and took gas measurements during overflights the week before. The
active vent area had subsided, and small collapses in one of the 2019
craters had occurred in between the flights. During the second flight,
scientists observed geysering from a small, gray-colored pool on the S side
of the main crater. In just over an hour the pool was gone and a collapse
pit was in its place. Diffuse ash emissions had ceased. Gas and temperature
measurements were lower (290 degrees Celsius) compared to the previous
month. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at 2 and the Aviation Color Code
remained at Yellow.



Geologic Summary. The uninhabited Whakaari/White Island is the 2 x 2.4 km
emergent summit of a 16 x 18 km submarine volcano in the Bay of Plenty
about 50 km offshore of North Island. The island consists of two
overlapping andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcanoes. The SE side of the crater
is open at sea level, with the recent activity centered about 1 km from the
shore close to the rear crater wall. Volckner Rocks, sea stacks that are
remnants of a lava dome, lie 5 km NW. Descriptions of volcanism since 1826
have included intermittent moderate phreatic, phreatomagmatic, and
Strombolian eruptions; activity there also forms a prominent part of Maori
legends. The formation of many new vents during the 19th and 20th centuries
caused rapid changes in crater floor topography. Collapse of the crater
wall in 1914 produced a debris avalanche that buried buildings and workers
at a sulfur-mining project. Explosive activity in December 2019 took place
while tourists were present, resulting in many fatalities. The official
government name Whakaari/White Island is a combination of the full Maori
name of Te Puia o Whakaari ("The Dramatic Volcano") and White Island
(referencing the constant steam plume) given by Captain James Cook in 1769.



Source: GeoNet https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-U_zaxfqw$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geonet.org.nz/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIcRZgKDD4$>





Wolf  | Isla Isabela (Galapagos)  | 0.02°N, 91.35°W  | Summit elev. 1710 m



IG reported that the eruption at Wolf continued during 15-22 March. Daily
thermal alert counts, as many as around 176, indicated active and advancing
lava flows on the SSE flank.



Geologic Summary. Wolf, the highest volcano of the Galápagos Islands,
straddles the equator at the north end of the archipelago's largest island,
Isabela. The 1710-m-high edifice has steeper slopes than most other Isabela
volcanoes, reaching angles up to 35 degrees. A 6 x 7 km caldera, at 700 m
one of the deepest of the Galápagos Islands, is located at the summit. A
prominent bench on the west side of the caldera rises 450 above the caldera
floor, much of which is covered by a lava flow erupted in 1982. Radial
fissures concentrated along diffuse rift zones extend down the north, NW,
and SE flanks, and submarine vents lie beyond the north and NW fissures.
Similar unvegetated flows originating from a circumferential chain of
spatter and scoria cones on the eastern caldera rim drape the forested
flanks to the sea. The proportion of aa lava flows at Volcán Wolf exceeds
that of other Galápagos volcanoes. An eruption in in 1797 was the first
documented historical eruption in the Galápagos Islands.



Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-UlEcx5Dw$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.igepn.edu.ec/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Pv-L3vDVaaRpUyhBb2imKCtgcvEtYv3dLsm_aQgH2yMVUwnNeSVQEdIc_axb2d0$>



5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5



==============================================================



Volcano Listserv is a collaborative venture among Arizona State University
(ASU), Portland State University (PSU), the Global Volcanism Program (GVP)
of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, and
the International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's
Interior (IAVCEI).



ASU - http://www.asu.edu/

PSU - https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://pdx.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-UHHAW91Q$ 

GVP - https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.volcano.si.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-U0-Hg0io$ 

IAVCEI - https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.iavceivolcano.org/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Psp0ovMA1faxlLuQL0EQp7Uw9J8PFaGHYLR_SHwv8VBsckUAHHjPnK-UXfrzR4s$ 



To unsubscribe from the volcano list, send the message:

signoff volcano

to: listserv@xxxxxxx, or write to: volcano-request@xxxxxxx.



To contribute to the volcano list, send your message to:

volcano@xxxxxxx.  Please do not send attachments.



==============================================================

------------------------------

End of Volcano Digest - 21 Mar 2022 to 23 Mar 2022 (#2022-32)
*************************************************************


[Index of Archives]     [Yosemite Backpacking]     [Earthquake Notices]     [USGS News]     [Yosemite Campgrounds]     [Steve's Art]     [Hot Springs Forum]

  Powered by Linux