Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 20-26 October 2021

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From: "Kuhn, Sally" <KUHNS@xxxxxx>


Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

20-26 October 2021



Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@xxxxxx)

URL: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSm0zU2c8$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6GHaCupM$>





New Activity/Unrest: Asosan, Kyushu (Japan)  | Karangetang, Siau Island
(Indonesia)  | Kilauea, Hawaiian Islands (USA)  | Krakatau, Indonesia  | La
Palma, Spain  | Manam, Papua New Guinea  | Yasur, Vanuatu



Ongoing Activity: Aira, Kyushu (Japan)  | Cleveland, Chuginadak Island
(USA)  | Dukono, Halmahera (Indonesia)  | Ebeko, Paramushir Island
(Russia)  | Etna, Sicily (Italy)  | Great Sitkin, Andreanof Islands (USA)
| Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia)  | Langila, New Britain (Papua New
Guinea)  | Lewotolok, Lembata Island (Indonesia)  | Merapi, Central Java
(Indonesia)  | Pavlof, United States  | Semisopochnoi, Aleutian Islands
(USA)  | Sheveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | Shishaldin, Fox Islands
(USA)





The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the
Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's
Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, these reports
are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail.
This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting
during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet
criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section.
Carefully reviewed, detailed reports about recent activity are published in
issues of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network.



Note that many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the
Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To
obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on
the Internet contact the source.







New Activity/Unrest





Asosan  | Kyushu (Japan)  | 32.884°N, 131.104°E  | Summit elev. 1592 m



JMA characterized the eruption at Asosan that occurred at 1143 on 20
October as medium-sized. The event ejected blocks 900 m S, produced
pyroclastic flows that descended 1.3 km W, and generated an ash plume that
rose 3.5 km above the crater rim. Very small eruptive events were recorded
during 1244-1410. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was high at 2,500 tons
per day on 21 October. White plumes rose 900 m from the crater during 21-22
October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).



Geologic Summary. The 24-km-wide Asosan caldera was formed during four
major explosive eruptions from 300,000 to 90,000 years ago. These produced
voluminous pyroclastic flows that covered much of Kyushu. The last of
these, the Aso-4 eruption, produced more than 600 km3 of airfall tephra and
pyroclastic-flow deposits. A group of 17 central cones was constructed in
the middle of the caldera, one of which, Nakadake, is one of Japan's most
active volcanoes. It was the location of Japan's first documented
historical eruption in 553 CE. The Nakadake complex has remained active
throughout the Holocene. Several other cones have been active during the
Holocene, including the Kometsuka scoria cone as recently as about 210 CE.
Historical eruptions have largely consisted of basaltic to
basaltic-andesite ash emission with periodic strombolian and
phreatomagmatic activity. The summit crater of Nakadake is accessible by
toll road and cable car, and is one of Kyushu's most popular tourist
destinations.



Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSFODGJOY$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6qXY39ho$>





Karangetang  | Siau Island (Indonesia)  | 2.781°N, 125.407°E  | Summit
elev. 1797 m



The Darwin VAAC reported that on 25 October a pilot observed an ash plume
from Karangetang rising to 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting SW.
Continuous ash emissions were also visible in satellite images, though
emissions ceased within five hours. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a
scale of 1-4).



Geologic Summary. Karangetang (Api Siau) volcano lies at the northern end
of the island of Siau, about 125 km NNE of the NE-most point of Sulawesi
island. The stratovolcano contains five summit craters along a N-S line. It
is one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, with more than 40 eruptions
recorded since 1675 and many additional small eruptions that were not
documented in the historical record (Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the
World: Neumann van Padang, 1951). Twentieth-century eruptions have included
frequent explosive activity sometimes accompanied by pyroclastic flows and
lahars. Lava dome growth has occurred in the summit craters; collapse of
lava flow fronts have produced pyroclastic flows.



Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSo1F666U$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6yt2UrRo$>





Kilauea  | Hawaiian Islands (USA)  | 19.421°N, 155.287°W  | Summit elev.
1222 m



HVO reported that the summit eruption at Kilauea continued during 19-26
October at a vent in the lower W wall of Halema`uma`u Crater. Lava entered
the lake through a 10-m-wide breach in the E part of the W wall cone,
feeding the lake which had risen 49 m since 29 September. Consistent lava
fountains from the W vent rose 5-18 m with occasional bursts up to 23 m,
based on field crew observations. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was high
at 2,600-3,200 tonnes per day during 21-22 and 24-25 October. The lava lake
was not level with the deepest parts surrounding the W vent; the W end was
8 m higher than the stagnant E part by 24 October. The Aviation Color Code
and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Orange and Watch, respectively.



Geologic Summary. Kilauea, which overlaps the E flank of the massive Mauna
Loa shield volcano, has been Hawaii's most active volcano during historical
time. Eruptions are prominent in Polynesian legends; written documentation
extending back to only 1820 records frequent summit and flank lava flow
eruptions that were interspersed with periods of long-term lava lake
activity that lasted until 1924 at Halemaumau crater, within the summit
caldera. The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1500 years
ago and during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the
lengthy East and SW rift zones, which extend to the sea on both sides of
the volcano. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is
formed of lava flows less than about 1100 years old; 70% of the volcano's
surface is younger than 600 years. A long-term eruption from the East rift
zone that began in 1983 has produced lava flows covering more than 100 km2,
destroying nearly 200 houses and adding new coastline to the island.



Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSXJ1ZNxU$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6pGpxANA$>





Krakatau  | Indonesia  | 6.102°S, 105.423°E  | Summit elev. 155 m



PVMBG reported that at 1413 on 26 October an eruption at Anak Krakatau
produced a dense gray ash plume that rose 500 m above the summit and
drifted N. The eruption lasted 45 seconds based on seismic data. The Alert
Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to
remain outside of the 2-km-radius hazard zone from the crater.



Geologic Summary. The renowned volcano Krakatau (frequently misstated as
Krakatoa) lies in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra. Collapse of
the ancestral Krakatau edifice, perhaps in 416 or 535 CE, formed a
7-km-wide caldera. Remnants of this ancestral volcano are preserved in
Verlaten and Lang Islands; subsequently Rakata, Danan, and Perbuwatan
volcanoes were formed, coalescing to create the pre-1883 Krakatau Island.
Caldera collapse during the catastrophic 1883 eruption destroyed Danan and
Perbuwatan, and left only a remnant of Rakata. This eruption, the 2nd
largest in Indonesia during historical time, caused more than 36,000
fatalities, most as a result of devastating tsunamis that swept the
adjacent coastlines of Sumatra and Java. Pyroclastic surges traveled 40 km
across the Sunda Strait and reached the Sumatra coast. After a quiescence
of less than a half century, the post-collapse cone of Anak Krakatau (Child
of Krakatau) was constructed within the 1883 caldera at a point between the
former cones of Danan and Perbuwatan. Anak Krakatau has been the site of
frequent eruptions since 1927.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSAlSu1n8$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA63QhtrW0$>





La Palma  | Spain  | 28.57°N, 17.83°W  | Summit elev. 2426 m



The eruption at La Palma continued during 20-26 October, characterized by
Strombolian explosions, lava fountaining from multiple vents, advancing and
branching lava flows, and daily ash emissions. Eruption details are based
on official sources including PEVOLCA (Plan de Emergencias Volcánicas de
Canarias) steering committee summaries issued daily. Seismicity remained
elevated, with most earthquakes located 10-15 km deep (though some were as
deep as 39 km); dozens of events were felt by local residents and some were
felt across the entire island. A M 4.8 earthquake was recorded at 2248 on
19 October at a depth of 39 km, and the largest earthquake recorded since
the beginning of the eruption, a M 4.9 at 38 km deep, was recorded at 1634
on 23 October; both of these events were felt across La Palma Island, as
well as in some areas of Gomera and Tenerife islands.



The vents in the main cone continued to effuse lava, eject tephra, and
produce sometimes dense and billowing ash-and-gas plumes that rose 2.8-4 km
(9,200-13,100 ft) a.s.l. Sulfur dioxide emissions fluctuated at high levels
between 3,200 and 53,600 tons per day. Four vents in the main cone were
active, though the activity levels varied in intensity throughout the week.
A new vent opened on 19 October, in an area between the 16 October vent
(located 300 m from the SE base of the main cone) and the main cone. The
new vent began with explosive phreatomagmatic activity before Strombolian
activity commenced. The main cone changed shape, with cycles of partial
crater rim and wall collapses and growth as the eruption continued.
Explosions and a lava overflow from the main cone were visible at 2000 on
22 October. A partial collapse of the NW flank of the main cone on 23
October intensified ash emissions and sent large blocks downslope; the
blocks fell onto another vent, causing lava to spill out into numerous lava
flows. Strong explosions were heard at 1230 and lava overflowed a vent on
the flanks of the main cone at 1415. On 24 October tall lava fountains rose
from at least two vents. During the afternoon, a new vent opened on the W
flank and effused lava at a high rate. The vent grew taller and widened
during 24-25 October. The vent located at the SE end of the fissure
produced slow-moving lava flows that traveled SW. Very intense explosive
activity was visible on 25 October. A small collapse of the cone was
observed at 1700. At around 2100 a lava lake in the main cone increased in
volume, causing a partial collapse of the upper part of the cone, and
producing large, detached blocks that were carried downslope by several
lava flows. Lava fountains rose about 600 m above the vent.



The lava-flow field was characterized by three main areas: the initial main
flow that traveled W, flowing around the S part of Montaña de Todoque,
toward the sea and created a lava delta, a flow that had branched off of
the main flow to the S, and the flows that traveled W along the N margins
of the main flow. Lava flows sometimes overflowed their channels, forming
ephemeral flows that spread laterally, descended short distances, and were
also transported downslope in lava tubes. The lava flows along the northern
margins (the N flow) were the most active; the flow that traveled N of
Montaña Todoque had stopped, while the flow to the S of Montaña de La
Laguna continued to advance and spread laterally. A lull in lava
advancement during 22-23 October allowed for some homeowners to retrieve
items from their residences. Lava advanced over some areas in the flow
field that were previously unaffected, particularly in Alcalá, and covered
an estimated 8.79 square kilometers by 26 October. The farthest end of N
flows was less than 100 m from the coastline.



Lava at the delta had reached 120 m water depth and rock fragments from the
end of the flow were observed at depths of 360 m. The thickness of the flow
at the delta was 10-30 m; lava had filled the upper and middle parts of
underwater ravines and covered an area of about 0.11 square kilometers.
Scientists observed an absence of marine life around the lava flows.



Geologic Summary. The 47-km-long wedge-shaped island of La Palma, the
NW-most of the Canary Islands, is composed of two large volcanic centers.
The older northern one is cut by the massive steep-walled Caldera
Taburiente, one of several massive collapse scarps produced by edifice
failure to the SW. The younger Cumbre Vieja, the southern volcano, is one
of the most active in the Canaries. The elongated volcano dates back to
about 125,000 years ago and is oriented N-S. Eruptions during the past
7,000 years have formed abundant cinder cones and craters along the axis of
Cumbre Vieja, producing fissure-fed lava flows that descend steeply to the
sea. Eruptions recorded since the 15th century have produced mild explosive
activity and lava flows that damaged populated areas. The southern tip of
the island is mantled by a broad lava field emplaced during the 1677-1678
eruption. Lava flows also reached the sea in 1585, 1646, 1712, 1949, and
1971.



Sources: Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (INVOLCAN)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.involcan.org/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSUkhYfZQ$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.involcan.org/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6Nl8tFeo$>
;

Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSgkaNM-Y$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6IxRKoVg$>
;

Gobierno de Canaries https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.gobcan.es/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSBJiP4YA$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.gobcan.es/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA61BILN4Y$>





Manam  | Papua New Guinea  | 4.08°S, 145.037°E  | Summit elev. 1807 m



According to the Darwin VAAC, ground-based observers at Manam observed on
going, low-level eruptive activity on 21 October. Ash emissions rose as
high as 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. Within a few hours, ash had
dissipated and activity was no longer visible.



Geologic Summary. The 10-km-wide island of Manam, lying 13 km off the
northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea, is one of the country's most
active volcanoes. Four large radial valleys extend from the unvegetated
summit of the conical basaltic-andesitic stratovolcano to its lower flanks.
These valleys channel lava flows and pyroclastic avalanches that have
sometimes reached the coast. Five small satellitic centers are located near
the island's shoreline on the northern, southern, and western sides. Two
summit craters are present; both are active, although most observed
eruptions have originated from the southern crater, concentrating eruptive
products during much of the past century into the SE valley. Frequent
eruptions, typically of mild-to-moderate scale, have been recorded since
1616. Occasional larger eruptions have produced pyroclastic flows and lava
flows that reached flat-lying coastal areas and entered the sea, sometimes
impacting populated areas.



Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSo1F666U$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6yt2UrRo$>





Yasur  | Vanuatu  | 19.532°S, 169.447°E  | Summit elev. 361 m



The Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported that
seismic activity slightly increased at Yasur beginning at 1330 on 22
October. Emissions also increased and large, dense ash-and-gas plumes were
visible rising from the crater in webcam images at 1445. Increased ash
emissions were confirmed during field observations later that day,
prompting VMGD to expand the restricted area to a 1-km radius around the
cone, defined by Danger Zone B on the hazard map. The Wellington VAAC noted
that ash plumes rose as high as 1.2 km (4,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, E,
and N during 22-24 October, based on webcam views and information from
VMGD; emissions ceased by 1845 on 24 October. The Alert Level remained at 2
(on a scale of 0-4).



Geologic Summary. Yasur, the best-known and most frequently visited of the
Vanuatu volcanoes, has been in more-or-less continuous Strombolian and
Vulcanian activity since Captain Cook observed ash eruptions in 1774. This
style of activity may have continued for the past 800 years. Located at the
SE tip of Tanna Island, this mostly unvegetated pyroclastic cone has a
nearly circular, 400-m-wide summit crater. The active cone is largely
contained within the small Yenkahe caldera, and is the youngest of a group
of Holocene volcanic centers constructed over the down-dropped NE flank of
the Pleistocene Tukosmeru volcano. The Yenkahe horst is located within the
Siwi ring fracture, a 4-km-wide, horseshoe-shaped caldera associated with
eruption of the andesitic Siwi pyroclastic sequence. Active tectonism along
the Yenkahe horst accompanying eruptions has raised Port Resolution harbor
more than 20 m during the past century.



Sources: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-Hazards Department (VMGD)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geohazards.gov.vu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSTYmqiAk$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.geohazards.gov.vu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6ZumR6xo$>
;

Wellington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vaac.metservice.com/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSRZ5_o5w$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vaac.metservice.com/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6IWetWVA$>





Ongoing Activity





Aira  | Kyushu (Japan)  | 31.593°N, 130.657°E  | Summit elev. 1117 m



JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Calderaâ??s
Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 18-25 October. The sulfur
dioxide emission rate was 1,000 tons per day on 22 October. The Alert Level
remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km
away from the crater.



Geologic Summary. The Aira caldera in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay
contains the post-caldera Sakurajima volcano, one of Japan's most active.
Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of
the 17 x 23 km caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera
was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the Aira caldera,
along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakurajima began
about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim of Aira caldera and built an
island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major
explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kitadake summit
cone ended about 4850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at
Minamidake. Frequent historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century,
have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located
across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical
eruption took place during 1471-76.



Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSFODGJOY$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6qXY39ho$>





Cleveland  | Chuginadak Island (USA)  | 52.825°N, 169.944°W  | Summit elev.
1730 m



On 20 October AVO lowered both the Aviation Color Code and the Volcano
Alert Level for Cleveland to Unassigned, noting a steady decline in
volcanic unrest over the previous few months. Elevated surface temperatures
were still identified in satellite images, though at a reduced frequency
and strength. A short-lived explosion on 1 June 2020 was the last time
eruptive activity was recorded.



Geologic Summary. The beautifully symmetrical Mount Cleveland stratovolcano
is situated at the western end of the uninhabited Chuginadak Island. It
lies SE across Carlisle Pass strait from Carlisle volcano and NE across
Chuginadak Pass strait from Herbert volcano. Joined to the rest of
Chuginadak Island by a low isthmus, Cleveland is the highest of the Islands
of the Four Mountains group and is one of the most active of the Aleutian
Islands. The native name, Chuginadak, refers to the Aleut goddess of fire,
who was thought to reside on the volcano. Numerous large lava flows descend
the steep-sided flanks. It is possible that some 18th-to-19th century
eruptions attributed to Carlisle should be ascribed to Cleveland (Miller et
al., 1998). In 1944 it produced the only known fatality from an Aleutian
eruption. Recent eruptions have been characterized by short-lived explosive
ash emissions, at times accompanied by lava fountaining and lava flows down
the flanks.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTS_Es4A9A$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6Q8P-_Ac$>





Dukono  | Halmahera (Indonesia)  | 1.693°N, 127.894°E  | Summit elev. 1229 m



PVMBG reported that during 19 and 22-26 October white-and-gray ash plumes
from Dukono rose as high as 300 m above the summit and drifted E and W. The
Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to
remain outside of the 2-km exclusion zone.



Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost
Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active
volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes
accompanied by lava flows, occurred from 1933 until at least the mid-1990s,
when routine observations were curtailed. During a major eruption in 1550,
a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the north-flank cone
of Gunung Mamuya. This complex volcano presents a broad, low profile with
multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of
the summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been
active during historical time.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSAlSu1n8$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA63QhtrW0$>





Ebeko  | Paramushir Island (Russia)  | 50.686°N, 156.014°E  | Summit elev.
1103 m



On 22 September KVERT lowered the Aviation Color Code for Ebeko to Yellow
(the second lowest level on a four-color scale), noting that a thermal
anomaly over the volcano was last visible on 25 August and eruptive
activity had not been recorded since 22 September.



Geologic Summary. The flat-topped summit of the central cone of Ebeko
volcano, one of the most active in the Kuril Islands, occupies the northern
end of Paramushir Island. Three summit craters located along a SSW-NNE line
form Ebeko volcano proper, at the northern end of a complex of five
volcanic cones. Blocky lava flows extend west from Ebeko and SE from the
neighboring Nezametnyi cone. The eastern part of the southern crater
contains strong solfataras and a large boiling spring. The central crater
is filled by a lake about 20 m deep whose shores are lined with steaming
solfataras; the northern crater lies across a narrow, low barrier from the
central crater and contains a small, cold crescentic lake. Historical
activity, recorded since the late-18th century, has been restricted to
small-to-moderate explosive eruptions from the summit craters. Intense
fumarolic activity occurs in the summit craters, on the outer flanks of the
cone, and in lateral explosion craters.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSjZux8-Y$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6Z1iOJsU$>





Etna  | Sicily (Italy)  | 37.748°N, 14.999°E  | Summit elev. 3320 m



Strombolian activity resumed at Etnaâ??s Southeast Crater (SEC) beginning at
0447 on 20 October. Small ash-and-gas puffs drifted SW. Activity gradually
increased and by 1920 on 21 October explosions were ejecting incandescent
material out of the crater. Activity intensified during the evening of 22
October, and crater incandescence was visible in between weather clouds at
night during 22-23 October. Ash plumes drifted NE.



Explosive Strombolian activity increased at 1000 on 23 October, producing
ash plumes that then abruptly stopped at 1035. A series of strong
explosions began a few minutes later, producing visible pressure waves and
ash emissions. Lava fountaining began sometime before 1043 and dense
ash-and-gas plumes rose several kilometers high and drifted ENE. A fracture
opened on the SE side of the SEC cone and at 1048 a pyroclastic flow
traveled 1.5 km SE toward the Valle del Bove. A second pyroclastic flow
observed at 1100 also traveled 1.5 km SE. Several smaller pyroclastic flows
were visible on the E flank of the cone. At 1158 a pyroclastic flow
bifurcated and traveled a few hundred meters S and SE. Lava fountains rose
as high as 800 m during the most intense period and a lava flow originating
from the E side of the crater descended SE. The ash plumes rose more than
10 km (32,800 ft) a.s.l. and caused ash and lapilli to fall in many areas
downwind, including Linguaglossa, Vena, Presa, Piedimonte Etneo, Taormina,
and Mascali. Explosive activity began to decrease around 1200 and then
ceased at 1220. Ash emissions continued to rise from the SEC and by 1932,
the lava flows on the SE flank had stopped advancing.



Geologic Summary. Mount Etna, towering above Catania, Sicily's second
largest city, has one of the world's longest documented records of
historical volcanism, dating back to 1500 BCE. Historical lava flows of
basaltic composition cover much of the surface of this massive volcano,
whose edifice is the highest and most voluminous in Italy. The Mongibello
stratovolcano, truncated by several small calderas, was constructed during
the late Pleistocene and Holocene over an older shield volcano. The most
prominent morphological feature of Etna is the Valle del Bove, a 5 x 10 km
horseshoe-shaped caldera open to the east. Two styles of eruptive activity
typically occur, sometimes simultaneously. Persistent explosive eruptions,
sometimes with minor lava emissions, take place from one or more summit
craters. Flank vents, typically with higher effusion rates, are less
frequently active and originate from fissures that open progressively
downward from near the summit (usually accompanied by Strombolian eruptions
at the upper end). Cinder cones are commonly constructed over the vents of
lower-flank lava flows. Lava flows extend to the foot of the volcano on all
sides and have reached the sea over a broad area on the SE flank.



Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSTK10rMA$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ct.ingv.it/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6xA99o64$>





Great Sitkin  | Andreanof Islands (USA)  | 52.076°N, 176.13°W  | Summit
elev. 1740 m



AVO reported that lava effusion continued at Great Sitkin during 20-26
October. Lava advanced down the S and W flanks and were 500 m long by 20
October based on satellite images. Geophysical and web camera data streams
returned back online during 22-23 October; seismicity remained slightly
elevated and no explosive activity was recorded in both seismic and
infrasound data through 26 October. Elevated surface temperatures were
visible in satellite images during 25-26 October. The Aviation Color Code
and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Orange and Watch, respectively.



Geologic Summary. The Great Sitkin volcano forms much of the northern side
of Great Sitkin Island. A younger parasitic volcano capped by a small, 0.8
x 1.2 km ice-filled summit caldera was constructed within a large
late-Pleistocene or early Holocene scarp formed by massive edifice failure
that truncated an ancestral volcano and produced a submarine debris
avalanche. Deposits from this and an older debris avalanche from a source
to the south cover a broad area of the ocean floor north of the volcano.
The summit lies along the eastern rim of the younger collapse scarp.
Deposits from an earlier caldera-forming eruption of unknown age cover the
flanks of the island to a depth up to 6 m. The small younger caldera was
partially filled by lava domes emplaced in 1945 and 1974, and five small
older flank lava domes, two of which lie on the coastline, were constructed
along northwest- and NNW-trending lines. Hot springs, mud pots, and
fumaroles occur near the head of Big Fox Creek, south of the volcano.
Historical eruptions have been recorded since the late-19th century.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTS_Es4A9A$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6Q8P-_Ac$>





Karymsky  | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia)  | 54.049°N, 159.443°E  | Summit
elev. 1513 m



KVERT reported that during 19-20 October explosions at Karymsky generated
ash plumes that rose as high as 5 km (16,400 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 225 km
E. A thermal anomaly was visible on 21 October. The Aviation Color Code
remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale).



Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern
volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a
5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts
the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the
north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains
the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding
Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, located
immediately south. The caldera enclosing Karymsky formed about 7600-7700
radiocarbon years ago; construction of the stratovolcano began about 2000
years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago,
following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows
less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or
vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava
flows from the summit crater.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSjZux8-Y$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6Z1iOJsU$>





Langila  | New Britain (Papua New Guinea)  | 5.525°S, 148.42°E  | Summit
elev. 1330 m



The Darwin VAAC reported that on 21 October ash plumes from Langila were
visible in satellite images rising 1.8-4.6 km (6,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and
drifting NW.



Geologic Summary. Langila, one of the most active volcanoes of New Britain,
consists of a group of four small overlapping composite basaltic-andesitic
cones on the lower E flank of the extinct Talawe volcano in the Cape
Gloucester area of NW New Britain. A rectangular, 2.5-km-long crater is
breached widely to the SE; Langila was constructed NE of the breached
crater of Talawe. An extensive lava field reaches the coast on the N and NE
sides of Langila. Frequent mild-to-moderate explosive eruptions, sometimes
accompanied by lava flows, have been recorded since the 19th century from
three active craters at the summit. The youngest and smallest crater (no. 3
crater) was formed in 1960 and has a diameter of 150 m.



Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSo1F666U$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.bom.gov.au/aviation/volcanic-ash/darwin-va-advisory.shtml__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6yt2UrRo$>





Lewotolok  | Lembata Island (Indonesia)  | 8.274°S, 123.508°E  | Summit
elev. 1431 m



PVMBG reported that the eruption at Lewotolok continued during 20-26
October. White-and-gray plumes generally rose as high as 600 m above the
summit and drifted in multiple directions. The Alert Level remained at 3
(on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the
summit crater.



Geologic Summary. The Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) stratovolcano occupies the
eastern end of an elongated peninsula extending north into the Flores Sea,
connected to Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island by a narrow isthmus. It is
symmetrical when viewed from the north and east. A small cone with a
130-m-wide crater constructed at the SE side of a larger crater forms the
volcano's high point. Many lava flows have reached the coastline. Eruptions
recorded since 1660 have consisted of explosive activity from the summit
crater.



Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known
as CVGHM) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSAlSu1n8$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://vsi.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA63QhtrW0$>





Merapi  | Central Java (Indonesia)  | 7.54°S, 110.446°E  | Summit elev.
2910 m



BPPTKG reported no morphological changes to Merapiâ??s SW lava dome, located
just below the SW rim and in the summit crater, and the summit crater dome
during 15-21 October. Two pyroclastic flows traveled 2.5 km down the SW
flank and as many as 60 lava avalanches traveled a maximum of 2 km SW. The
Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to
stay 3-5 km away from the summit based on location.



Geologic Summary. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in
one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape
immediately north of the major city of Yogyakarta. It is the youngest and
southernmost of a volcanic chain extending NNW to Ungaran volcano. Growth
of Old Merapi during the Pleistocene ended with major edifice collapse
perhaps about 2,000 years ago, leaving a large arcuate scarp cutting the
eroded older Batulawang volcano. Subsequent growth of the steep-sided Young
Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent activity, began
SW of the earlier collapse scarp. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying
growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have
devastated cultivated lands on the western-to-southern flanks and caused
many fatalities.



Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi
(BPPTKG) https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSHyRfO4c$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6dKWXK2c$>





Pavlof  | United States  | 55.417°N, 161.894°W  | Summit elev. 2493 m



AVO reported that the eruption at Pavlof continued during 20-26 October and
was focused at a vent on the upper SE flank, near the location of the 2007
vent. Seismicity remained elevated with tremor and daily small explosions
during 20-24 October. Weather clouds obscured satellite and webcam images
most days, but the explosions likely produced low-level ash plumes that
rose no higher than 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. Elevated surface temperatures
were visible in satellite images during 25-26 October. The Volcano Alert
Level and Aviation Color Code remained at Watch and Orange, respectively.



Geologic Summary. The most active volcano of the Aleutian arc, Pavlof is a
2519-m-high Holocene stratovolcano that was constructed along a line of
vents extending NE from the Emmons Lake caldera. Pavlof and its twin
volcano to the NE, 2142-m-high Pavlof Sister, form a dramatic pair of
symmetrical, glacier-covered stratovolcanoes that tower above Pavlof and
Volcano bays. A third cone, Little Pavlof, is a smaller volcano on the SW
flank of Pavlof volcano, near the rim of Emmons Lake caldera. Unlike Pavlof
Sister, Pavlof has been frequently active in historical time, typically
producing Strombolian to Vulcanian explosive eruptions from the summit
vents and occasional lava flows. The active vents lie near the summit on
the north and east sides. The largest historical eruption took place in
1911, at the end of a 5-year-long eruptive episode, when a fissure opened
on the N flank, ejecting large blocks and issuing lava flows.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTS_Es4A9A$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6Q8P-_Ac$>





Semisopochnoi  | Aleutian Islands (USA)  | 51.93°N, 179.58°E  | Summit
elev. 1221 m



AVO reported that eruptive activity at Semisopochnoi's North Cerberus
crater continued during 19-26 October. Tremor and multiple minor explosions
were detected daily in seismic and infrasound data. Although weather clouds
often prevented webcam and satellite views, intermittent, low-level ash
emissions were visible during clear weather rising to altitudes up to 3 km
(10,000 ft a.s.l.); the farthest plume drifted 250 km on 19 October. Sulfur
dioxide emissions were detected during 25-26 October. The Aviation Color
Code remained at Orange and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch.



Geologic Summary. Semisopochnoi, the largest subaerial volcano of the
western Aleutians, is 20 km wide at sea level and contains an 8-km-wide
caldera. It formed as a result of collapse of a low-angle, dominantly
basaltic volcano following the eruption of a large volume of dacitic
pumice. The high point of the island is Anvil Peak, a double-peaked
late-Pleistocene cone that forms much of the island's northern part. The
three-peaked Mount Cerberus was constructed within the caldera during the
Holocene. Each of the peaks contains a summit crater; lava flows on the N
flank of Cerberus appear younger than those on the south side. Other
post-caldera volcanoes include the symmetrical Sugarloaf Peak SSE of the
caldera and Lakeshore Cone, a small cinder cone at the edge of Fenner Lake
in the NE part of the caldera. Most documented eruptions have originated
from Cerberus, although Coats (1950) considered that both Sugarloaf and
Lakeshore Cone could have been recently active.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTS_Es4A9A$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6Q8P-_Ac$>





Sheveluch  | Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | 56.653°N, 161.36°E  | Summit
elev. 3283 m



KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly over Sheveluch was identified in
satellite images during 16-17 and 20-21 October when the volcano was
visible through weather clouds. A plume of resuspended ash rose as high as
4 km (13,100 ft) a.s.l. on 21 October and drifted 40 km SE. The Aviation
Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color
scale).



Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also
spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya
volcano group. The 1300 km3 volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most
active volcanic structures. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary
Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera
breached to the south. Many lava domes dot its outer flanks. The Molodoy
Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the
large horseshoe-shaped caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took
place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. At least 60 large eruptions have
occurred during the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano
of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions
have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in
Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964,
have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of
the breached caldera.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTSjZux8-Y$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6Z1iOJsU$>





Shishaldin  | Fox Islands (USA)  | 54.756°N, 163.97°W  | Summit elev. 2857 m



AVO reported that several outages affected GPS, seismic, and infrasound
stations used to monitor Shishaldin. On 20 October AVO changed both the
Aviation Color Code and the Volcano Alert Level to Unassigned, reflecting
the lack of this data to detect unrest. The volcano continued to be
monitored with webcams, satellite data, remote infrasound, seismic, and GPS
networks.



Geologic Summary. The beautifully symmetrical Shishaldin is the highest and
one of the most active volcanoes of the Aleutian Islands. The
glacier-covered volcano is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes
along an E-W line in the eastern half of Unimak Island. The Aleuts named
the volcano Sisquk, meaning "mountain which points the way when I am lost."
A steam plume often rises from its small summit crater. Constructed atop an
older glacially dissected volcano, it is largely basaltic in composition.
Remnants of an older ancestral volcano are exposed on the W and NE sides at
1,500-1,800 m elevation. There are over two dozen pyroclastic cones on its
NW flank, which is blanketed by massive aa lava flows. Frequent explosive
activity, primarily consisting of Strombolian ash eruptions from the small
summit crater, but sometimes producing lava flows, has been recorded since
the 18th century.



Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTS_Es4A9A$ 
<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://avo.alaska.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NwMIVYxFFdf-sJNMdwWMgB8MEY4hek9Dv3DfYwvWFjC8ZCHtcTKghIA6Q8P-_Ac$>


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PSU - https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://pdx.edu/__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!Nt4thNFpYNjbQAFe8Xc9J46d2qQ6wVIhS7VRwnT0d3SGQSDmdqVggsTS8XN4tyY$ 

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End of Volcano Digest - 27 Oct 2021 to 29 Oct 2021 (#2021-104)
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