SI/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 1-7 October 2008

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SI/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report
1-7 October 2008
*********************************************************

Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor
kuhns@xxxxxx
URL: http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/


New Activity/Unrest: | Garbuna Group, New Britain (SW Pacific) |
Karangetang [Api Siau], Sangihe Islands (Indonesia) | Ol Doinyo
Lengai, Tanzania | Piton de la Fournaise, Reunion Island | Redoubt,
Southwestern Alaska | Soputan, Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Ongoing Activity: | Anatahan, Mariana Islands (Central Pacific) | Batu
Tara, Komba Island (Indonesia) | Chaitén, Southern Chile | Karymsky,
Eastern Kamchatka | Kilauea, Hawaii (USA) | Manam, Northeast of New
Guinea (SW Pacific) | Rabaul, New Britain (SW Pacific) | Sakura-jima,
Kyushu (Japan) | Shiveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Soufrière
Hills, Montserrat | Suwanose-jima, Ryukyu Islands (Japan) | Turrialba,
Costa Rica | Ubinas, Perú


The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between
the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological
Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday,
notices of volcanic activity posted on these pages are preliminary and
subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a
comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the
week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria
discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section.
Carefully reviewed, detailed reports on various volcanoes are
published monthly in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network.

Note: Many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the
Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active.
To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer
available on the Internet contact the source.


New Activity/Unrest


GARBUNA GROUP New Britain (SW Pacific) 5.45°S, 150.03°E; summit elev. 564 m

RVO reported that forceful emissions of dense white plumes from
Garbuna were accompanied by intermittent ash emissions during 1-4
October to an altitude of 1.6 km (5,200 ft) a.s.l. Occasional weak
roaring and rumbling noises were reported in Garu village, about 9 km
NW. An overflight on 3 October revealed that existing vents at the
summit had increased in size and new vents and fumaroles appeared in
the E sector of the lava dome. The main vent that had been restricted
to the outside flank of the cone had enlarged considerably (more than
tripled in size) and merged with the November 2005 vent. The original
vent that opened on 17 October 2005 was larger and vigorously fuming.
Although there was little evidence of juvenile material having been
ejected and there was surprisingly little eruptive material around the
summit, it and areas more than 1 km away from the active vents were
cratered, possibly from lithic bombs. Fumarolic activity in the summit
region away from the currently active vents had ceased.

Geologic Summary. The basaltic-to-dacitic Garbuna volcano group
consists of three volcanic peaks, Krummel, Garbuna, and Welcker. They
are located along a 7-km N-S line above a shield-like foundation at
the southern end of the Willaumez Peninsula. The central and lower
peaks of the centrally located 564-m-high Garbuna volcano contain a
large vegetation-free area that is probably the most extensive thermal
field in Papua New Guinea. A prominent lava dome and blocky lava flow
in the center of thermal area have resisted destruction by thermal
activity, and may be of Holocene age. Krummel volcano at the S end of
the group contains a summit crater, breached to the NW. The highest
peak of the Garbuna group is 1,005-m-high Welcker volcano, which has
fed blocky lava flows that extend to the eastern coast of the
peninsula.

Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)


KARANGETANG [API SIAU] Sangihe Islands (Indonesia) 2.78°N, 125.40°E;
summit elev. 1784 m

Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that
on 4 October a possible eruption from Karangetang generated a plume
that rose to an altitude of 12.2 km (40,000 ft) a.s.l.

Geologic Summary. Karangetang (also known as Api Siau) lies at the
northern end of the island of Siau, N of Sulawesi, and contains five
summit craters strung along a N-S line. One of Indonesia's most active
volcanoes, Karangetang has had more than 40 recorded eruptions since
1675. Twentieth-century eruptions have included frequent explosions,
sometimes accompanied by pyroclastic flows and lahars.

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AU/messages.html


OL DOINYO LENGAI Tanzania 2.764°S, 35.914°E; summit elev. 2962 m

According to Frederick Belton's website, a local camper reported a
small eruption from Ol Doinyo Lengai on 1 October. Details of the
eruption were not provided.

Geologic Summary. The symmetrical Ol Doinyo Lengai stratovolcano is
the only volcano known to have erupted carbonatite tephras and lavas
in historical time. The prominent volcano, known as "The Mountain of
God," rises abruptly above the broad plain S of Lake Natron. The
cone-building stage of the volcano ended about 15,000 years ago and
was followed by periodic ejection of natrocarbonatite and nephelinite
tephra during the Holocene. Historical eruptions have consisted of
smaller tephra eruptions and emission of numerous natrocarbonatitic
lava flows on the floor of the summit crater. Petrologists first
observed the eruption of carbonatitic lava flows in the 1960s.
Subsequent more frequent visits have documented long-term lava
effusion in the summit crater that would not have been seen from the
foot of the volcano.

Source: Frederick Belton's Ol Doinyo Lengai website
http://frank.mtsu.edu/~fbelton/latestnews.html


PITON DE LA FOURNAISE Reunion Island 21.231°S, 55.713°E; summit elev. 2632 m

OVPDLF reported that the eruption from Piton de la Fournaise that
started on 21 September from the inner W wall of Dolomieu crater ended
on 2 October. The total volume of erupted lava was about 850,000 cubic
meters based on analysis of aerial photographs.
Geologic Summary. Massive Piton de la Fournaise shield volcano on the
island of Réunion is one of the world's most active volcanoes. Most
historical eruptions have originated from the summit and flanks of a
400-m-high lava shield, Dolomieu, that has grown within the youngest
of three large calderas. This depression is 8 km wide and is breached
to below sea level on the eastern side. More than 150 eruptions, most
of which have produced fluid basaltic lava flows within the caldera,
have been documented since the 17th century. The volcano is monitored
by the Piton de la Fournaise Volcano Observatory, one of several
operated by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris.

Source: Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (OVPDLF)
http://ovpf.univ-reunion.fr/


REDOUBT Southwestern Alaska 60.485°N, 152.742°W; summit elev. 3108 m

AVO reported that on 16 September, a pilot flying downwind of Redoubt
reported smelling a strong sulfur dioxide odor. A week later,
residents of a cabin near Wadell Lake (25 km NE) reported loud noises
coming from the direction of Redoubt. During an overflight on 27
September, scientists observed several fractures and circular openings
in the upper Drift glacier that had not been seen before. They also
noted that fumaroles atop the 1968 and 1990 lava domes were more
vigorous than when last observed in mid-August. A distinct hydrogen
sulfide odor was also evident, though no sulfur dioxide was detected
by onboard instrumentation. The seismic network at Redoubt did not
detect any abnormal earthquake activity. The Volcano Alert Level
remained Normal and the Aviation Color Code remained Green.

Geologic Summary. Redoubt is a 3108-m-high glacier-covered
stratovolcano with a breached summit crater in Lake Clark National
Park about 170 km SW of Anchorage. Next to Mount Spurr, Redoubt has
been the most active Holocene volcano in the upper Cook Inlet.
Collapse of the summit of Redoubt 10,500-13,000 years ago produced a
major debris avalanche that reached Cook Inlet. Holocene activity has
included the emplacement of a large debris avalanche and clay-rich
lahars that dammed Lake Crescent on the south side and reached Cook
Inlet about 3500 years ago. Eruptions during the past few centuries
have affected only the Drift River drainage on the north. Historical
eruptions have originated from a vent at the north end of the
1.8-km-wide breached summit crater. The 1989-90 eruption of Redoubt
had severe economic impact on the Cook Inlet region and affected air
traffic far beyond the volcano.

Source: Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) http://www.avo.alaska.edu/


SOPUTAN Sulawesi (Indonesia) 1.108°N, 124.73°E; summit elev. 1784 m

Based on visual observations, CVGHM reported that on 6 October a
"smoke" plume from Soputan rose to an altitude of 2.8 km (9,200 ft)
a.s.l. and incandescent material was ejected 25 m above the summit.
The Alert level was raised from 2 to 3 (on a scale of 1-4). Residents
and tourists were advised not go within a 6 km radius of the summit.

Analysis of satellite imagery by the Darwin VAAC indicated that on 6
October an ash plume rose to an altitude of 7.6 km (25,000 ft) a.s.l.
and drifted W.

Geologic Summary. The small conical volcano of Soputan on the southern
rim of the Quaternary Tondano caldera is one of Sulawesi's most active
volcanoes. During historical time the locus of eruptions has included
both the summit crater and Aeseput, a prominent NE-flank vent that
formed in 1906 and was the source of intermittent major lava flows
until 1924.

Sources: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation
(CVGHM) http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/,
Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AU/messages.html


Ongoing Activity


ANATAHAN Mariana Islands (Central Pacific) 16.35°N, 145.67°E; summit elev. 790 m

On 1 October, the Volcanic Alert Level for Anatahan was lowered to
Normal and the Aviation Color Code to Green. Seismicity remained low
and there were no recent reports of significant plumes.

Geologic Summary. The elongate, 9-km-long island of Anatahan in the
central Mariana Islands consists of large stratovolcano with a 2.3 x 5
km, E-W-trending compound summit caldera. The larger western caldera
is 2.3 x 3 km wide, and its western rim forms the island's 790-m high
point. Ponded lava flows overlain by pyroclastic deposits fill the
floor of the western caldera, whose SW side is cut by a fresh-looking
smaller crater. The 2-km-wide eastern caldera contained a steep-walled
inner crater whose floor prior to the 2003 eruption was only 68 m
above sea level. Sparseness of vegetation on the most recent lava
flows on Anatahan had indicated that they were of Holocene age, but
the first historical eruption of Anatahan did not occur until May
2003, when a large explosive eruption took place forming a new crater
inside the eastern caldera.

Source: Emergency Management Office of the Commonwealth of the Mariana
Islands and the US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
http://volcano.wr.usgs.gov/cnmistatus.php


BATU TARA Komba Island (Indonesia) 7.792°S, 123.579°E; summit elev. 748 m

Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that
during 3-4 October a low-level ash plume from Batu Tara drifted W and
NW.

Geologic Summary. The small isolated island of Batu Tara in the Flores
Sea about 50 km north of Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island contains a
scarp on the eastern side similar to the Sciara del Fuoco of Italy's
Stromboli volcano. Vegetation covers the flanks of Batu Tara to within
50 m of the 748-m-high summit. Batu Tara lies north of the main
volcanic arc and is noted for its potassic leucite-bearing basanitic
and tephritic rocks. The first historical eruption from Batu Tara,
during 1847-52, produced explosions and a lava flow.

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AU/messages.html


CHAITEN Southern Chile 42.833°S, 72.646°W; summit elev. 1122 m

SERNAGEOMIN reported that during 23-25 September, Chaitén continued to
produce two vigorous gas-and-ash plumes from separate locations on the
lava dome that rose to an altitude of 2.6 km (8,500 ft) a.s.l. During
27-28 September, activity increased and the two plumes rose to an
altitude of 5.1 km (16,700 ft) a.s.l. Later in the day on 28
September, the plumes rose to an altitude of 4.1 km (13,500 ft) a.s.l.
During an overflight on 30 September, scientists observed the small
lagoon that remained in a depression in the N area of the basal "ring"
that lies between the new lava dome and the caldera rim. The base of
the S flank of the old lava dome was still evident; fumaroles were
noted along the contact of the old and new domes. The new lava dome
had grown higher and laterally from the NE flank until it touched the
caldera rim. The Alert level remained Red.

Based on pilot observations, analysis of satellite imagery, and SIGMET
reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that during 3 and 5-8 October
continuous ash plumes rose to altitudes of 2.4-3.5 km (8,000-11,500
ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, ENE, and E.

Geologic Summary. Chaitén is a small, glacier-free caldera with a
Holocene lava dome located 10 km NE of the town of Chaitén on the Gulf
of Corcovado. A pyroclastic-surge and pumice deposit considered to
originate from the eruption that formed the elliptical 2.5 x 4 km wide
summit caldera was dated at about 9400 years ago. A rhyolitic,
962-m-high obsidian lava dome occupies much of the caldera floor.
Obsidian cobbles from this dome found in the Blanco River are the
source of prehistorical artifacts from archaeological sites along the
Pacific coast as far as 400 km away from the volcano to the north and
south. The caldera is breached on the SW side by a river that drains
to the bay of Chaitén, and the high point on its southern rim reaches
1122 m.

Sources: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN)
http://www.sernageomin.cl/index.php,
Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AG/messages.html


KARYMSKY Eastern Kamchatka 54.05°N, 159.45°E; summit elev. 1536 m

KVERT reported that seismic activity at Karymsky was above background
levels during 26 September-3 October. Possible explosions during 25-27
September and 1-2 October may have generated ash plumes to an altitude
of 3.3 km (10,800 ft) a.s.l. Analysis of satellite imagery revealed a
thermal anomaly in the crater on 29 September and cloudy conditions on
the other days. The Level of Concern Color Code remained at Orange.

Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's
eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed
within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed about 7,600-7,700 radiocarbon
years ago. Construction of the Karymsky stratovolcano began about
2,000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years
ago, following a 2,300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by
lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been
Vulcanian or Vulcanian-Strombolian with moderate explosive activity
and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Most seismicity
preceding Karymsky eruptions has originated beneath Akademia Nauk
caldera, which is located immediately S of Karymsky volcano and
erupted simultaneously with Karymsky in 1996.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php


KILAUEA Hawaii (USA) 19.421°N, 155.287°W; summit elev. 1222 m

HVO reported that during 1-7 October lava flowed SE through a tube
system from underneath Kilauea's Thanksgiving Eve Breakout (TEB) and
rootless shield complex. Lava that reached the ocean entry generated a
steam plume during much of the reporting period; a plume was absent
during 4-6 October. The sulfur dioxide emission rate at Pu'u 'O'o was
1,400 tonnes per day on 5 October, below the background rate as
averaged over the past 25+ years.

During the reporting period, Kilauea earthquakes were variously
located beneath and to the S of the caldera, along the S-flank faults,
and along the SW rift zone. Beneath Halema'uma'u crater small
earthquakes per day ranged from less than 40 to 100 (background is
about 20-40), but were too small to be located more precisely. The
vent in Halema'uma'u crater continued to produce a predominantly white
plume with occasional minor ash content that drifted mainly SW, but
also in multiple other directions. Weak night-time incandescence was
intermittently seen at the base of the plume. The sulfur dioxide
emission rate was 900 and 1,100 tonnes per day on 3 and 5 October,
respectively. The 2003-2007 rate average was 140 tonnes per day.

Geologic Summary. Kilauea, one of five coalescing volcanoes that
comprise the island of Hawaii, is one of the world's most active
volcanoes. Eruptions at Kilauea originate primarily from the summit
caldera or along one of the lengthy E and SW rift zones that extend
from the caldera to the sea. About 90% of the surface of Kilauea is
formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the
volcano's surface is younger than 600 years. A long-term eruption from
the East rift zone that began in 1983 has produced lava flows covering
more than 100 sq km, destroying nearly 200 houses and adding new
coastline to the island.

Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)
http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/


MANAM Northeast of New Guinea (SW Pacific) 4.080°S, 145.037°E; summit
elev. 1807 m

Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that
on 7 October ash plumes from Manam rose to an altitude of 2.4 km
(8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW.

Geologic Summary. The 10-km-wide island of Manam, lying 13 km off the
northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea, is one of the country's
most active volcanoes. Four large radial valleys extend from the
unvegetated summit of the conical 1807-m-high basaltic-andesitic
stratovolcano to its lower flanks. These "avalanche valleys,"
regularly spaced 90 degrees apart, channel lava flows and pyroclastic
avalanches that have sometimes reached the coast. Two summit craters
are present; both are active, although most historical eruptions have
originated from the southern crater, concentrating eruptive products
during much of the past century into the SE avalanche valley. Frequent
historical eruptions, typically of mild-to-moderate scale, have been
recorded at Manam since 1616. Occasional larger eruptions have
produced pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached flat-lying
coastal areas and entered the sea, sometimes impacting populated
areas.

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AU/messages.html


RABAUL New Britain (SW Pacific) 4.271°S, 152.203°E; summit elev. 688 m

RVO reported that during 30 September-6 October ash plumes from Rabaul
caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 1.7-2.7 km (5,600-8,900
ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, W, and NW. Ashfall was reported in areas
downwind, including Rabaul town (3-5 km NW) and Namanula Hill (3 km
W). Continuous incandescence from the vent was observed. Loud roaring
noises were reported on 6 October.

Based on analysis of satellite imagery and information from RVO, the
Darwin VAAC reported that on 7 October ash plumes rose to an altitude
of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW.

Geologic Summary. The low-lying Rabaul caldera on the tip of the
Gazelle Peninsula at the NE end of New Britain forms a broad sheltered
harbor. The outer flanks of the 688-m-high asymmetrical pyroclastic
shield volcano are formed by thick pyroclastic-flow deposits. The 8 x
14 km caldera is widely breached on the E, where its floor is flooded
by Blanche Bay.Two major Holocene caldera-forming eruptions at Rabaul
took place as recently as 3,500 and 1,400 years ago. Three small
stratovolcanoes lie outside the northern and NE caldera rims.
Post-caldera eruptions built basaltic-to-dacitic pyroclastic cones on
the caldera floor near the NE and western caldera walls. Several of
these, including Vulcan cone, which was formed during a large eruption
in 1878, have produced major explosive activity during historical
time. A powerful explosive eruption in 1994 occurred simultaneously
from Vulcan and Tavurvur volcanoes and forced the temporary
abandonment of Rabaul city.

Sources: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO),
Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AU/messages.html


SAKURA-JIMA Kyushu (Japan) 31.585°N, 130.657°E; summit elev. 1117 m

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 3
October an eruption plume from Sakura-jima rose to an altitude of 2.7
km (9,000 ft) a.s.l.

Geologic Summary. Sakura-jima, one of Japan's most active volcanoes,
is a post-caldera cone of the Aira caldera at the northern half of
Kagoshima Bay. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow was
associated with the formation of the 17 x 23-km-wide Aira caldera
about 22,000 years ago. The construction of Sakura-jima began about
13,000 years ago and built an island that was finally joined to the
Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of
1914. Activity at the Kita-dake summit cone ended about 4,850 years
ago, after which eruptions took place at Minami-dake. Frequent
historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century, have deposited
ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located across
Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical
eruption took place during 1471-76.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/JP/messages.html


SHIVELUCH Central Kamchatka (Russia) 56.653°N, 161.360°E; summit elev. 3283 m

KVERT reported that seismic activity at Shiveluch was above background
levels during 26 September-3 October. A large number of hot avalanches
descended the lava dome and produced ash plumes that rose to altitudes
of 4-5 km (13,100-16,400 ft) a.s.l. On 28 September, an ash plume that
was visible on a web camera rose to an altitude of about 5 km (16,400
ft) a.s.l. Based on interpretations of seismic data, ash explosions
likely occurred on 28 September and 1 October and generated ash plumes
that rose to an altitude of 7.5 km (24,600 ft) a.s.l. Ashfall was
reported in Klyuchi (about 45 km SW) on 1 October. Analysis of
satellite imagery revealed a thermal anomaly on the lava dome during
28 September and 1-2 October. The Level of Concern Color Code remained
at Orange.

Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Shiveluch volcano (also
spelled Sheveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya
volcano group and forms one of Kamchatka's largest and most active
volcanoes. The currently active Molodoy Shiveluch lava-dome complex
was constructed during the Holocene within a large breached caldera
formed by collapse of the massive late-Pleistocene Strary Shiveluch
volcano. At least 60 large eruptions of Shiveluch have occurred during
the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the
Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Frequent collapses of lava-dome complexes, most
recently in 1964, have produced large debris avalanches whose deposits
cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. During the 1990s,
intermittent explosive eruptions took place from a new lava dome that
began growing in 1980. The largest historical eruptions from Shiveluch
occurred in 1854 and 1964.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php


SOUFRIERE HILLS Montserrat 16.72°N, 62.18°W; summit elev. 915 m

MVO reported that during 27 September-3 October, the W side of the
Soufrière Hills lava dome continued to grow. Rockfalls were detected
by the seismic network. The Hazard Level remained at 3.

Geologic Summary. The complex dominantly andesitic Soufrière Hills
volcano occupies the southern half of the island of Montserrat. The
summit area consists primarily of a series of lava domes emplaced
along an ESE-trending zone. English's Crater, a 1-km-wide crater
breached widely to the E, was formed during an eruption about 4,000
years ago in which the summit collapsed, producing a large submarine
debris avalanche. Block-and-ash flow and surge deposits associated
with dome growth predominate in flank deposits at Soufrière Hills.
Non-eruptive seismic swarms occurred at 30-year intervals in the 20th
century, but with the exception of a 17th-century eruption that
produced the Castle Peak lava dome, no historical eruptions were
recorded on Montserrat until 1995. Long-term small-to-moderate ash
eruptions beginning in that year were later accompanied by lava-dome
growth and pyroclastic flows that forced evacuation of the southern
half of the island and ultimately destroyed the capital city of
Plymouth, causing major social and economic disruption.

Source: Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO) http://www.mvo.ms


SUWANOSE-JIMA Ryukyu Islands (Japan) 29.635°N, 129.716°E; summit elev. 799 m

Based on reports from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported explosions from
Suwanose-jima on 1, 3, 7, and 8 October. Plumes rose straight up to an
altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. on 8 October. The altitude and
direction of plumes were not reported for the other days.

Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long, spindle-shaped island of
Suwanose-jima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic
stratovolcano with two historically active summit craters. Only about
50 persons live on the sparsely populated island. The summit of the
volcano is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea
on the east flank that was formed by edifice collapse. Suwanose-jima,
one of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, was in a state of
intermittent Strombolian activity from On-take, the NE summit crater,
that began in 1949 and lasted nearly a half century. The largest
historical eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits
blanketed residential areas, after which the island was uninhabited
for about 70 years. The SW crater produced lava flows that reached the
western coast in 1813, and lava flows reached the eastern coast of the
island in 1884.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/JP/messages.html


TURRIALBA Costa Rica 10.025°N, 83.767°W; summit elev. 3340 m

According to news articles, access to Turrialba Volcano National Park
was closed on 30 September because the S and SE winds, typical for the
time of year, were blowing toxic gases to the area of the park where
visitors enter and view the volcano.

Geologic Summary. Turrialba, the easternmost of Costa Rica's Holocene
volcanoes, is a large vegetated basaltic-to-dacitic stratovolcano
located across a broad saddle NE of Irazú volcano overlooking the city
of Cartago. The massive 3340-m-high Turrialba is exceeded in height
only by Irazú, covers an area of 500 sq km, and is one of Costa Rica's
most voluminous volcanoes. Three well-defined craters occur at the
upper SW end of a broad 800 x 2200 m wide summit depression that is
breached to the NE. Most activity at Turrialba originated from the
summit vent complex, but two pyroclastic cones are located on the SW
flank. Five major explosive eruptions have occurred at Turrialba
during the past 3500 years. Turrialba has been quiescent since a
series of explosive eruptions during the 19th century that were
sometimes accompanied by pyroclastic flows. Fumarolic activity
continues at the central and SW summit craters.

Source: Nacion http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/octubre/01/aldea1720643.html


UBINAS Perú 16.355°S, 70.903°W; summit elev. 5672 m

Based on SIGMET reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 1 and
3 October ash plumes were continuously emitted from Ubinas and rose to
altitudes of 5.5-6.1 km (18,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes drifted N
and NE.

Geologic Summary. A small, 1.2-km-wide caldera that cuts the top of
Ubinas, Peru's most active volcano, gives it a truncated appearance.
Ubinas is the northernmost of three young volcanoes located along a
regional structural lineament about 50 km behind the main volcanic
front of Peru. The upper slopes of the stratovolcano, composed
primarily of Pleistocene andesitic lava flows, steepen to nearly 45
degrees. The steep-walled, 150-m-deep summit caldera contains an ash
cone with a 500-m-wide funnel-shaped vent that is 200 m deep.
Debris-avalanche deposits from the collapse of the SE flank of Ubinas
extend 10 km from the volcano. Widespread Plinian pumice-fall deposits
from Ubinas include some of Holocene age. Holocene lava flows are
visible on the volcano's flanks, but historical activity, documented
since the 16th century, has consisted of intermittent minor explosive
eruptions.

Source: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AG/messages.html


+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Sally Kuhn Sennert
SI/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report Editor
Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
Department of Mineral Sciences, MRC-119
Washington, D.C., 20560
Phone: 202.633.1805
Fax: 202.357.2476

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