******************************************
GVP/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report
3-9 January 2007
http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/
******************************************
New Activity/Unrest: | Telica, Nicaragua | Shiveluch, Russia | Soufrière
Hills, Montserrat
Ongoing Activity: | Bagana, Papua New Guinea | Fuego, Guatemala |
Karymsky, Russia | Kilauea, USA | Pacaya, Guatemala | Piton de la
Fournaise, Reunion Island | Popocatépetl, México | Rabaul, Papua New
Guinea | Santa María, Guatemala | St. Helens, USA | Suwanose-jima, Japan
| Tungurahua, Ecuador | Ulawun, Papua New Guinea
New Activity/Unrest
TELICA Nicaragua 12.602°N, 86.845°W; summit elev. 1061 m
On 9 January, INETER reported that a gas-and-ash plume from an eruption
of Telica reached an altitude of 1.5 km (4,900 ft) a.s.l., drifted W,
and then reached a greater altitude. The eruption was accompanied by
increased seismic activity. The Washington VAAC reported that a possible
ash plume was visible on satellite imagery and on a web camera, drifting SW.
Geologic Summary. Telica, one of Nicaragua's most active volcanoes, has
erupted frequently since the beginning of the Spanish era. The Telica
volcano group consists of several interlocking cones and vents with a
general NW alignment. Sixteenth-century eruptions were reported at
symmetrical Santa Clara volcano at the SW end of the Telica group.
However, its eroded and breached crater has been covered by forests
throughout historical time, and these eruptions may have originated from
Telica, whose upper slopes in contrast are unvegetated. The steep-sided
cone of 1061-m-high Telica is truncated by a 700-m-wide double crater;
the southern crater, the source of recent eruptions, is 120 m deep. El
Liston, immediately SE of Telica, has several nested craters. The
fumaroles and boiling mudpots of Hervideros de San Jacinto, SE of
Telica, form a prominent geothermal area frequented by tourists, and
geothermal exploration has occurred nearby.
Sources: Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER)
http://www.ineter.gob.ni/geofisica/geofisica.html,
Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html,
Telica Information from the Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/gvp/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1404-04=
SHIVELUCH Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia 56.653°N, 161.360°E; summit elev.
3,283 m
Activity at Shiveluch continued above background levels during 29
December-5 January, with 200 shallow earthquakes occurring daily. Based
on seismic interpretation, ash plumes rose to 13.7 km (45,000 ft) a.s.l.
According to visual and video data, a large hot avalanche occurred on
the SE flank on 4 January. Fumarolic activity was noted during 29-31
December and 2-4 January. The Tokyo VAAC reported eruption plumes to
altitudes of 4.3-7.6 km (14,000-25,000 ft) a.s.l. during 5-7 January
based on information from the Kamchatkan Experimental & Methodical
Seismological Department (KEMSD) and satellite imagery.
Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Shiveluch volcano (also
spelled Sheveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya
volcano group and forms one of Kamchatka's largest and most active
volcanoes. The currently active Molodoy Shiveluch lava-dome complex was
constructed during the Holocene within a large horseshoe-shaped caldera
formed by collapse of the massive late-Pleistocene Strary Shiveluch
volcano. At least 60 large eruptions of Shiveluch have occurred during
the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the
Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Frequent collapses of lava-dome complexes, most
recently in 1964, have produced large debris avalanches whose deposits
cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. During the 1990s,
intermittent explosive eruptions took place from a new lava dome that
began growing in 1980. The largest historical eruptions from Shiveluch
occurred in 1854 and 1964.
Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team
http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/updates.shtml,
Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/JP/messages.html
Shiveluch Information from the Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/gvp/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1000-27=
SOUFRIÈRE HILLS Montserrat, West Indies 16.72°N, 62.18°W; summit elev.
1,052 m
Activity including rapid lava-dome growth, pyroclastic flows, and ash
venting increased at Soufrière Hills during 3-9 January. Dome growth was
concentrated in the NW quadrant which was the highest part of the dome.
Pyroclastic flows, originating from the NW, were observed in Tyres Ghaut
(NW), Gages Valley (W), and N, behind Gages Mountain and accompanied by
ash venting. On 4 January, a notable event resulted in simultaneous
pyroclastic flows in Tyres Ghaut and Gages Valley, and a resultant ash
cloud reached an altitude of 2.5 km (8,200 ft) a.s.l. The maximum
distance for the Gages Valley flow was 4 km. During 6-7 January,
distances of pyroclastic flows increased in Tyres Ghaut and possibly
exceeded 1.5 km.
On 8 January, audible explosive activity produced pyroclastic flows that
traveled down Gages Valley and Tyres Ghaut into the head of Belham
Valley (NW), and later to a distance of 4 km in the Belham Valley. The
resultant ash cloud reached an altitude of 9 km (30,000 ft) a.s.l.
Pyroclastic-flow activity in Tyres Ghaut was preceded by a pulse of ash
and continued at almost regular 7-minute cycles for about 1.5 hours.
Seismic activity returned to low levels and ash-and-steam venting
continued from the W side of the dome. On 9 January, four pyroclastic
flows in Tyres Ghaut were observed to distances of about 1.5 km.
Seismicty remained low and low-level ash venting continued. Due to
prevailing winds, no ashfall was reported from areas on the island.
Geologic Summary. The complex, dominantly andesitic Soufrière Hills
volcano occupies the southern half of the island of Montserrat. The
summit area consists primarily of a series of lava domes emplaced along
an ESE-trending zone. English's Crater, a 1-km-wide crater breached
widely to the east, was formed during an eruption about 4000 years ago
in which the summit collapsed, producing a large submarine debris
avalanche. Block-and-ash flow and surge deposits associated with dome
growth predominate in flank deposits at Soufrière Hills. Non-eruptive
seismic swarms occurred at 30-year intervals in the 20th century, but
with the exception of a 17th-century eruption that produced the Castle
Peak lava dome, no historical eruptions were recorded on Montserrat
until 1995. Long-term small-to-moderate ash eruptions beginning in that
year were later accompanied by lava-dome growth and pyroclastic flows
that forced evacuation of the southern half of the island and ultimately
destroyed the capital city of Plymouth, causing major social and
economic disruption.
Sources: Montserrat Volcano Observatory http://www.mvo.ms/,
Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html
Soufrière Hills Information from the Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1600-05=
Ongoing Activity
BAGANA Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea 6.14°S, 155.19°E; summit
elev. 1,750 m
A diffuse plume from Bagana was visible on satellite imagery drifting SE
on 9 January.
Geologic Summary. Bagana volcano, occupying a remote portion of central
Bougainville Island, is one of Melanesia's youngest and most active
volcanoes. Bagana is a massive symmetrical lava cone largely constructed
by an accumulation of viscous andesitic lava flows. The entire lava cone
could have been constructed in about 300 years at its present rate of
lava production. Eruptive activity at Bagana is characterized by
non-explosive effusion of viscous lava that maintains a small lava dome
in the summit crater, although explosive activity occasionally producing
pyroclastic flows also occurs. Lava flows form dramatic, freshly
preserved tongue-shaped lobes up to 50-m-thick with prominent levees
that descend the volcano's flanks on all sides.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AU/messages.html
Bagana Information from the Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0505-02=
FUEGO Guatemala 14.47°N, 90.88°W; summit elev. 3,763 m
INSIVUMEH reported that during 4-5 January, constant avalanches of
incandescent material from Fuego’s central crater and lateral crater
(about 70 m from the S edge of the central crater) descended SW towards
the Taniluyá River ravine. Several explosions produced shock waves and
gas-and-ash clouds that reached altitudes of 4.2-4.8 km (13,800-15,700)
a.s.l. Fine ashfall was noted in areas S and about 9-15 km SW of the
summit.
Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active
volcanoes, is one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking Guatemala's
former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice, Meseta, lies
between 3,763-m-high Fuego and its twin volcano to the N, Acatenango.
Construction of Meseta volcano continued until the late Pleistocene or
early Holocene, after which growth of the modern Fuego volcano continued
the southward migration of volcanism that began at Acatenango. Frequent
vigorous historical eruptions have been recorded at Fuego since the
onset of the Spanish era in 1524, and have produced major ashfalls,
along with occasional pyroclastic flows and lava flows. The last major
explosive eruption from Fuego took place in 1974, producing spectacular
pyroclastic flows visible from Antigua.
Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e
Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH)
http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/geofisica/boletin%20formato.htm
Fuego Information from the Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1402-09=
KARYMSKY Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia 54.05°N, 159.43°E; summit elev. 1,536 m
Activity at Karymsky continued during 29 December-5 January, with
100-300 shallow earthquakes occurring daily. Weak explosions possibly
produced ash plumes during 1-3 January. The Level of Concern Color Code
remained at Orange <http://www.avo.alaska.edu/color_codes.php>.
Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's
eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within
a 5-km-wide caldera that formed about 7,600-7,700 radiocarbon years ago.
Construction of the Karymsky stratovolcano began about 2,000 years
later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a
2,300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less
than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been Vulcanian or
Vulcanian-Strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional
lava flows from the summit crater. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky
eruptions has originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, which is located
immediately S of Karymsky volcano and erupted simultaneously with
Karymsky in 1996.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team
http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/updates.shtml
Karymsky Information from the Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1000-13=
KILAUEA Hawaii, USA 19.43°N, 155.29°W; summit elev. 1,222 m
During 3-9 January, lava from Kilauea continued to flow off of a lava
delta into the ocean at the East Lae'apuki, Kamokuna, and East
Ka'ili'ili entries. Incandescence was intermittently visible on the pali
and from the East Pond and January vents, South Wall complex, and
Drainhole vent in Pu'u 'O'o's crater. Tremor near Pu`u `O`o continued at
low levels.
Geologic Summary. Kilauea, one of five coalescing volcanoes that
comprise the island of Hawaii, is one of the world’s most active
volcanoes. Eruptions at Kilauea originate primarily from the summit
caldera or along one of the lengthy E and SW rift zones that extend from
the caldera to the sea. About 90% of the surface of Kilauea is formed by
lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the volcano's surface
is younger than 600 years. The latest Kilauea eruption began in January
1983 along the E rift zone. This long-term ongoing eruption from Pu`u
`O`o-Kupaianaha has produced lava flows that have traveled 11-12 km from
the vents to the sea, paving broad areas on the S flank of Kilauea and
adding new land beyond the former coastline.
Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
http://volcano.wr.usgs.gov/hvostatus.php
Kilauea information from the Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1302-01-
PACAYA southern Guatemala 14.38°N, 90.60°W; summit elev. 2,552 m
INSIVUMEH reported that during 4-5 January, Strombolian eruptions from
Pacaya produced incandescent material that was expelled at 2-40-second
intervals, up to 100 m above the crater. Gas clouds reached an altitude
of 2.7 km (8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S. A lava flow 50 m in length
pooled near the NE edge of MacKenney Cone.
Geologic Summary. Eruptions from Pacaya, one of Guatemala's most active
volcanoes, are frequently visible from Guatemala City, the nation's
capital. Pacaya is a complex volcano constructed on the southern rim of
the 14 x 16 km Pleistocene Amatitlán caldera. A cluster of dacitic lava
domes occupies the caldera floor. The Pacaya massif includes the Cerro
Grande lava dome and a younger volcano to the SW. Collapse of Pacaya
volcano about 1,100 years ago produced a debris-avalanche deposit that
extends 25 km onto the Pacific coastal plain and left an arcuate somma
rim inside which the modern Pacaya volcano (MacKenney cone) grew. During
the past several decades, activity at Pacaya has consisted of frequent
Strombolian eruptions with intermittent lava flow extrusion on the
flanks of MacKenney cone, punctuated by occasional larger explosive
eruptions.
Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e
Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH)
http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/geofisica/boletin%20formato.htm
Pacaya Information from the Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1402-11=
PITON DE LA FOURNAISE Réunion Island, Indian Ocean 21.23°S, 55.71°E;
summit elev. 2,631 m
OVPDLF reported that the eruption of Piton de la Fournaise that began on
30 August 2006 ceased on 1 January.
Geologic Summary. The massive Piton de la Fournaise shield volcano on
the island of Réunion is one of the world's most active volcanoes. Most
historical eruptions have originated from the summit and flanks of
Dolomieu, a 400-m-high lava shield that has grown within the youngest of
three large calderas. This latter caldera is 8 km wide and is breached
to below sea level on the eastern side. More than 150 eruptions, most of
which have produced fluid basaltic lava flows within the caldera, have
been documented since the 17th century.
Source: Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (OVPDLF)
http://ovpf.univ-reunion.fr/
Piton de la Fournaise Information from the Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0303-02=
POPOCATÉPETL México 19.02°N, 98.62°W; summit elev. 5,426 m
According to the Washington VAAC, puffs with little ash content emitted
from Popocatépetl were reported from the MWO and visible from the camera
operated by CENEPRED during 7-8 January. The resulting eruption clouds
drifted NE and N. A hotspot at the summit was detected in satellite imagery.
Geologic Summary. Popocatépetl, whose name is the Aztec word for smoking
mountain, towers to 5,426 m 70 km SE of Mexico City and is North
America's second-highest volcano. Frequent historical eruptions have
been recorded since the beginning of the Spanish colonial era. A small
eruption on 21 December 1994 ended five decades of quiescence. Since
1996 small lava domes have incrementally been constructed within the
summit crater and destroyed by explosive eruptions. Intermittent
small-to-moderate gas-and-ash eruptions have continued, occasionally
producing ashfall in neighboring towns and villages.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html
Popocatépetl Information from the Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1401-09=
RABAUL New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea 4.271°S, 152.203°E; summit
elev. 688 m
RVO reported that during 1-3 January, Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone
emitted steam plumes with small amounts of ash that rose to 1.0-2.7 km
(3,300-8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and N. Roaring noises accompanied
emissions on 2 January.
Geologic Summary. The low-lying Rabaul caldera on the tip of the Gazelle
Peninsula at the NE end of New Britain forms a broad sheltered harbor.
The outer flanks of the 688-m-high asymmetrical pyroclastic shield
volcano are formed by thick pyroclastic-flow deposits. The 8 x 14 km
caldera is widely breached on the E, where its floor is flooded by
Blanche Bay. Two major Holocene caldera-forming eruptions at Rabaul took
place as recently as 3,500 and 1,400 years ago. Three small
stratovolcanoes lie outside the northern and NE caldera rims.
Post-caldera eruptions built basaltic-to-dacitic pyroclastic cones on
the caldera floor near the NE and western caldera walls. Several of
these, including Vulcan cone, which was formed during a large eruption
in 1878, have produced major explosive activity during historical time.
A powerful explosive eruption in 1994 occurred simultaneously from
Vulcan and Tavurvur volcanoes and forced the temporary abandonment of
Rabaul city.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
Rabaul Information from the Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0502-14=
SANTA MARÍA Guatemala 14.756°N, 91.552°W; summit elev. 3,772 m
INSIVUMEH reported 37 weak to moderate explosions from Santa María's
Santiaguito lava-dome complex on 4 January. The moderate explosions
caused ashfall S and SE in the ranching areas of Monte Bello and Monte
Claro. About 21 block-and-ash flows were also observed. On 5 January,
explosions produced ash clouds that rose to 4.3-4.8 km (14,000-15,700
ft) a.s.l. Ashfall was noted from areas S and SE. The Washington VAAC
reported that ash puffs were visible on satellite imagery during 7-8
January.
Geologic Summary. Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa María volcano is one
of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rises dramatically above the
Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. The stratovolcano has a
sharp-topped, conical profile that is cut on the SW flank by a large,
1-km-wide crater, which formed during a catastrophic eruption in 1902
and extends from just below the summit to the lower flank. The renowned
Plinian eruption of 1902 followed a long repose period and devastated
much of SW Guatemala. The large dacitic Santiaguito lava-dome complex
has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since 1922. Compound
dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred episodically from four
westward-younging vents, accompanied by almost continuous minor
explosions and periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic
flows, and lahars.
Sources: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e
Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH)
http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/geofisica/boletin%20formato.htm,
Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html
Santa María Information from the Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1402-03=
ST. HELENS Washington, USA 46.20°N, 122.18°W; summit elev. 2,549 m
Data from deformation-monitoring instruments showed that during 3-9
January the lava dome at Mount St. Helens continued to grow. Seismicity
continued at low levels, punctuated by M 1.5-2.5 and occasionally larger
earthquakes. Inclement weather inhibited observations.
Geologic Summary. Prior to 1980, Mount St. Helens formed a conical,
youthful volcano sometimes known as the Fuji-san of America. During the
1980 eruption the upper 400 m of the summit was removed by slope
failure, leaving a 2 x 3.5 km horseshoe-shaped crater now partially
filled by a lava dome. Mount St. Helens was formed during nine eruptive
periods beginning about 40-50,000 years ago, and has been the most
active volcano in the Cascade Range during the Holocene. The modern
edifice was constructed during the last 2,200 years, when the volcano
produced basaltic as well as andesitic and dacitic products from summit
and flank vents. Historical eruptions in the 19th century originated
from the Goat Rocks area on the N flank, and were witnessed by early
settlers.
Source: US Geological Survey Cascades Volcano Observatory
http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/MSH/CurrentActivity/framework.html
St. Helens Information from the Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1201-05-
SUWANOSE-JIMA Ryukyu Islands, Japan 29.53°N, 129.72°E; summit elev. 799 m
Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported an eruption plume
from Suwanose-jima on 9 January. The altitude and direction of the plume
were not reported.
Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long, spindle-shaped island of Suwanose-jima
in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano
with two historically active summit craters. Only about 50 persons live
on the sparsely populated island. The summit of the volcano is truncated
by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the E flank that was
formed by edifice collapse. Suwanose-jima, one of Japan’s most
frequently active volcanoes, was in a state of intermittent strombolian
activity from On-take, the NE summit crater, that began in 1949 and
lasted nearly a half century. The largest historical eruption took place
in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits blanketed residential areas,
after which the island was uninhabited for around 70 years. The SW
crater produced lava flows that reached the western coast in 1813, and
lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884.
Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/JP/messages.html
Suwanose-jima Information from the Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0802-03=
TUNGURAHUA Ecuador 1.47°S, 78.44°W; summit elev. 5,023 m
During 3-9 January, seismicity at Tungurahua remained low to moderate
and visual observations were limited due to inclement weather.
Geologic Summary. The steep-sided Tungurahua stratovolcano towers more
than 3 km above its northern base. It sits ~140 km S of Quito, Ecuador’s
capital city, and is one of Ecuador's most active volcanoes. Historical
eruptions have been restricted to the summit crater. They have been
accompanied by strong explosions and sometimes by pyroclastic flows and
lava flows that reached populated areas at the volcano's base. The last
major eruption took place from 1916 to 1918, although minor activity
continued until 1925. The latest eruption began in October 1999 and
prompted temporary evacuation of the town of Baños on the N side of the
volcano.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Poltécnica Nacional
http://www.igepn.edu.ec/
Tungurahua Information from the Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1502-08=
ULAWUN New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea 5.04°S, 151.34°E; summit
elev. 2,334 m
The Darwin VAAC reported that diffuse steam-and-ash plumes from Ulawun
were visible on satellite imagery drifting SW on 4 January.
Geologic Summary. The symmetrical basaltic to andesitic Ulawun
stratovolcano is the highest volcano of the Bismarck arc, and one of
Papua New Guinea's most frequently active. Ulawun rises above the N
coast of New Britain opposite Bamus volcano. The upper 1,000 m of the
2,334-m-high volcano is unvegetated. A steep-walled valley cuts the NW
side of the volcano, and a flank lava-flow complex lies to the S of this
valley. Historical eruptions date back to the beginning of the 18th
century. Twentieth-century eruptions were mildly explosive until 1967,
but after 1970 several larger eruptions produced lava flows and basaltic
pyroclastic flows, greatly modifying the summit crater.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre
http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AU/messages.html
Ulawun Information from the Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0502-12=
**+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++**
**Sally Kuhn Sennert**
**Global Volcanism Program**
Smithsonian Institution
National Museum of Natural History MRC-119
Department of Mineral Sciences
Washington, D.C., 20560
http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm
Phone: 202.633.1805
Fax: 202.357.2476
<http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/>++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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