**************************************** GVP/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 27 September-3 October 2006 http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/ **************************************** New Activity/Unrest: | Fourpeaked <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/#fourpeak> , USA Ongoing Activity: | Fuego <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/#fuego> , Guatemala | Karymsky <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/#karymsky> , Russia | Kilauea <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/#kilauea> , USA | Mayon <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/#mayon> , Philippines | Pacaya <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/#pacaya> , Guatemala | Santa María <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/#santamar> , Guatemala | Soufrière Hills <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/#soufhill> , Montserrat | St. Helens <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/#sthelens> , USA | Tungurahua <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/#tungurah> , Ecuador | Ubinas <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/#ubinas> , Perú The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program <http://www.volcano.si.edu/> and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/> . Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, notices of volcanic activity posted on these pages are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm? content=disclaimers> " section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports on various volcanoes are published monthly in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note: Many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest FOURPEAKED Alaska Peninsula, USA 58.770°N, 153.672°W; summit elev. 2,105 m Volcanic unrest continued at Fourpeaked volcano during 23-29 September. Satellite observations by scientists from the University of Maryland-Baltimore County indicate that sulfur dioxide emission was continuing. Early in the week, AVO conducted several helicopter and fixed-wing missions during which observers photographed a linear series of vents running N from the summit for about 1 km. Some of the vents were vigorously emitting steam and other volcanic gases. Thermal measurements of up to 75°C were recorded at the vents, although steam was likely obscuring hotter areas. Adjacent glacial ice had been disrupted and showed signs of subsidence. Airborne gas measurements taken on 23, 24, and 30 September documented high emission rates of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide, and a distinct sulfur smell was evident up to 50 km from the summit. An AVO status report on 3 October noted that cloudy conditions had prevented visual or satellite observations, but limited seismic data now being received did not indicate significant volcanic activity. Geologic Summary. Poorly known Fourpeaked volcano in NE Katmai National Park consists of isolated outcrops surrounded by the Fourpeaked Glacier, which descends eastward almost to the Shelikof Strait. The orientation of lava flows and extensive hydrothermal alteration of rocks near the present summit suggest that it probably marks the vent of Fourpeaked volcano. Source: Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) <http://www.avo.alaska.edu/> Fourpeaked Information <http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1102-26-> from the Global Volcanism Program Ongoing Activity FUEGO Guatemala 14.47°N, 90.88°W; summit elev. 3,763 m; All times are local (= UTC - 6 hours) INSIVUMEH reports noted that frequent explosions at Fuego during 14-29 September sent incandescent lava 75-100 m above the crater rim and generated hot avalanches SW towards the Taniluyá River. Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active volcanoes, is one of three large stratovolcanoes <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/ stratovolcano.html> overlooking Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice, Meseta, lies between 3,763-m-high Fuego and its twin volcano to the N, Acatenango. Construction of Meseta volcano continued until the late Pleistocene or early Holocene <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/geo_time_scale.html> , after which growth of the modern Fuego volcano continued the southward migration of volcanism that began at Acatenango. Frequent vigorous historical eruptions have been recorded at Fuego since the onset of the Spanish era in 1524, and have produced major ashfalls, along with occasional pyroclastic flows <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/ Pglossary/PyroFlow.html> and lava flows. The last major explosive eruption from Fuego took place in 1974, producing spectacular pyroclastic flows visible from Antigua. Map <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm?content=maps#guatemala> Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia <http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/geofisica/boletin%20formato.htm> Fuego Information <http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1402-09=> from the Global Volcanism Program KARYMSKY Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia 54.05°N, 159.43°E; summit elev. 1,536 m Seismic data and satellite observations reported by KVERT indicated that moderate ash eruptions of Karymsky continued during 23-29 September. Weak local shallow earthquakes occurred at a rate of 100-250 per day. Ash explosions were thought to have risen to about 4.5 km (14,800 ft) a.s.l. on 22 September, and up to 2.5 km (8,200 ft) a.s.l. on the other days of that week. A thermal anomaly over the volcanic crater was noted on 23 and 26-27 September. The Level of Concern Color Code remained at Orange. Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/ stratovolcano.html> constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/ caldera.html> that formed about 7,600-7,700 radiocarbon years ago. Construction of the Karymsky stratovolcano began about 2,000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2,300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been Vulcanian <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/vulcanian.html> or Vulcanian-Strombolian <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/strombolian.html> with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions has originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, which is located immediately S of Karymsky volcano and erupted simultaneously with Karymsky in 1996. Map <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm?content=maps#kamchatka> Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) <http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/ updates.shtml> Karymsky Information <http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1000-13=> from the Global Volcanism Program KILAUEA Hawaii, USA 19.43°N, 155.29°W; summit elev. 1,222 m Fountaining on 28 September was reported about 15 m inland of the W edge of the East Lae`apuki bench. Lava jetted about 30 m in the air accompanied by loud rumbling and jetting sounds. Over the next couple of days, 3-4 lava streams were visible on the W side of East Lae`apuki entry, as were incidents of tephra jetting and lava fountaining 15-23 m (50-75 ft) high. Glow had been visible from the East Lae`apuki entry and the Campout flow breakout on the pali, but not from the Ka`ili`ili entry. The consistent lack of visible glow from the Ka`ili`ili entry is due to its inability to build a very large bench, so its continuing activity remains hidden at the base of the seacliff. Observers reported on 28 September that the floor of Drainhole vent had collapsed, and was replaced by an overturning lava pond. As of 29 September a new tube and flow were forming on the E side of the Campout flow. The USGS field crew also noticed a small stagnant breakout of lava at about 60 m (200 ft) elevation that flowed E to cover a little more of the long-abandoned Royal Gardens subdivision. Geologic Summary. Kilauea, one of five coalescing volcanoes that comprise the island of Hawaii, is one of the world's most active volcanoes. Eruptions at Kilauea originate primarily from the summit caldera <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/ caldera.html> or along one of the lengthy E and SW rift zones <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/ RiftZone.html> that extend from the caldera to the sea. About 90% of the surface of Kilauea is formed by lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the volcano's surface is younger than 600 years. The latest Kilauea eruption began in January 1983 along the E rift zone. This long-term ongoing eruption from Pu`u `O`o-Kupaianaha has produced lava flows that have traveled 11-12 km from the vents to the sea, paving broad areas on the S flank of Kilauea and adding new land beyond the former coastline. Map <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm?content=maps#hawaii> Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory <http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/update/> Kilauea Information <http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1302-01-> from the Global Volcanism Program MAYON southeastern Luzon, Philippines 13.257°N, 123.685°E In a 27 September report, PHIVOLCS noted continuing volcanic earthquakes, tremor episodes, and intermittent discharge of incandescent lava fragments along with intense glow from the crater. Steaming from the crater was moderate with white plumes drifting SW. Geologic Summary. Beautifully symmetrical Mayon volcano, which rises to 2,462 m above the Albay Gulf, is the Philippines' most active volcano. The structurally simple volcano has steep upper slopes that average 35-40° and is capped by a small summit crater. The historical eruptions of this basaltic <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/ Pglossary/basalt.html> -andesitic <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/andesite.html> volcano date back to 1616 and range from Strombolian <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/ Pglossary/strombolian.html> to basaltic Plinian <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/PlinianEruption.html> . Eruptions occur predominately from the central conduit and have also produced lava flows that travel far down the flanks. Pyroclastic flows <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/ Pglossary/PyroFlow.html> and mudflows have commonly swept down many of the approximately 40 ravines that radiate from the summit and have often devastated populated lowland areas. Mayon's most violent eruption, in 1814, killed more than 1,200 people and devastated several towns. Eruptions that began in February 2000 led PHIVOLCS to recommend on 23 February 2000 the evacuation of people within a radius of 7 km from the summit in the SE and within a 6 km radius for the rest of the volcano. Map <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm?content=maps#philippines> Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology <http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/> Mayon Information <http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0703-03=> from the Global Volcanism Program PACAYA southern Guatemala 14.38°N, 90.60°W; summit elev. 2,552 m; All times are local (= UTC - 6 hours) Lava flows have continued at Pacaya during 14-29 September, as reported by INSIVUMEH. The flows slowly advanced W towards Cerro Chino and NE towards Cerro Grande. White fumarolic emissions continued to rise from the MacKenney Cone. Geologic Summary. Eruptions from Pacaya, one of Guatemala's most active volcanoes, are frequently visible from Guatemala City, the nation's capital. Pacaya is a complex volcano constructed on the southern rim of the 14 x 16 km Pleistocene <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/geo_time_scale.html> Amatitlan caldera <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/caldera.html> . A cluster of dacitic <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/dacite.html> lava domes <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/LavaDome.html> occupies the caldera floor. The Pacaya massif includes the Cerro Grande lava dome and a younger volcano to the SW. Collapse of Pacaya volcano about 1,100 years ago produced a debris-avalanche <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/ DebrisAvalanche.html> deposit that extends 25 km onto the Pacific coastal plain and left an arcuate somma rim inside which the modern Pacaya volcano (MacKenney cone) grew. During the past several decades, activity at Pacaya has consisted of frequent Strombolian <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/strombolian.html> eruptions with intermittent lava flow extrusion on the flanks of MacKenney cone, punctuated by occasional larger explosive eruptions. Map <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm?content=maps#guatemala> Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) <http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/geofisica/boletin%20formato.htm> Pacaya Information <http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1402-11=> from the Global Volcanism Program SANTA MARÍA Guatemala 14.756°N 91.552°W; summit elev. 3,772; All times are local (= UTC - 6 hours) Explosive activity at Santa María has continued to be reported during 21-29 September by INSIVUMEH. Two explosions on 21 September caused minor ashfall and small block avalanches. A pyroclastic flow the next day was generated by material coming off of Caliente dome. Additional explosions reported on 26 and 29 September again caused ashfall to the SW. Lava extrusion on the 29th triggered avalanches that sent blocks to the base of the crater. Geologic Summary. Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa María volcano is one of a chain of large stratovolcanoes <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/stratovolcano.html> that rises dramatically above the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. The stratovolcano has a sharp-topped, conical profile that is cut on the SW flank by a large, 1-km-wide crater, which formed during a catastrophic eruption in 1902 and extends from just below the summit to the lower flank. The renowned Plinian <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/PlinianEruption.html> eruption of 1902 followed a long repose period and devastated much of SW Guatemala. The large dacitic <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/dacite.html> Santiaguito lava-dome <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/LavaDome.html> complex has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since 1922. Compound dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred episodically from four westward-younging vents, accompanied by almost continuous minor explosions and periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic flows <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/ PyroFlow.html> , and lahars <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/lahar.html> . Map <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm?content=maps#guatemala> Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) <http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/geofisica/boletin%20formato.htm> Santa María Information <http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1402-03=> from the Global Volcanism Program SOUFRIÈRE HILLS Montserrat, West Indies 16.72°N, 62.18°W; summit elev. 1,052 m Visual observations of Soufrière Hills during 22-29 September showed that the dome continued to grow at a moderate rate. Growth appeared to have occurred predominantly on the domes summit area, and on its eastern side, with a prominent lobe growing in this location. The vents just inside Gage's wall and on the summit of the dome periodically produced both ash and gases. There were also a number of pyroclastic flows during the period, some of which appear to have had explosive onsets in the seismic record. Northerly winds during 28 and 29 September resulted in minor ashfall in inhabited areas. The sulfur dioxide flux for the reporting period averaged around 450 tonnes/day, varying between 850 tonnes/day on 22 September and 190 tonnes/day on 26 September. Aviation ash advisories on 2-3 October described continuous ash emissions reaching 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. that eventually extended 140 km W. Geologic Summary. The complex dominantly andesitic <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/ Pglossary/andesite.html> Soufrière Hills volcano occupies the southern half of the island of Montserrat. The summit area consists primarily of a series of lava domes emplaced along an ESE-trending zone. English's Crater, a 1-km-wide crater breached widely to the E, was formed during an eruption about 4,000 years ago in which the summit collapsed, producing a large submarine debris avalanche. Block-and-ash flow and surge deposits associated with dome growth predominate in flank deposits at Soufrière Hills. Non-eruptive seismic swarms occurred at 30-year intervals in the 20th century, but with the exception of a 17th-century eruption that produced the Castle Peak lava dome <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/LavaDome.html> , no historical eruptions were recorded on Montserrat until 1995. Long-term small-to-moderate ash eruptions beginning in that year were later accompanied by lava-dome growth and pyroclastic flows <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/ PyroFlow.html> that forced evacuation of the southern half of the island and ultimately destroyed the capital city of Plymouth, causing major social and economic disruption. Map <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm?content=maps#monty> Sources: Montserrat Volcano Observatory <http://www.mvo.ms/> , Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center <http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html> Soufrière Hills Information <http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1600-05=> from the Global Volcanism Program ST. HELENS Washington, USA 46.20°N, 122.18°W; summit elev. 2,549 m There were minor rockfalls off of the new dome at St. Helens during 27 September-3 October as lava emerged slowly from the vent onto the S crater floor. Seismicity and rates of deformation were low. The new dome is now nearly as high as Shoestring notch on the SE crater wall. The alert-level system for all volcanoes monitored by the USGS was changed on 1 October from a numerical system to a descriptive system. In the new system, alert-level Normal indicates background conditions and is equivalent to aviation color-code Green. The previous alert levels of Volcanic Unrest (Alert Level 1), Volcano Advisory (Alert Level 2) and Volcano Alert (Alert Level 3) have changed to "Advisory," "Watch," and "Warning," respectively. There is a subtle change to the aviation color-code definitions in that there is no longer an ash-plume threshold given for either Orange or Red. For Mount St. Helens, the current hazard status is "Volcano alert level: Watch; Aviation color code ORANGE." The alert-level "Watch" is used for two different situations: (1) heightened or escalating unrest indicating a higher potential that an eruption is likely, but still not certain; or (2) an eruption that poses only limited hazard. Definition 2 fits the current lava-dome eruption at Mount St. Helens well. Geologic Summary. Prior to 1980, Mount St. Helens formed a conical, youthful volcano sometimes known as the Fuji-san of America. During the 1980 eruption the upper 400 m of the summit was removed by slope failure, leaving a 2 x 3.5 km horseshoe-shaped crater now partially filled by a lava dome <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/ Pglossary/LavaDome.html> . Mount St. Helens was formed during nine eruptive periods beginning about 40-50,000 years ago, and has been the most active volcano in the Cascade Range during the Holocene <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/geo_time_scale.html> . The modern edifice was constructed during the last 2,200 years, when the volcano produced basaltic <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/basalt.html> as well as andesitic <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/andesite.html> and dacitic <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/dacite.html> products from summit and flank vents. Historical eruptions in the 19th century originated from the Goat Rocks area on the N flank, and were witnessed by early settlers. Map <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm?content=maps#usa> Source: US Geological Survey Cascades Volcano Observatory <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/ MSH/CurrentActivity/framework.html> St. Helens Information <http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1201-05-> from the Global Volcanism Program TUNGURAHUA Ecuador 1.47°S, 78.44°W; summit elev. 5,023 m No ash emissions from Tungurahua were reported by the IG between 27 September and 2 October. However, a slow-moving lava flow was seen moving down the NNW flank on 2 October. Some fumarolic activity from the crater was observed this week when the weather was clear. On 3 October an explosion sent an ash plume to a height of 5 km above the summit, about 10 km (6,200 ft) a.s.l. Ash fell in nearby communities to the W. Multiple sources that contributed to an aviation ash advisory that indicated a higher-level plume to 9.8 km (32,000 ft) a.s.l. extending E to a distance of 22 km. Geologic Summary. The steep-sided Tungurahua stratovolcano <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/ Pglossary/stratovolcano.html> towers more than 3 km above its northern base. It sits ~140 km S of Quito, Ecuador's capital city, and is one of Ecuador's most active volcanoes. Historical eruptions have been restricted to the summit crater. They have been accompanied by strong explosions and sometimes by pyroclastic flows <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/ Products/Pglossary/PyroFlow.html> and lava flows that reached populated areas at the volcano's base. The last major eruption took place from 1916 to 1918, although minor activity continued until 1925. The latest eruption began in October 1999 and initially prompted temporary evacuation of the entire town of Baños on the N side of the volcano. Map <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm?content=maps#ecuador> Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional <http://www.igepn.edu.ec/> , Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center <http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html> Tungurahua Information <http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1502-08=> from the Global Volcanism Program UBINAS Perú 16.355°S, 70.903°W; summit elev. 5,672 m Aviation ash advisories for Ubinas, based on pilot reports, were issued by the Buenos Aires VAAC on 27, 28, and 30 September, and 1 October. The reports indicated continuous ash emissions. Geologic Summary. A small, 1.2-km-wide caldera <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/ caldera.html> that cuts the top of Ubinas, Peru's most active volcano, gives it a truncated appearance. Ubinas is the northernmost of three young volcanoes located along a regional structural lineament about 50 km behind the main volcanic front of Peru. The upper slopes of the stratovolcano <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/ stratovolcano.html> , composed primarily of Pleistocene <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/geo_time_scale.html> andesitic <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/andesite.html> lava flows, steepen to nearly 45 degrees. The steep-walled, 150-m-deep summit caldera contains an ash cone with a 500-m-wide funnel-shaped vent <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/ Products/Pglossary/vent.html> that is 200 m deep. Debris-avalanche deposits from the collapse of the SE flank of Ubinas extend 10 km from the volcano. Widespread Plinian <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/ Pglossary/PlinianEruption.html> pumice <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/pumice.html> -fall deposits from Ubinas include some of Holocene <http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/ geo_time_scale.html> age. Holocene lava flows are visible on the volcano's flanks, but historical activity, documented since the 16th century, has consisted of intermittent minor explosive eruptions. Source: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center <http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AG/ messages.html> Ubinas Information <http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1504-02=> from the Global Volcanism Program Additional Reports of Volcanic Activity by Country The following websites have frequently updated activity reports on volcanoes in addition to those that meet the criteria <http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm? content=disclaimers> for inclusion in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report. The websites are organized by country and are maintained by various agencies. Ecuador <http://www.igepn.edu.ec/> , Indonesia <http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/> , Japan <http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/vaac/new%20and%20topics.htm> , New Zealand <http://www.gns.cri.nz/hazardwatch/latest/index.html> , United States and Russia <http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/update.html> Sally Kuhn - Weekly Report Editor <mailto:kuhns@xxxxxx?subject=Weekly%20Report> URL: http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/ ============================================================== To unsubscribe from the volcano list, send the message: signoff volcano to: listserv@xxxxxxx, or write to: volcano-request@xxxxxxxx To contribute to the volcano list, send your message to: volcano@xxxxxxxx Please do not send attachments. ==============================================================
