************************************************************** GVP/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 26 April- 2 May 2006 ************************************************************** From: Gari Mayberry <mayberry@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx> GVP/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 26 April- 2 May 2006 http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/ New Activity/Unrest: | Merapi, Indonesia | Ubinas, Perú Ongoing Activity: | Augustine, USA | Barren Island, Andaman Islands | Bulusan, Philippines | Galeras, Colombia | Karymsky, Russia | Kilauea, USA | Lascar, Chile | Manam, Papua New Guinea | Raoul Island, New Zealand | Sakura-jima, Japan | San Cristóbal, Nicaragua | Soufrière Hills, Montserrat | St. Helens, USA | Tungurahua, Ecuador New Activity/Unrest MERAPI central Java, Indonesia 7.542°S, 110.442°E; summit elev. 2,947 m On 28 April, CVGHM observed a lava flow from Merapi traveling ~1.5 km SW to the Lamat River. On the 28th, seismicity was dominated by multiphase earthquakes. Signals from landslides, rockfalls, and low-frequency events were also recorded. According to news reports, around 27 April nearly 2,000 villagers were evacuated from Sidorejo and Tegalmulyo villages on the volcano's flanks. On the 27th, small amounts of ash fell in Gemer village about 5 km from Merapi's summit. Merapi remained at Alert Level 3 (on a scale of 1-4). Background. Merapi, one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, lies in one of the world's most densely populated areas and dominates the landscape immediately N of the major city of Yogyakarta. The steep-sided modern Merapi edifice, its upper part unvegetated due to frequent eruptive activity, was constructed to the SW of an arcuate scarp cutting the eroded older Batulawang volcano. Pyroclastic flows and lahars accompanying growth and collapse of the steep-sided active summit lava dome have devastated cultivated and inhabited lands on the volcano's western-to-southern flanks and caused many fatalities during historical time. The volcano is the object of extensive monitoring efforts by the Merapi Volcano Observatory of the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia. Sources: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/portal/html/index.php, Xinhua News http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-04/27/content_4482374.htm, Reuters http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/36193/story.htm Merapi Information from the Global Volcanism Program http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0603-25= UBINAS Perú 16.355°S, 70.903°W; summit elev. 5,672 m; All times are local (= UTC - 5 hours) According to INGEMMET, on 22 April at 0715 an explosion began at Ubinas that produced an ash-and-gas plume that reached a height between 1 and 3 km above the volcano (or 21,900 and 28,450 ft a.s.l.). This was the highest rising plume since activity began in late March. Continuous emissions occurred until 1600. Ash and gas emitted during 20-22 April traveled as far as 60 km from the volcano mainly NW, W, and SW, and traces of ash reached the Arequipa airport. During 25 and 26 April, the volume of ash emitted from the volcano decreased significantly. Gas plumes rose between 200 and 700 m above the volcano's caldera (or 19,300 and 20,900 ft a.s.l.). The Alert Level was reduced from Orange to Yellow. Seismicity during 22-26 April was higher than normal. The Buenos Aires VAAC posted volcanic ash advisories during the report period. Background. A small, 1.2-km-wide caldera that cuts the top of Ubinas, Peru's most active volcano, gives it a truncated appearance. Ubinas is the northernmost of three young volcanoes located along a regional structural lineament about 50 km behind the main volcanic front of Peru. The upper slopes of the stratovolcano, composed primarily of Pleistocene andesitic lava flows, steepen to nearly 45 degrees. The steep-walled, 150-m-deep summit caldera contains an ash cone with a 500-m-wide funnel-shaped vent that is 200 m deep. Debris-avalanche deposits from the collapse of the SE flank of Ubinas extend 10 km from the volcano. Widespread plinian pumice-fall deposits from Ubinas include some of Holocene age. Holocene lava flows are visible on the volcano's flanks, but historical activity, documented since the 16th century, has consisted of intermittent minor explosive eruptions. Sources: Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico (INGEMMET) http://www.ingemmet.gob.pe, Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AG/messages.html Ubinas Information from the Global Volcanism Program http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1504-02= Ongoing Activity AUGUSTINE SW Alaska, USA 59.363°N, 153.43°W; summit elev. 1,252 m AVO reduced the Concern Color Code at Augustine from Orange to Yellow on 28 April <http://www.avo.alaska.edu/color_codes.php>. As of the 28th, instrumental and visual observations indicated that the growth of the summit lava dome and lava-flow emissions had stopped, or continued at very low rates. Seismic data showed that rockfalls and avalanches occurred at a diminished level. No changes were seen at the summit during the previous several weeks. AVO warned that despite the apparent cessation of lava-dome growth, the new dome and lava flows are still highly unstable, and rockfalls and avalanches are still occurring and may continue for several weeks or months. Background. Augustine volcano, rising above Kamishak Bay in the southern Cook Inlet about 290 km SW of Anchorage, is the most active volcano of the eastern Aleutian arc. It consists of a complex of overlapping summit lava domes surrounded by an apron of volcaniclastic debris that descends to the sea on all sides. Few lava flows are exposed; the flanks consist mainly of debris- avalanche and pyroclastic-flow deposits formed by repeated collapse and regrowth of the volcano's summit. The latest episode of edifice collapse occurred during Augustine's largest historical eruption in 1883; subsequent dome growth has restored the volcano to a height comparable to that prior to 1883. The oldest dated volcanic rocks on Augustine are more than 40,000 years old. At least 11 large debris avalanches have reached the sea during the past 1800-2000 years, and five major pumiceous tephras have been erupted during this interval. Historical eruptions have typically consisted of explosive activity with emplacement of pumiceous pyroclastic-flow deposits followed by lava dome extrusion with associated block-and-ash flows. Sources: Alaska Volcano Observatory http://www.avo.alaska.edu/activity/avoreport.php?view=update, Anchorage Volcanic Ash Advisory Center http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AK/messages.html Augustine Information from the Global Volcanism Program http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1103-01- BARREN ISLAND Andaman Islands, Indian Ocean, India 12.29°N, 93.88°E; summit elev. 354 m A plume emitted from Barren Island was visible on satellite imagery on 2 May at a height near 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. Background. Barren Island, a possession of India in the Andaman Sea about 135 km NE of Port Blair in the Andaman Islands, is the only historically active volcano along the N-S-trending volcanic arc extending between Sumatra and Burma (Myanmar). The 354-m-high island is the emergent summit of a volcano that rises from a depth of about 2,250 m. The small, uninhabited 3-km-wide island contains a roughly 2-km-wide caldera with walls 250-350 m high. The caldera, which is open to the sea on the W, was created during a major explosive eruption in the late Pleistocene that produced pyroclastic-flow and - surge deposits. The morphology of a fresh pyroclastic cone that was constructed in the center of the caldera has varied during the course of historical eruptions. Lava flows fill much of the caldera floor and have reached the sea along the western coast during historical eruptions. Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AU/messages.html Barren Island Information from the Global Volcanism Program http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0600-01= BULUSAN Luzon, Philippines 12.770°N, 124.05°E; summit elev. 1,565 m; All times are local (= UTC + 8 hours) According to news reports, on 29 April at 1044 an explosion at Bulusan produced an ash plume that rose ~1.6 km above the volcano (or 10,400 ft a.s.l.). Ash fell on nearby villages. People are not permitted to enter within 4 km of the volcano's crater. Background. Luzon's southernmost volcano, Bulusan, was constructed within the 11-km-diameter dacitic Irosin caldera, which was formed more than 36,000 years ago. A broad, flat moat is located below the prominent SW caldera rim; the NE rim is buried by the andesitic Bulusan complex. Bulusan is flanked by several other large intracaldera lava domes and cones, including the prominent Mount Jormajan lava dome on the SW flank and Sharp Peak to the NE. The summit of Bulusan volcano is unvegetated and contains a 300-m wide, 50-m-deep crater. Three small craters are located on the SE flank. Many moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded at Bulusan since the mid-19th century. Sources: AFP http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20060429/wl_asia_afp/philippinesvolcano_06042909270 5, INQ7.net http://news.inq7.net/breaking/index.php?index=2&story_id=74339 Bulusan Information from the Global Volcanism Program http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0703-01= GALERAS Colombia 1.22°N, 77.37°W; summit elev. 4,276 m INGEOMINAS reported that Galeras remained at a critical state during 21 April to 1 May, with a partially solidified lava dome in the main crater and low levels of seismicity. The sulfur-dioxide flux continued at low levels. Galeras remained at Alert Level 2 (likely eruption in days or weeks). Background. Galeras, a stratovolcano with a large breached caldera located immediately W of the city of Pasto, is one of Colombia's most frequently active volcanoes. The dominantly andesitic Galeras volcanic complex has been active for more than 1 million years, and two major caldera collapse eruptions took place during the late Pleistocene. Long-term extensive hydrothermal alteration has affected the volcano. This has contributed to large-scale edifice collapse that has occurred on at least three occasions, producing debris avalanches that swept to the W and left a large horseshoe-shaped caldera inside which the modern cone has been constructed. Major explosive eruptions since the mid Holocene have produced widespread tephra deposits and pyroclastic flows that swept all but the southern flanks. A central cone slightly lower than the caldera rim has been the site of numerous small-to- moderate historical eruptions since the time of the Spanish conquistadors. Source: Instituto Colombiano de Geología y Minería http://www.ingeominas.gov.co/tmsingeominas/ModuloPublicacionPortal/PublicacionP ortal.asp Galeras Information from the Global Volcanism Program http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1501-08= KARYMSKY Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia 54.05°N, 159.43°E; summit elev. 1,536 m Intermittent eruptive activity continued at Karymsky during 21-28 April. Based on interpretations of seismic data, ash plumes rose to a height of ~3.8 km (12,500 ft) a.s.l. during the report week. Satellite imagery showed a large thermal anomaly at the volcano's crater, and numerous ash plumes and deposits extending 10-200 km SE and E of the volcano. Karymsky remained at Concern Color Code Orange <http://www.avo.alaska.edu/color_codes.php>. Background. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed about 7,600-7,700 radiocarbon years ago. Construction of the Karymsky stratovolcano began about 2,000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2,300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been Vulcanian or Vulcanian-Strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions has originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, which is located immediately S of Karymsky volcano and erupted simultaneously with Karymsky in 1996. Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team http://www.kcs.iks.ru/ivs/kvert/updates.shtml Karymsky Information from the Global Volcanism Program http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1000-13= KILAUEA Hawaii, USA 19.43°N, 155.29°W; summit elev. 1,222 m During 26 April to 2 May, lava from Kilauea continued to flow off of a lava delta into the ocean at the East Lae`apuki entry. No surface lava flows were visible on the Puluma pali fault scarp, as has been the case since 8 February. Continuous low-level volcanic tremor was recorded at Kilauea's summit, accompanied by a few small earthquakes. Volcanic tremor reached moderate levels at Pu`u `O`o. Small amounts of inflation and deflation occurred at the volcano. Background. Kilauea, one of five coalescing volcanoes that comprise the island of Hawaii, is one of the world's most active volcanoes. Eruptions at Kilauea originate primarily from the summit caldera or along one of the lengthy E and SW rift zones that extend from the caldera to the sea. About 90% of the surface of Kilauea is formed by lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the volcano's surface is younger than 600 years. The latest Kilauea eruption began in January 1983 along the E rift zone. This long-term ongoing eruption from Pu`u `O`o-Kupaianaha has produced lava flows that have traveled 11-12 km from the vents to the sea, paving about 104 km2 of land on the S flank of Kilauea and building more than 200 hectares of new land. Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/update.html Kilauea information from the Global Volcanism Program http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1302-01- LASCAR northern Chile 23.37°S, 67.73°W; summit elev. 5,592 m Based on information from a significant meteorological forecast (SIGMET), the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 28 April a W-drifting ash cloud was observed at a height around 6.1-7.6 km (20,000-25,000 ft) a.s.l. The Aviation Color Code was at Red. Later that day activity was no longer observed and the Aviation Color Code was reduced to Green. Background. Lascar is the most active volcano of the northern Chilean Andes. The andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano contains six overlapping summit craters and lies 5 km W of an older, higher stratovolcano, Volcán Aguas Calientes. Lascar consists of two major edifices; activity began at the eastern volcano and then shifted to the western cone. The largest eruption of Lascar took place about 26,500 years ago, and following the eruption of the Tumbres scoria flow about 9,000 years ago, activity shifted back to the eastern edifice, where three overlapping craters were formed. Frequent small-to-moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded from Lascar in historical time since the mid-19th century, along with periodic larger eruptions that produced ashfall hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano. The largest historical eruption of Lascar took place in 1993 and produced pyroclastic flows that extended up to 8.5 km NW of the summit. Source: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AG/messages.html Lascar Information from the Global Volcanism Program http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1505-10= MANAM offshore New Guinea, Papua New Guinea 4.10°S, 145.06°E; summit elev. 1,807 m Ash from Manam was observed on satellite imagery on 28 April at a height of ~3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. Background. The 10-km-wide island of Manam is one of Papua New Guinea's most active volcanoes. Four large radial valleys extend from the unvegetated summit of the conical 1,807-m-high stratovolcano to its lower flanks. These "avalanche valleys," regularly spaced 90 degrees apart, channel lava flows and pyroclastic avalanches that have sometimes reached the coast. Five satellitic centers are located near the island's shoreline. Two summit craters are present; both are active, although most historical eruptions have originated from the southern crater, concentrating eruptive products during the past century into the SE avalanche valley. Frequent historical eruptions have been recorded since 1616. Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/advisories.shtml, Rabaul Volcano Observatory Manam Information from the Global Volcanism Program http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0501-02= RAOUL ISLAND Kermadec Islands, New Zealand 29.27°S, 177.92°W; summit elev. 516 m Hydrothermal activity at Raoul Island's Green Lake crater had declined significantly as of 28 April and the lake water level continued to fall. The Alert Level at Raoul Island was reduced from 2 to 1 (some signs of volcano unrest), on a scale of 0-5. Background. Anvil-shaped Raoul Island, the largest and northernmost of the Kermadec Islands, has been the source of vigorous eruptive activity during the past several thousand years that was dominated by dacitic explosive eruptions. Two Holocene calderas are found at Raoul. The older caldera cuts the center of Raoul Island and is about 2.5 x 3.5 km wide. Denham caldera, formed during a major dacitic explosive eruption about 2,200 years ago, truncated the western side of the island and is 6.5 x 4 km wide. Historical eruptions at Raoul during the 19th and 20th centuries have sometimes occurred simultaneously from both calderas, and have consisted of small-to-moderate phreatic eruptions, some of which formed ephemeral islands in Denham caldera. A 240-m-high unnamed submarine cone, one of several located along a fissure on the lower NNE flank of Raoul Island volcano, has also erupted during historical time. Source: Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences (GNS) http://data.geonet.org.nz/geonews/index.html Raoul Island Information from the Global Volcanism Program http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0402-03= SAKURA-JIMA Kyushu, Japan 31.58°N, 130.67°E; summit elev. 1,117 m Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an explosion at Sakura-jima on 28 April produced an ash plume that rose to 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. An explosion on 1 May produced a plume that rose to an unknown height. Background. Sakura-jima, one of Japan's most active volcanoes, is a post- caldera cone of the Aira caldera at the northern half of Kagoshima Bay. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow was associated with the formation of the 17 x 23-km-wide Aira caldera about 22,000 years ago. The construction of Sakura-jima began about 13,000 years ago and built an island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kita-dake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minami-dake. Frequent historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century, have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical eruption took place during 1471-76. Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/JP/messages.html Sakura-jima Information from the Global Volcanism Program http://www.volcano.si.edu/gvp/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0802-08= SAN CRISTÓBAL Nicaragua 12.702°N, 87.004°W; summit elev. 1,745 m; All times are local (= UTC - 6 hours) Phreatomagmatic eruptions began at San Cristóbal on 21 April. Seismic tremor increased at the volcano that same day around 1300. Small explosions produced gas-and-ash plumes during 21-23 April that deposited small amounts of ash in nearby towns. Background. The San Cristóbal volcanic complex, consisting of five principal volcanic edifices, forms the NW end of the Marrabios Range. The symmetrical 1,745-m-high youngest cone, the namesake San Cristóbal (also known as El Viejo), is Nicaragua's highest volcano and is capped by a 500 x 600 m wide crater. El Chonco, with several flank lava domes, is located 4 km to the W of San Cristóbal; it and the eroded Moyotepe volcano, 4 km to the NE of San Cristóbal, are of Pleistocene age. Volcán Casita contains an elongated summit crater and lies immediately E of San Cristóbal; Casita was the site of a catastrophic landslide and lahar in 1998. The Plio-Pleistocene La Pelona caldera is located at the eastern end of the San Cristóbal complex. Historical eruptions from San Cristóbal, consisting of small-to-moderate explosive activity, have been reported since the 16th century. Some other 16th-century eruptions attributed to Casita volcano are uncertain and may pertain to other Marrabios Range volcanoes. Source: Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER) http://www.ineter.gob.ni/geofisica/vol/cristobal/cristobal.html San Cristóbal Information from the Global Volcanism Program http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1404-02= SOUFRIÈRE HILLS Montserrat, West Indies 16.72°N, 62.18°W; summit elev. 1,052 m Observations of Soufrière Hills during 21-28 April revealed that lava extrusion continued. Dome growth occurred over a sector extending SW to NE. The eastward facing lobe continued to grow on the NE side of the dome and a central spine was observed on 28 April. Small rockfalls and pyroclastic flows continued to initiate from the active E flank of the dome, adding to the talus in the upper reaches of the Tar River Valley. Rockfalls were accompanied by minor ash venting. Thermal images taken on 27 April indicated some very hot (in excess of 400 degrees centigrade) areas on the E flank of the dome. During the report period seismicity was dominated by rockfalls, as has been the case throughout the on-going phase of dome growth. The sulfur-dioxide flux averaged 520 metric tons per day, close to the long-term average for the entire eruption. Background. The complex dominantly andesitic Soufrière Hills volcano occupies the southern half of the island of Montserrat. The summit area consists primarily of a series of lava domes emplaced along an ESE-trending zone. English's Crater, a 1-km-wide crater breached widely to the east, was formed during an eruption about 4000 years ago in which the summit collapsed, producing a large submarine debris avalanche. Block-and-ash flow and surge deposits associated with dome growth predominate in flank deposits at Soufrière Hills. Non-eruptive seismic swarms occurred at 30-year intervals in the 20th century, but with the exception of a 17th-century eruption that produced the Castle Peak lava dome, no historical eruptions were recorded on Montserrat until 1995. Long-term small-to-moderate ash eruptions beginning in that year were later accompanied by lava-dome growth and pyroclastic flows that forced evacuation of the southern half of the island and ultimately destroyed the capital city of Plymouth, causing major social and economic disruption. Sources: Montserrat Volcano Observatory http://www.mvo.ms/, Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html Soufrière Hills Information from the Global Volcanism Program http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1600-05= ST. HELENS Washington, USA 46.20°N, 122.18°W; summit elev. 2,549 m Growth of the new lava dome inside the crater of Mount St. Helens continued during 26 April to 2 May, accompanied by low rates of seismicity, low emissions of steam and volcanic gases, and minor production of ash. Seismicity continued as very small periodic earthquakes, recurring every few minutes, punctuated by occasional larger earthquakes. The active lava dome continued to build towards the W. St. Helens remained at Volcano Advisory (Alert Level 2); aviation color code Orange. Background. Prior to 1980, Mount St. Helens formed a conical, youthful volcano sometimes known as the Fuji-san of America. During the 1980 eruption the upper 400 m of the summit was removed by slope failure, leaving a 2 x 3.5 km horseshoe-shaped crater now partially filled by a lava dome. Mount St. Helens was formed during nine eruptive periods beginning about 40-50,000 years ago, and has been the most active volcano in the Cascade Range during the Holocene. The modern edifice was constructed during the last 2,200 years, when the volcano produced basaltic as well as andesitic and dacitic products from summit and flank vents. Historical eruptions in the 19th century originated from the Goat Rocks area on the N flank, and were witnessed by early settlers. Source: USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/MSH/CurrentActivity/framework.html St. Helens Information from the Global Volcanism Program http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1201-05- TUNGURAHUA Ecuador 1.47°S, 78.44°W; summit elev. 5,023 m During 28 April-1 May, small-to-moderate explosions at Tungurahua produced gas, steam, and small amounts of ash. Seismicity was at relatively high levels. A plume rose to a maximum height of ~2 km above the volcano (or 23,050 ft a.s.l.) on 28 April. Background. The steep-sided Tungurahua stratovolcano towers more than 3 km above its northern base. It sits ~140 km S of Quito, Ecuador's capital city, and is one of Ecuador's most active volcanoes. Historical eruptions have been restricted to the summit crater. They have been accompanied by strong explosions and sometimes by pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached populated areas at the volcano's base. The last major eruption took place from 1916 to 1918, although minor activity continued until 1925. The latest eruption began in October 1999 and prompted temporary evacuation of the town of Baños on the N side of the volcano. Sources: Instituto Geofisico-Escuela Poltecnica Nacional http://www.igepn.edu.ec/vulcanologia/tungurahua/actividad/informet.htm, Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html Tungurahua Information from the Global Volcanism Program http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1502-08= ============================================================== To unsubscribe from the volcano list, send the message: signoff volcano to: listserv@xxxxxxx, or write to: volcano-request@xxxxxxxx To contribute to the volcano list, send your message to: volcano@xxxxxxxx Please do not send attachments. ==============================================================
