Joe, I'm sure Jeremy will come back with the next step and reasons for reboot. Anyhow, the perms in / are all drwxr-xr-x except lost+found and root. I get - No such file or directory for ls -l /tmp. What d'ya think?
Ouch - without a /tmp directory you'll be hard pressed to do just about anything meaningful.
The present crisis may be averted by recreating /tmp and giving it permissions 1777 -
The big question is, how did it get nuked? and whatever nuked /tmp, what else might it have nuked?
After recreating /tmp, try the command
rpm -Va | tee rpmva.out
and see what packages have damaged or missing pieces....
If /tmp was the only problem, you should be able to start X again.
Joe