i'd like to clarify when i should expect to have DMA enabled on my system (dell laptop). starting from the beginning, i know that you can configure DMA in general in /etc/sysconfig/harddisks, which will apply to *all* hard drives, or individually in /etc/sysconfig/harddiskhd[abcd...]. based on what is pretty much a stock shrike install (with the exception of the 2.5.70 kernel), "hdparm" tells me that my /dev/hda drive currently has DMA turned on. yet, i never turned it on, i've got only the file /etc/sysconfig/harddisks, and that has the line # USE_DMA=1 so it's commented out. i'm working my way through the hdparm section in /etc/rc.sysinit to see why DMA is currently active, since i would have expected to have to set it *somewhere* to get it. any thoughts? is there an overview of DMA somewhere that goes over this? thanks. rday -- Robert P. J. Day Eno River Technologies Unix, Linux and Open Source training Waterloo, Ontario www.enoriver.com