>>>>> "Rory" == Rory Campbell-Lange <rory@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx> writes: Rory> Or: Rory> iconv -f WINDOWS-1252 -t UTF-8 -c < tempfile2 > tempfile3 No. That's just a conversion of win1252 to utf8 without regard for any UTF8 that might already be present in the input. Any such input will end up double-encoded, requiring further work to fix. -- Andrew (irc:RhodiumToad)