I think the answer is found in the Intel manual - exception/trap/interrupt handling. The answer is when any of the three mentioned events happened, hardware will trigger the IDT into action, and if the CPL is not the same, "stack switching" will occur. IDT does not have any "return address" as I have wrongly said, but a descriptor value instead. -- To unsubscribe from this list: send an email with "unsubscribe kernelnewbies" to ecartis@xxxxxxxxxxxx Please read the FAQ at http://kernelnewbies.org/FAQ