There has been much research done in the area of energy consumption. I'm mainly work in file systems and storage, so I know of some papers from that area: - [SOSP 05] FS2: Dynamic Data Replication in Free Disk Space for Improving Disk Performance and Energy Consumption - [USENIX 04] Energy Efficient Prefetching and Caching - [OSDI 04] Energy-Efficiency and Storage Flexibility in the Blue File System See how they measured energy consumption. You can also look at their citations to find more general papers relating to energy efficiency. Avishay -- Kernelnewbies: Help each other learn about the Linux kernel. Archive: http://mail.nl.linux.org/kernelnewbies/ FAQ: http://kernelnewbies.org/faq/