Hi, Do every system call have a wrapper, which runs in user space and copies the system call number in the register and then switches the CPU mode to kernel mode ? Please explain. Also when is the kernel stack for a process created ? Is it when the process is created or when the process comes to the kernel mode on invoking a system call ? Thanks, Rajaram. -- Rajaram Surya rajaram_irtt3@xxxxxxxxxxx -- http://www.fastmail.fm - Email service worth paying for. Try it for free -- Rajaram Surya rajaram_irtt3@xxxxxxxxxxx -- http://www.fastmail.fm - Accessible with your email software or over the web -- Kernelnewbies: Help each other learn about the Linux kernel. Archive: http://mail.nl.linux.org/kernelnewbies/ FAQ: http://kernelnewbies.org/faq/