hi all, The following is been quoted from : "Unreliable Guide To Hacking The Linux Kernel" "At any time each of the CPUs in a system can be: 1) not associated with any process, serving a hardware interrupt; 2) not associated with any process, serving a softirq, tasklet or bh; 3) running in kernel space, associated with a process; 4) running a process in user space. " I have some confusions here . In (3) running in kernel space, associated with a process; - can this state be understood as - the kernel is executing a system call() on behalf of a process ? i'am not clear about the last one (4) too . I understood it as the CPU executing a statement like - count = count + 1; in a user program. Please feel free to correct me,if my understanding is wrong . Thanks for your time. cheers, Amith -- Kernelnewbies: Help each other learn about the Linux kernel. Archive: http://mail.nl.linux.org/kernelnewbies/ FAQ: http://kernelnewbies.org/faq/