Regarding vmaps, I found that this syntax works: icmpv6 type . icmpv6 code . ip6 saddr . ip6 daddr . ct state vmap { 1 . 1 . ::/0 . ::/0 . established : continue } However, just like with sets, this does not work: icmpv6 type . icmpv6 code . ip6 saddr . ip6 daddr . ct state vmap { 1 . 1 . ::/0 . @ONE . established : continue } Is there really no way to refer to a set from within a concatenation/map?