Hi ding, Thursday, January 8, 2004, 3:55:56 AM, you wrote: dd> I'm reading some source code for more details, bu i stopped at dd> return NF_HOOK(PF_INET, NF_IP_POST_ROUTING, skb, NULL, dd> dev,ip_finish_output2); dd> in ip_output.c::ip_finish_output() dd> cause i don't know what part of code does POST_ROUTING work and SNAT dd> implementation. I think you are wrong place both in the point of list and code. NF_HOOK is macro which is defined in include/linux/netfilter.h like this: #define NF_HOOK(pf, hook, skb, indev, outdev, okfn) \ (list_empty(&nf_hooks[(pf)][(hook)]) \ ? (okfn)(skb) \ : nf_hook_slow((pf), (hook), (skb), (indev), (outdev), (okfn))) Simply, It calls all registered functions in NF_IP_POST_ROUTING per protocol, in this case IPv4, and then gives control to ip_finish_output2(). So If you are interested in SNAT, you should take a look at net/ipv4/netfilter/ip_nat_standalone.c: /* After packet filtering, change source */ static struct nf_hook_ops ip_nat_out_ops = { { NULL, NULL }, ip_nat_out, PF_INET, NF_IP_POST_ROUTING, NF_IP_PRI_NAT_SRC}; ... nf_register_hook(&ip_nat_out_ops); ... then above in the same file: static unsigned int ip_nat_out() { ... return ip_nat_fn(hooknum, pskb, in, out, okfn); } That is, you should track down this path... -- Bora Sahin borasahin.port5.com