I'm not fully sure of some of the things you wrote. I use JavaScripts on my web space because my ISP no longer supported the use of cgi scripts in the server. They were afraid of overloading their servers or something. I have since moved my pages to geocities where I think there are certain cgi scripts that are available. Mostly what I use are simple things like a changing Welcome message, a selection box and a button or two. If for no other reason, I think it is cool. I also have regular hyperlinks for folks who don't have a JS capable browser. from KH --- You Wrote: --- But it is not unique in this ability. And, it makes assumptions about available resources client side. So, I reject that js is somehow necessary for such things as you describe. Yes, I know, I hear this argument all the time. It comes down to large sites wanting to offload cycles to the client, rather than supporting larger capacity servers and do the work server side. But this is not a path to device independence, and is, in my view, a false economy.