Just a couple of questions and comments as a user. I apologize if this is the wrong time to make them, feel free to ignore them. 1. It's becoming difficult to understand how zcache, zcache2, zram, and now zswap, interact and/or overlap with each other. For instance, I am examining the possibility of using zcache2 and zram in parallel. Should I also/instead consider zswap, using a plain RAM disk as the swap device? 2. Zswap looks like a two-stage swap device, with one stage being compressed memory. I don't know if and where the abstraction breaks, and what the implementation issues would be, but I would find it easier to view and configure this as a two-stage swap, where one stage is chosen as zcache (but could be something else). 3. As far as I can tell, none of these compressors has a good way of balancing the amount of memory dedicated to compression against the pressure on the rest of the memory. On both zram and zswap, we set a max size for the compressed data. That size determines how much RAM is left for the working set, which should remain uncompressed. But the size of the working set can vary significantly with the load. If we choose the size based on a worst-case working set, we'll be underutilizing RAM on average. If we choose it smaller than that, the worst-case working set will cause excessive CPU use and thrashing. Thanks! P.S. For us, the situation in case 3 is improved from having centralized control over all (relevant) processes. If we can detect thrashing, we can activate the tab discarder and decrease the load. On Tue, Dec 11, 2012 at 1:55 PM, Seth Jennings <sjenning@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx> wrote: > Zswap Overview: > > Zswap is a lightweight compressed cache for swap pages. It takes > pages that are in the process of being swapped out and attempts to > compress them into a dynamically allocated RAM-based memory pool. > If this process is successful, the writeback to the swap device is > deferred and, in many cases, avoided completely. This results in > a significant I/O reduction and performance gains for systems that > are swapping. The results of a kernel building benchmark indicate a > runtime reduction of 53% and an I/O reduction 76% with zswap vs normal > swapping with a kernel build under heavy memory pressure (see > Performance section for more). > > Patchset Structure: > 1-4: improvements/changes to zsmalloc > 5: add atomic_t get/set to debugfs > 6: promote zsmalloc to /lib > 7-8: add zswap and documentation > > Targeting this for linux-next. > > Rationale: > > Zswap provides compressed swap caching that basically trades CPU cycles > for reduced swap I/O. This trade-off can result in a significant > performance improvement as reads to/writes from to the compressed > cache almost always faster that reading from a swap device > which incurs the latency of an asynchronous block I/O read. > > Some potential benefits: > * Desktop/laptop users with limited RAM capacities can mitigate the > performance impact of swapping. > * Overcommitted guests that share a common I/O resource can > dramatically reduce their swap I/O pressure, avoiding heavy > handed I/O throttling by the hypervisor. This allows more work > to get done with less impact to the guest workload and guests > sharing the I/O subsystem > * Users with SSDs as swap devices can extend the life of the device by > drastically reducing life-shortening writes. > > Zswap evicts pages from compressed cache on an LRU basis to the backing > swap device when the compress pool reaches it size limit or the pool is > unable to obtain additional pages from the buddy allocator. This > requirement had been identified in prior community discussions. > > Compressed swap is also provided in zcache, along with page cache > compression and RAM clustering through RAMSter. Zswap seeks to deliver > the benefit of swap compression to users in a discrete function. > This design decision is akin to Unix design philosophy of doing one > thing well, it leaves file cache compression and other features > for separate code. > > Design: > > Zswap receives pages for compression through the Frontswap API and > is able to evict pages from its own compressed pool on an LRU basis > and write them back to the backing swap device in the case that the > compressed pool is full or unable to secure additional pages from > the buddy allocator. > > Zswap makes use of zsmalloc for the managing the compressed memory > pool. This is because zsmalloc is specifically designed to minimize > fragmentation on large (> PAGE_SIZE/2) allocation sizes. Each > allocation in zsmalloc is not directly accessible by address. > Rather, a handle is return by the allocation routine and that handle > must be mapped before being accessed. The compressed memory pool grows > on demand and shrinks as compressed pages are freed. The pool is > not preallocated. > > When a swap page is passed from frontswap to zswap, zswap maintains > a mapping of the swap entry, a combination of the swap type and swap > offset, to the zsmalloc handle that references that compressed swap > page. This mapping is achieved with a red-black tree per swap type. > The swap offset is the search key for the tree nodes. > > Zswap seeks to be simple in its policies. Sysfs attributes allow for > two user controlled policies: > * max_compression_ratio - Maximum compression ratio, as as percentage, > for an acceptable compressed page. Any page that does not compress > by at least this ratio will be rejected. > * max_pool_percent - The maximum percentage of memory that the compressed > pool can occupy. > > To enabled zswap, the "enabled" attribute must be set to 1 at boot time. > > Zswap allows the compressor to be selected at kernel boot time by > setting the “compressor” attribute. The default compressor is lzo. > > A debugfs interface is provided for various statistic about pool size, > number of pages stored, and various counters for the reasons pages > are rejected. > > Performance, Kernel Building: > > Setup > ======== > Gentoo w/ kernel v3.7-rc7 > Quad-core i5-2500 @ 3.3GHz > 512MB DDR3 1600MHz (limited with mem=512m on boot) > Filesystem and swap on 80GB HDD (about 58MB/s with hdparm -t) > majflt are major page faults reported by the time command > pswpin/out is the delta of pswpin/out from /proc/vmstat before and after > the make -jN > > Summary > ======== > * Zswap reduces I/O and improves performance at all swap pressure levels. > > * Under heavy swaping at 24 threads, zswap reduced I/O by 76%, saving > over 1.5GB of I/O, and cut runtime in half. > > Details > ======== > I/O (in pages) > base zswap change change > N pswpin pswpout majflt I/O sum pswpin pswpout majflt I/O sum %I/O MB > 8 1 335 291 627 0 0 249 249 -60% 1 > 12 3688 14315 5290 23293 123 860 5954 6937 -70% 64 > 16 12711 46179 16803 75693 2936 7390 46092 56418 -25% 75 > 20 42178 133781 49898 225857 9460 28382 92951 130793 -42% 371 > 24 96079 357280 105242 558601 7719 18484 109309 135512 -76% 1653 > > Runtime (in seconds) > N base zswap %change > 8 107 107 0% > 12 128 110 -14% > 16 191 179 -6% > 20 371 240 -35% > 24 570 267 -53% > > %CPU utilization (out of 400% on 4 cpus) > N base zswap %change > 8 317 319 1% > 12 267 311 16% > 16 179 191 7% > 20 94 143 52% > 24 60 128 113% > > Patchset is based on next-20121210 > > Seth Jennings (8): > staging: zsmalloc: add gfp flags to zs_create_pool > staging: zsmalloc: remove unsed pool name > staging: zsmalloc: add page alloc/free callbacks > staging: zsmalloc: make CLASS_DELTA relative to PAGE_SIZE > debugfs: add get/set for atomic types > zsmalloc: promote to lib/ > zswap: add to mm/ > zswap: add documentation > > Documentation/vm/zswap.txt | 74 ++ > drivers/staging/Kconfig | 2 - > drivers/staging/Makefile | 1 - > drivers/staging/zcache/zcache-main.c | 7 +- > drivers/staging/zram/zram_drv.c | 4 +- > drivers/staging/zram/zram_drv.h | 3 +- > drivers/staging/zsmalloc/Kconfig | 10 - > drivers/staging/zsmalloc/Makefile | 3 - > drivers/staging/zsmalloc/zsmalloc-main.c | 1064 ----------------------------- > drivers/staging/zsmalloc/zsmalloc.h | 43 -- > fs/debugfs/file.c | 42 ++ > include/linux/debugfs.h | 2 + > include/linux/swap.h | 4 + > include/linux/zsmalloc.h | 49 ++ > lib/Kconfig | 18 + > lib/Makefile | 1 + > lib/zsmalloc.c | 1076 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ > mm/Kconfig | 15 + > mm/Makefile | 1 + > mm/page_io.c | 22 +- > mm/swap_state.c | 2 +- > mm/zswap.c | 1077 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ > 22 files changed, 2383 insertions(+), 1137 deletions(-) > create mode 100644 Documentation/vm/zswap.txt > delete mode 100644 drivers/staging/zsmalloc/Kconfig > delete mode 100644 drivers/staging/zsmalloc/Makefile > delete mode 100644 drivers/staging/zsmalloc/zsmalloc-main.c > delete mode 100644 drivers/staging/zsmalloc/zsmalloc.h > create mode 100644 include/linux/zsmalloc.h > create mode 100644 lib/zsmalloc.c > create mode 100644 mm/zswap.c > > -- > 1.7.9.5 > > -- > To unsubscribe, send a message with 'unsubscribe linux-mm' in > the body to majordomo@xxxxxxxxx. 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