Dracut /shutdown script first tries to kill all processes still running off old root. Unfortunately this fails for special user process that runs bpfilter because it does not include reference to /oldroot in places where dracut looks for in kilall_proc_mountpoint() 10:~ # ps -ef | fgrep '[none]' root 984 2 0 09:46 ? 00:00:00 [none] /proc/984: total 0 dr-xr-xr-x 2 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 attr -r-------- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 auxv -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 cgroup --w------- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 clear_refs -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:10 cmdline -rw-r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 comm -rw-r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 coredump_filter -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 cpuset lrwxrwxrwx 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 cwd -> / -r-------- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 environ lrwxrwxrwx 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 exe -> / (deleted) -rw-r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 fail-nth dr-x------ 2 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 fd dr-x------ 2 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 fdinfo -rw-r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 gid_map -r-------- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 io -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 latency -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 limits -rw-r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 loginuid -rw-r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 make-it-fail dr-x------ 2 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 map_files -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:10 maps -rw------- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 mem -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 mountinfo -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 mounts -r-------- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 mountstats dr-xr-xr-x 6 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 net dr-x--x--x 2 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 ns -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 numa_maps -rw-r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 oom_adj -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 oom_score -rw-r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 oom_score_adj -r-------- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 pagemap -r-------- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 patch_state -r-------- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 personality -rw-r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 projid_map lrwxrwxrwx 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 root -> / -rw-r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 sched -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 schedstat -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 sessionid -rw-r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 setgroups -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 smaps -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 smaps_rollup -r-------- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 stack -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:10 stat -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 statm -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:10 status -r-------- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 syscall dr-xr-xr-x 3 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 task -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 timers -rw-rw-rw- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 timerslack_ns -rw-r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 uid_map -r--r--r-- 1 root 0 0 Sep 23 10:11 wchan /proc/984/fd: total 0 lr-x------ 1 root 0 64 Sep 23 10:11 0 -> pipe:[19409] l-wx------ 1 root 0 64 Sep 23 10:11 1 -> pipe:[19410] lrwx------ 1 root 0 64 Sep 23 10:11 2 -> /oldsys/dev/console But it does contain reference to /oldroot in its mapped libraries list (/proc/984/maps): 563b63002000-563b63003000 r--p 00000000 00:05 19404 / (deleted) 563b63003000-563b63004000 r-xp 00001000 00:05 19404 / (deleted) 563b63004000-563b63005000 r--p 00002000 00:05 19404 / (deleted) 563b63005000-563b63006000 r--p 00002000 00:05 19404 / (deleted) 563b63006000-563b63007000 rw-p 00003000 00:05 19404 / (deleted) 563b63fb4000-563b63fd5000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [heap] 7fa3a46cc000-7fa3a4882000 r-xp 00000000 00:2a 7728 /oldroot/lib64/libc-2.27.so 7fa3a4882000-7fa3a4a82000 ---p 001b6000 00:2a 7728 /oldroot/lib64/libc-2.27.so 7fa3a4a82000-7fa3a4a86000 r--p 001b6000 00:2a 7728 /oldroot/lib64/libc-2.27.so 7fa3a4a86000-7fa3a4a88000 rw-p 001ba000 00:2a 7728 /oldroot/lib64/libc-2.27.so 7fa3a4a88000-7fa3a4a8c000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 7fa3a4a8c000-7fa3a4ab1000 r-xp 00000000 00:2a 7720 /oldroot/lib64/ld-2.27.so 7fa3a4ca7000-7fa3a4ca9000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 7fa3a4cb1000-7fa3a4cb2000 r--p 00025000 00:2a 7720 /oldroot/lib64/ld-2.27.so 7fa3a4cb2000-7fa3a4cb3000 rw-p 00026000 00:2a 7720 /oldroot/lib64/ld-2.27.so 7fa3a4cb3000-7fa3a4cb4000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 7ffea03b4000-7ffea03d5000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack] 7ffea03df000-7ffea03e2000 r--p 00000000 00:00 0 [vvar] 7ffea03e2000-7ffea03e4000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0 [vdso] ffffffffff600000-ffffffffff601000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0 [vsyscall] So the quick fix would be to extend check for root references to also look into /proc/$PID/maps. Something like (verified): --- dracut-lib.sh.orig 2018-09-18 13:24:49.000000000 +0300 +++ dracut-lib.sh 2018-09-23 10:31:13.300054544 +0300 @@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ killall_proc_mountpoint() { esac [ -e "/proc/$_pid/exe" ] || continue [ -e "/proc/$_pid/root" ] || continue - strstr "$(ls -l -- "/proc/$_pid" "/proc/$_pid/fd" 2>/dev/null)" "$1" && kill -9 "$_pid" + strstr "$(ls -l -- "/proc/$_pid" "/proc/$_pid/fd" 2>/dev/null; cat "/proc/$_pid/maps" 2> /dev/null)" "$1" && kill -9 "$_pid" done } Note that there are also other places that use similar check (most obvious being /shutdown script itself) which likely need uniform fix. If there are no objection, I would introduce helper function to do check and use it everywhere instead of open coding.