From: Tom Lendacky <thomas.lendacky@xxxxxxx> Sent: Monday, October 2, 2023 11:59 AM
>
> On 10/2/23 11:35, Tom Lendacky wrote:
> > On 9/29/23 13:19, Michael Kelley wrote:
> >> In a CoCo VM when a page transitions from encrypted to decrypted, or vice
> >> versa, attributes in the PTE must be updated *and* the hypervisor must
> >> be notified of the change. Because there are two separate steps, there's
> >> a window where the settings are inconsistent. Normally the code that
> >> initiates the transition (via set_memory_decrypted() or
> >> set_memory_encrypted()) ensures that the memory is not being accessed
> >> during a transition, so the window of inconsistency is not a problem.
> >> However, the load_unaligned_zeropad() function can read arbitrary memory
> >> pages at arbitrary times, which could access a transitioning page during
> >> the window. In such a case, CoCo VM specific exceptions are taken
> >> (depending on the CoCo architecture in use). Current code in those
> >> exception handlers recovers and does "fixup" on the result returned by
> >> load_unaligned_zeropad(). Unfortunately, this exception handling can't
> >> work in paravisor scenarios (TDX Paritioning and SEV-SNP in vTOM mode).
> >> The exceptions need to be forwarded from the paravisor to the Linux
> >> guest, but there are no architectural specs for how to do that.
> >>
> >> Fortunately, there's a simpler way to solve the problem by changing
> >> the core transition code in __set_memory_enc_pgtable() to do the
> >> following:
> >>
> >> 1. Remove aliasing mappings
> >> 2. Flush the data cache if needed
> >> 3. Remove the PRESENT bit from the PTEs of all transitioning pages
> >> 4. Set/clear the encryption attribute as appropriate
> >> 5. Flush the TLB so the changed encryption attribute isn't visible
> >> 6. Notify the hypervisor of the encryption status change
> >
> > Not sure why I didn't notice this before, but I will need to test this to
> > be certain. As part of this notification, the SNP support will issue a
> > PVALIDATE instruction (to either validate or rescind validation to the
> > page). PVALIDATE takes a virtual address. If the PRESENT bit has been
> > removed, the PVALIDATE instruction will take a #PF (see comments below).
>
> Yes, this series results in a #PF booting an SNP guest:
Bummer :-( Interestingly, an SNP guest on Hyper-V with a paravisor
works, presumably because the paravisor is doing the PVALIDATE with
a different guest virtual address for the physical page. TDX operates
on physical addresses, and I've tested that it works.
The spec for PVALIDATE says it performs the same segmentation
and paging checks as a 1-byte read, so indeed, the #PF is expected.
But in the spec, the pseudo-code for PVALIDATE uses the GUEST_VA
only to derive the GUEST_PA and the SYSTEM_PA. The GUEST_VA isn't
otherwise relevant, so any GUEST_VA that validly maps to the GUEST_PA
would work, as long as we can be assured that load_unaligned_zeropad()
won't touch that GUEST_VA.
Let me think about if there's a not-too-hacky way to make this work
with some temporary GVA.
Michael
>
> [ 0.807735] BUG: unable to handle page fault for address: ffff88803bef7000
> [ 0.807829] #PF: supervisor read access in kernel mode
> [ 0.807829] #PF: error_code(0x0000) - not-present page
> [ 0.807829] PGD 8000004c01067 P4D 8000004c01067 PUD 8000004c02067 PMD
> 80001001f8063 PTE 8007ffffc4108062
> [ 0.807829] Oops: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP NOPTI
> [ 0.807829] CPU: 0 PID: 0 Comm: swapper/0 Not tainted 6.6.0-rc3-sos-testing #1
> [ 0.807829] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS unknown
> 2/2/2022
> [ 0.807829] RIP: 0010:pvalidate_pages+0x99/0x140
> [ 0.807829] Code: 48 09 ca 0f b6 4c c7 0f 48 09 d6 0f b6 54 c7 0e 48 c1 e6 0c 4c 21
> de 83 e2 f0 80 fa 10 4a 8d 2c 16 0f 94 c2 48 89 e8 83 e1 01 <f2> 0f 01 ff 41 89 c4 72 6
> 1 83 f8 06 75 45 84 c9 74 41 48 01 de 48
> [ 0.807829] RSP: 0000:ffffffff82803bd0 EFLAGS: 00010246
> [ 0.807829] RAX: ffff88803bef7000 RBX: ffff888000200000 RCX:
> 0000000000000000
> [ 0.807829] RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 000000003bef7000 RDI: ffffffff82803c40
> [ 0.807829] RBP: ffff88803bef7000 R08: 0000000000000000 R09:
> 0000000000000000
> [ 0.807829] R10: ffff888000000000 R11: 000000ffffffffff R12: 0000000000000040
> [ 0.807829] R13: 0000000000000020 R14: ffffffff82803e48 R15: ffff88803bf37000
> [ 0.807829] FS: 0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff88846fc00000(0000)
> knlGS:0000000000000000
> [ 0.807829] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
> [ 0.807829] CR2: ffff88803bef7000 CR3: 000800000382e000 CR4:
> 00000000003506f0
> [ 0.807829] Call Trace:
> [ 0.807829] <TASK>
> [ 0.807829] ? __die+0x1f/0x70
> [ 0.807829] ? page_fault_oops+0x81/0x150
> [ 0.807829] ? srso_return_thunk+0x5/0x5f
> [ 0.807829] ? kernelmode_fixup_or_oops+0x84/0x110
> [ 0.807829] ? exc_page_fault+0xa8/0x150
> [ 0.807829] ? asm_exc_page_fault+0x22/0x30
> [ 0.807829] ? pvalidate_pages+0x99/0x140
> [ 0.807829] __set_pages_state+0x280/0x2b0
> [ 0.807829] set_pages_state+0x4e/0xa0
> [ 0.807829] amd_enc_status_change_finish+0x4a/0x80
> [ 0.807829] __set_memory_enc_dec+0xe1/0x190
> [ 0.807829] mem_encrypt_init+0x15/0xc0
> [ 0.807829] start_kernel+0x31b/0x5e0
> [ 0.807829] x86_64_start_reservations+0x14/0x30
> [ 0.807829] x86_64_start_kernel+0x79/0x80
> [ 0.807829] secondary_startup_64_no_verify+0x16b/0x16b
> [ 0.807829] </TASK>
> [ 0.807829] Modules linked in:
> [ 0.807829] CR2: ffff88803bef7000
> [ 0.807829] ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---
> [ 0.807829] RIP: 0010:pvalidate_pages+0x99/0x140
> [ 0.807829] Code: 48 09 ca 0f b6 4c c7 0f 48 09 d6 0f b6 54 c7 0e 48 c1 e6 0c 4c 21
> de 83 e2 f0 80 fa 10 4a 8d 2c 16 0f 94 c2 48 89 e8 83 e1 01 <f2> 0f 01 ff 41 89 c4 72 6
> 1 83 f8 06 75 45 84 c9 74 41 48 01 de 48
> [ 0.807829] RSP: 0000:ffffffff82803bd0 EFLAGS: 00010246
> [ 0.807829] RAX: ffff88803bef7000 RBX: ffff888000200000 RCX:
> 0000000000000000
> [ 0.807829] RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 000000003bef7000 RDI: ffffffff82803c40
> [ 0.807829] RBP: ffff88803bef7000 R08: 0000000000000000 R09:
> 0000000000000000
> [ 0.807829] R10: ffff888000000000 R11: 000000ffffffffff R12: 0000000000000040
> [ 0.807829] R13: 0000000000000020 R14: ffffffff82803e48 R15: ffff88803bf37000
> [ 0.807829] FS: 0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff88846fc00000(0000)
> knlGS:0000000000000000
> [ 0.807829] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
> [ 0.807829] CR2: ffff88803bef7000 CR3: 000800000382e000 CR4:
> 00000000003506f0
> [ 0.807829] Kernel panic - not syncing: Fatal exception
> [ 0.807829] ---[ end Kernel panic - not syncing: Fatal exception ]---
>
>
> Thanks,
> Tom
>
> >
> >> 7. Add back the PRESENT bit, making the changed attribute visible
> >>
> >> With this approach, load_unaligned_zeropad() just takes its normal
> >> page-fault-based fixup path if it touches a page that is transitioning.
> >> As a result, load_unaligned_zeropad() and CoCo VM page transitioning
> >> are completely decoupled. CoCo VM page transitions can proceed
> >> without needing to handle architecture-specific exceptions and fix
> >> things up. This decoupling reduces the complexity due to separate
> >> TDX and SEV-SNP fixup paths, and gives more freedom to revise and
> >> introduce new capabilities in future versions of the TDX and SEV-SNP
> >> architectures. Paravisor scenarios work properly without needing
> >> to forward exceptions.
> >>
> >> With this approach, the order of updating the guest PTEs and
> >> notifying the hypervisor doesn't matter. As such, only a single
> >> hypervisor callback is needed, rather one before and one after
> >> the PTE update. Simplify the code by eliminating the extra
> >> hypervisor callback along with the TDX and SEV-SNP code that
> >> handles the before and after cases. The TLB flush callback is
> >> also no longer required and is removed.
> >>
> >> Signed-off-by: Michael Kelley <mikelley@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
> >> ---
> >> arch/x86/coco/tdx/tdx.c | 66
> >> +------------------------------------------
> >> arch/x86/hyperv/ivm.c | 6 ----
> >> arch/x86/kernel/x86_init.c | 4 ---
> >> arch/x86/mm/mem_encrypt_amd.c | 27 ++++--------------
> >> arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c | 55 +++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
> >> 5 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 115 deletions(-)
> >>
> >> diff --git a/arch/x86/coco/tdx/tdx.c b/arch/x86/coco/tdx/tdx.c
> >> index 3e6dbd2..1bb2fff 100644
> >> --- a/arch/x86/coco/tdx/tdx.c
> >> +++ b/arch/x86/coco/tdx/tdx.c
> >> @@ -676,24 +676,6 @@ bool tdx_handle_virt_exception(struct pt_regs
> >> *regs, struct ve_info *ve)
> >> return true;
> >> }
> >> -static bool tdx_tlb_flush_required(bool private)
> >> -{
> >> - /*
> >> - * TDX guest is responsible for flushing TLB on private->shared
> >> - * transition. VMM is responsible for flushing on shared->private.
> >> - *
> >> - * The VMM _can't_ flush private addresses as it can't generate PAs
> >> - * with the guest's HKID. Shared memory isn't subject to integrity
> >> - * checking, i.e. the VMM doesn't need to flush for its own
> >> protection.
> >> - *
> >> - * There's no need to flush when converting from shared to private,
> >> - * as flushing is the VMM's responsibility in this case, e.g. it must
> >> - * flush to avoid integrity failures in the face of a buggy or
> >> - * malicious guest.
> >> - */
> >> - return !private;
> >> -}
> >> -
> >> static bool tdx_cache_flush_required(void)
> >> {
> >> /*
> >> @@ -776,30 +758,6 @@ static bool tdx_enc_status_changed(unsigned long
> >> vaddr, int numpages, bool enc)
> >> return true;
> >> }
> >> -static bool tdx_enc_status_change_prepare(unsigned long vaddr, int
> >> numpages,
> >> - bool enc)
> >> -{
> >> - /*
> >> - * Only handle shared->private conversion here.
> >> - * See the comment in tdx_early_init().
> >> - */
> >> - if (enc)
> >> - return tdx_enc_status_changed(vaddr, numpages, enc);
> >> - return true;
> >> -}
> >> -
> >> -static bool tdx_enc_status_change_finish(unsigned long vaddr, int
> >> numpages,
> >> - bool enc)
> >> -{
> >> - /*
> >> - * Only handle private->shared conversion here.
> >> - * See the comment in tdx_early_init().
> >> - */
> >> - if (!enc)
> >> - return tdx_enc_status_changed(vaddr, numpages, enc);
> >> - return true;
> >> -}
> >> -
> >> void __init tdx_early_init(void)
> >> {
> >> struct tdx_module_args args = {
> >> @@ -831,30 +789,8 @@ void __init tdx_early_init(void)
> >> */
> >> physical_mask &= cc_mask - 1;
> >> - /*
> >> - * The kernel mapping should match the TDX metadata for the page.
> >> - * load_unaligned_zeropad() can touch memory *adjacent* to that
> >> which is
> >> - * owned by the caller and can catch even _momentary_ mismatches. Bad
> >> - * things happen on mismatch:
> >> - *
> >> - * - Private mapping => Shared Page == Guest shutdown
> >> - * - Shared mapping => Private Page == Recoverable #VE
> >> - *
> >> - * guest.enc_status_change_prepare() converts the page from
> >> - * shared=>private before the mapping becomes private.
> >> - *
> >> - * guest.enc_status_change_finish() converts the page from
> >> - * private=>shared after the mapping becomes private.
> >> - *
> >> - * In both cases there is a temporary shared mapping to a private
> >> page,
> >> - * which can result in a #VE. But, there is never a private
> >> mapping to
> >> - * a shared page.
> >> - */
> >> - x86_platform.guest.enc_status_change_prepare =
> >> tdx_enc_status_change_prepare;
> >> - x86_platform.guest.enc_status_change_finish =
> >> tdx_enc_status_change_finish;
> >> -
> >> + x86_platform.guest.enc_status_change_finish = tdx_enc_status_changed;
> >> x86_platform.guest.enc_cache_flush_required =
> >> tdx_cache_flush_required;
> >> - x86_platform.guest.enc_tlb_flush_required = tdx_tlb_flush_required;
> >> /*
> >> * TDX intercepts the RDMSR to read the X2APIC ID in the parallel
> >> diff --git a/arch/x86/hyperv/ivm.c b/arch/x86/hyperv/ivm.c
> >> index 084fab6..fbe2585 100644
> >> --- a/arch/x86/hyperv/ivm.c
> >> +++ b/arch/x86/hyperv/ivm.c
> >> @@ -550,11 +550,6 @@ static bool hv_vtom_set_host_visibility(unsigned
> >> long kbuffer, int pagecount, bo
> >> return result;
> >> }
> >> -static bool hv_vtom_tlb_flush_required(bool private)
> >> -{
> >> - return true;
> >> -}
> >> -
> >> static bool hv_vtom_cache_flush_required(void)
> >> {
> >> return false;
> >> @@ -614,7 +609,6 @@ void __init hv_vtom_init(void)
> >> x86_platform.hyper.is_private_mmio = hv_is_private_mmio;
> >> x86_platform.guest.enc_cache_flush_required =
> >> hv_vtom_cache_flush_required;
> >> - x86_platform.guest.enc_tlb_flush_required =
> >> hv_vtom_tlb_flush_required;
> >> x86_platform.guest.enc_status_change_finish =
> >> hv_vtom_set_host_visibility;
> >> /* Set WB as the default cache mode. */
> >> diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/x86_init.c b/arch/x86/kernel/x86_init.c
> >> index a37ebd3..cf5179b 100644
> >> --- a/arch/x86/kernel/x86_init.c
> >> +++ b/arch/x86/kernel/x86_init.c
> >> @@ -131,9 +131,7 @@ struct x86_cpuinit_ops x86_cpuinit = {
> >> static void default_nmi_init(void) { };
> >> -static bool enc_status_change_prepare_noop(unsigned long vaddr, int
> >> npages, bool enc) { return true; }
> >> static bool enc_status_change_finish_noop(unsigned long vaddr, int
> >> npages, bool enc) { return true; }
> >> -static bool enc_tlb_flush_required_noop(bool enc) { return false; }
> >> static bool enc_cache_flush_required_noop(void) { return false; }
> >> static bool is_private_mmio_noop(u64 addr) {return false; }
> >> @@ -154,9 +152,7 @@ struct x86_platform_ops x86_platform __ro_after_init
> >> = {
> >> .hyper.is_private_mmio = is_private_mmio_noop,
> >> .guest = {
> >> - .enc_status_change_prepare = enc_status_change_prepare_noop,
> >> .enc_status_change_finish = enc_status_change_finish_noop,
> >> - .enc_tlb_flush_required = enc_tlb_flush_required_noop,
> >> .enc_cache_flush_required = enc_cache_flush_required_noop,
> >> },
> >> };
> >> diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/mem_encrypt_amd.c
> b/arch/x86/mm/mem_encrypt_amd.c
> >> index 6faea41..06960ba 100644
> >> --- a/arch/x86/mm/mem_encrypt_amd.c
> >> +++ b/arch/x86/mm/mem_encrypt_amd.c
> >> @@ -278,11 +278,6 @@ static unsigned long pg_level_to_pfn(int level,
> >> pte_t *kpte, pgprot_t *ret_prot)
> >> return pfn;
> >> }
> >> -static bool amd_enc_tlb_flush_required(bool enc)
> >> -{
> >> - return true;
> >> -}
> >> -
> >> static bool amd_enc_cache_flush_required(void)
> >> {
> >> return !cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_SME_COHERENT);
> >> @@ -318,18 +313,6 @@ static void enc_dec_hypercall(unsigned long vaddr,
> >> unsigned long size, bool enc)
> >> #endif
> >> }
> >> -static bool amd_enc_status_change_prepare(unsigned long vaddr, int
> >> npages, bool enc)
> >> -{
> >> - /*
> >> - * To maintain the security guarantees of SEV-SNP guests, make sure
> >> - * to invalidate the memory before encryption attribute is cleared.
> >> - */
> >> - if (cc_platform_has(CC_ATTR_GUEST_SEV_SNP) && !enc)
> >> - snp_set_memory_shared(vaddr, npages);
> >> -
> >> - return true;
> >> -}
> >> -
> >> /* Return true unconditionally: return value doesn't matter for the
> >> SEV side */
> >> static bool amd_enc_status_change_finish(unsigned long vaddr, int
> >> npages, bool enc)
> >> {
> >> @@ -337,8 +320,12 @@ static bool amd_enc_status_change_finish(unsigned
> >> long vaddr, int npages, bool e
> >> * After memory is mapped encrypted in the page table, validate it
> >> * so that it is consistent with the page table updates.
> >> */
> >> - if (cc_platform_has(CC_ATTR_GUEST_SEV_SNP) && enc)
> >> - snp_set_memory_private(vaddr, npages);
> >> + if (cc_platform_has(CC_ATTR_GUEST_SEV_SNP)) {
> >> + if (enc)
> >> + snp_set_memory_private(vaddr, npages);
> >> + else
> >> + snp_set_memory_shared(vaddr, npages);
> >> + }
> >
> > These calls will both result in a PVALIDATE being issued (either before or
> > after the page state change to the hypervisor) using the virtual address,
> > which will trigger a #PF is the present bit isn't set.
> >
> >> if (!cc_platform_has(CC_ATTR_HOST_MEM_ENCRYPT))
> >> enc_dec_hypercall(vaddr, npages << PAGE_SHIFT, enc);
> >> @@ -498,9 +485,7 @@ void __init sme_early_init(void)
> >> /* Update the protection map with memory encryption mask */
> >> add_encrypt_protection_map();
> >> - x86_platform.guest.enc_status_change_prepare =
> >> amd_enc_status_change_prepare;
> >> x86_platform.guest.enc_status_change_finish =
> >> amd_enc_status_change_finish;
> >> - x86_platform.guest.enc_tlb_flush_required =
> >> amd_enc_tlb_flush_required;
> >> x86_platform.guest.enc_cache_flush_required =
> >> amd_enc_cache_flush_required;
> >> /*
> >> diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c b/arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c
> >> index d7ef8d3..d062e01 100644
> >> --- a/arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c
> >> +++ b/arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c
> >> @@ -2147,40 +2147,57 @@ static int __set_memory_enc_pgtable(unsigned
> >> long addr, int numpages, bool enc)
> >> memset(&cpa, 0, sizeof(cpa));
> >> cpa.vaddr = &addr;
> >> cpa.numpages = numpages;
> >> +
> >> + /*
> >> + * The caller must ensure that the memory being transitioned between
> >> + * encrypted and decrypted is not being accessed. But if
> >> + * load_unaligned_zeropad() touches the "next" page, it may generate a
> >> + * read access the caller has no control over. To ensure such accesses
> >> + * cause a normal page fault for the load_unaligned_zeropad() handler,
> >> + * mark the pages not present until the transition is complete. We
> >> + * don't want a #VE or #VC fault due to a mismatch in the memory
> >> + * encryption status, since paravisor configurations can't cleanly do
> >> + * the load_unaligned_zeropad() handling in the paravisor.
> >> + *
> >> + * There's no requirement to do so, but for efficiency we can clear
> >> + * _PAGE_PRESENT and set/clr encryption attr as a single operation.
> >> + */
> >> cpa.mask_set = enc ? pgprot_encrypted(empty) :
> >> pgprot_decrypted(empty);
> >> - cpa.mask_clr = enc ? pgprot_decrypted(empty) :
> >> pgprot_encrypted(empty);
> >> + cpa.mask_clr = enc ? pgprot_decrypted(__pgprot(_PAGE_PRESENT)) :
> >> + pgprot_encrypted(__pgprot(_PAGE_PRESENT));
> >
> > This should be lined up with the pgprot_decrypted above, e.g.:
> >
> > cpa.mask_clr = enc ? pgprot_decrypted(__pgprot(_PAGE_PRESENT)) :
> > pgprot_encrypted(__pgprot(_PAGE_PRESENT));
> >
> > or
> >
> > cpa.mask_clr = enc ? pgprot_decrypted(__pgprot(_PAGE_PRESENT))
> > : pgprot_encrypted(__pgprot(_PAGE_PRESENT));
> >
> >> cpa.pgd = init_mm.pgd;
> >> /* Must avoid aliasing mappings in the highmem code */
> >> kmap_flush_unused();
> >> vm_unmap_aliases();
> >> - /* Flush the caches as needed before changing the encryption
> >> attribute. */
> >> - if (x86_platform.guest.enc_tlb_flush_required(enc))
> >> - cpa_flush(&cpa, x86_platform.guest.enc_cache_flush_required());
> >> -
> >> - /* Notify hypervisor that we are about to set/clr encryption
> >> attribute. */
> >> - if (!x86_platform.guest.enc_status_change_prepare(addr, numpages,
> >> enc))
> >> - return -EIO;
> >> + /* Flush the caches as needed before changing the encryption attr. */
> >> + if (x86_platform.guest.enc_cache_flush_required())
> >> + cpa_flush(&cpa, 1);
> >> ret = __change_page_attr_set_clr(&cpa, 1);
> >> + if (ret)
> >> + return ret;
> >> /*
> >> - * After changing the encryption attribute, we need to flush TLBs
> >> again
> >> - * in case any speculative TLB caching occurred (but no need to flush
> >> - * caches again). We could just use cpa_flush_all(), but in case TLB
> >> - * flushing gets optimized in the cpa_flush() path use the same logic
> >> - * as above.
> >> + * After clearing _PAGE_PRESENT and changing the encryption attribute,
> >> + * we need to flush TLBs to ensure no further accesses to the
> >> memory can
> >> + * be made with the old encryption attribute (but no need to flush
> >> caches
> >> + * again). We could just use cpa_flush_all(), but in case TLB
> >> flushing
> >> + * gets optimized in the cpa_flush() path use the same logic as above.
> >> */
> >> cpa_flush(&cpa, 0);
> >> - /* Notify hypervisor that we have successfully set/clr encryption
> >> attribute. */
> >> - if (!ret) {
> >> - if (!x86_platform.guest.enc_status_change_finish(addr,
> >> numpages, enc))
> >> - ret = -EIO;
> >> - }
> >> + /* Notify hypervisor that we have successfully set/clr encryption
> >> attr. */
> >> + if (!x86_platform.guest.enc_status_change_finish(addr, numpages, enc))
> >> + return -EIO;
> >
> > Here's where the #PF is likely to be triggered.
> >
> > Thanks,
> > Tom
> >
> >> - return ret;
> >> + /*
> >> + * Now that the hypervisor is sync'ed with the page table changes
> >> + * made here, add back _PAGE_PRESENT. set_memory_p() does not flush
> >> + * the TLB.
> >> + */
> >> + return set_memory_p(&addr, numpages);
> >> }
> >> static int __set_memory_enc_dec(unsigned long addr, int numpages, bool
> >> enc)
