On Thu, May 21, 2020 at 02:17:20PM -0700, Yu-cheng Yu wrote: > +#pragma GCC push_options > +#pragma GCC optimize ("O0") > +void ibt_violation(void) > +{ > +#ifdef __i386__ > + asm volatile("lea 1f, %eax"); > + asm volatile("jmp *%eax"); > +#else > + asm volatile("lea 1f, %rax"); > + asm volatile("jmp *%rax"); > +#endif > + asm volatile("1:"); > + result[test_id] = -1; > + test_id++; > + setcontext(&ucp); > +} > + > +void shstk_violation(void) > +{ > +#ifdef __i386__ > + unsigned long x = 0; > + > + ((unsigned long *)&x)[2] = (unsigned long)stack_hacked; > +#else > + unsigned long long x = 0; > + > + ((unsigned long long *)&x)[2] = (unsigned long)stack_hacked; > +#endif > +} > +#pragma GCC pop_options This is absolutely atrocious. The #pragma like Kees already said just need to go. Also, there's absolutely no clue what so ever what it attempts to achieve. The __i386__ ifdeffery is horrible crap. Splitting an asm with #ifdef like that is also horrible crap. This is not how you write code. Get asm/asm.h into userspace and then write something like: void ibt_violation(void) { asm volatile("lea 1f, %" _ASM_AX "\n\t" "jmp *%" _ASM_AX "\n\t" "1:\n\t" ::: "a"); WRITE_ONCE(result[test_id], -1); WRITE_ONCE(test_id, test_id+1); setcontext(&ucp); } void shstk_violation(void) { unsigned long x = 0; WRITE_ONCE(x[2], stack_hacked); }