Attacks against vulnerable userspace applications with the purpose to break
ASLR or bypass canaries traditionally use some level of brute force with
the help of the fork system call. This is possible since when creating a
new process using fork its memory contents are the same as those of the
parent process (the process that called the fork system call). So, the
attacker can test the memory infinite times to find the correct memory
values or the correct memory addresses without worrying about crashing the
application.
Based on the above scenario it would be nice to have this detected and
mitigated, and this is the goal of this patch serie. Specifically the
following attacks are expected to be detected:
1.- Launching (fork()/exec()) a setuid/setgid process repeatedly until a
desirable memory layout is got (e.g. Stack Clash).
2.- Connecting to an exec()ing network daemon (e.g. xinetd) repeatedly
until a desirable memory layout is got (e.g. what CTFs do for simple
network service).
3.- Launching processes without exec() (e.g. Android Zygote) and exposing
state to attack a sibling.
4.- Connecting to a fork()ing network daemon (e.g. apache) repeatedly until
the previously shared memory layout of all the other children is
exposed (e.g. kind of related to HeartBleed).
In each case, a privilege boundary has been crossed:
Case 1: setuid/setgid process
Case 2: network to local
Case 3: privilege changes
Case 4: network to local
So, what will really be detected are fork/exec brute force attacks that
cross any of the commented bounds.
The implementation details and comparison against other existing
implementations can be found in the "Documentation" patch.
This v5 version has changed a lot from the v2. Basically the application
crash period is now compute on an on-going basis using an exponential
moving average (EMA), a detection of a brute force attack through the
"execve" system call has been added and the crossing of the commented
privilege bounds are taken into account. Also, the fine tune has also been
removed and now, all this kind of attacks are detected without
administrator intervention.
In the v2 version Kees Cook suggested to study if the statistical data
shared by all the fork hierarchy processes can be tracked in some other
way. Specifically the question was if this info can be hold by the family
hierarchy of the mm struct. After studying this hierarchy I think it is not
suitable for the Brute LSM since they are totally copied on fork() and in
this case we want that they are shared. So I leave this road.
So, knowing all this information I will explain now the different patches:
The 1/8 patch defines a new LSM hook to get the fatal signal of a task.
This will be useful during the attack detection phase.
The 2/8 patch defines a new LSM and manages the statistical data shared by
all the fork hierarchy processes.
The 3/8 patch detects a fork/exec brute force attack.
The 4/8 patch narrows the detection taken into account the privilege
boundary crossing.
The 5/8 patch mitigates a brute force attack.
The 6/8 patch adds self-tests to validate the Brute LSM expectations.
The 7/8 patch adds the documentation to explain this implementation.
The 8/8 patch updates the maintainers file.
This patch serie is a task of the KSPP [1] and can also be accessed from my
github tree [2] in the "brute_v4" branch.
[1] https://github.com/KSPP/linux/issues/39
[2] https://github.com/johwood/linux/
The previous versions can be found in:
RFC
https://lore.kernel.org/kernel-hardening/20200910202107.3799376-1-keescook@xxxxxxxxxxxx/
Version 2
https://lore.kernel.org/kernel-hardening/20201025134540.3770-1-john.wood@xxxxxxx/
Version 3
https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20210221154919.68050-1-john.wood@xxxxxxx/
Version 4
https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20210227150956.6022-1-john.wood@xxxxxxx/
Changelog RFC -> v2
-------------------
- Rename this feature with a more suitable name (Jann Horn, Kees Cook).
- Convert the code to an LSM (Kees Cook).
- Add locking to avoid data races (Jann Horn).
- Add a new LSM hook to get the fatal signal of a task (Jann Horn, Kees
Cook).
- Add the last crashes timestamps list to avoid false positives in the
attack detection (Jann Horn).
- Use "period" instead of "rate" (Jann Horn).
- Other minor changes suggested (Jann Horn, Kees Cook).
Changelog v2 -> v3
------------------
- Compute the application crash period on an on-going basis (Kees Cook).
- Detect a brute force attack through the execve system call (Kees Cook).
- Detect an slow brute force attack (Randy Dunlap).
- Fine tuning the detection taken into account privilege boundary crossing
(Kees Cook).
- Taken into account only fatal signals delivered by the kernel (Kees
Cook).
- Remove the sysctl attributes to fine tuning the detection (Kees Cook).
- Remove the prctls to allow per process enabling/disabling (Kees Cook).
- Improve the documentation (Kees Cook).
- Fix some typos in the documentation (Randy Dunlap).
- Add self-test to validate the expectations (Kees Cook).
Changelog v3 -> v4
------------------
- Fix all the warnings shown by the tool "scripts/kernel-doc" (Randy
Dunlap).
Changelog v4 -> v5
------------------
- Fix some typos (Randy Dunlap).
Any constructive comments are welcome.
Thanks.
John Wood (8):
security: Add LSM hook at the point where a task gets a fatal signal
security/brute: Define a LSM and manage statistical data
securtiy/brute: Detect a brute force attack
security/brute: Fine tuning the attack detection
security/brute: Mitigate a brute force attack
selftests/brute: Add tests for the Brute LSM
Documentation: Add documentation for the Brute LSM
MAINTAINERS: Add a new entry for the Brute LSM
Documentation/admin-guide/LSM/Brute.rst | 224 +++++
Documentation/admin-guide/LSM/index.rst | 1 +
MAINTAINERS | 7 +
include/linux/lsm_hook_defs.h | 1 +
include/linux/lsm_hooks.h | 4 +
include/linux/security.h | 4 +
kernel/signal.c | 1 +
security/Kconfig | 11 +-
security/Makefile | 4 +
security/brute/Kconfig | 13 +
security/brute/Makefile | 2 +
security/brute/brute.c | 1102 ++++++++++++++++++++++
security/security.c | 5 +
tools/testing/selftests/Makefile | 1 +
tools/testing/selftests/brute/.gitignore | 2 +
tools/testing/selftests/brute/Makefile | 5 +
tools/testing/selftests/brute/config | 1 +
tools/testing/selftests/brute/exec.c | 44 +
tools/testing/selftests/brute/test.c | 507 ++++++++++
tools/testing/selftests/brute/test.sh | 226 +++++
20 files changed, 2160 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/LSM/Brute.rst
create mode 100644 security/brute/Kconfig
create mode 100644 security/brute/Makefile
create mode 100644 security/brute/brute.c
create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/brute/.gitignore
create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/brute/Makefile
create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/brute/config
create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/brute/exec.c
create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/brute/test.c
create mode 100755 tools/testing/selftests/brute/test.sh
--
2.25.1
